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College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East of China Jiao Tong University, Jiangxi, 330013, PR China
College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350108, PR China
article
info
Article history:
Received 13 June 2009
Accepted 30 September 2009
Keywords:
Concrete-filled double skin tubes (CFDST)
Axial compression
FE modelling
Composite action
Concrete
Hollow steel tubes
Sectional capacity
abstract
This paper reports a finite element analysis of the compressive behaviour of CFDST stub columns with
SHS (square hollow section) or CHS (circular hollow section) outer tube and CHS inner tube. A set of test
data reported by different researchers were used to verify the FE modelling. Typical curves of average
stress versus longitudinal strain, stress distributions of concrete, interaction of concrete and steel tubes,
as well as effects of hollow ratio on the behaviour of CFDST stub columns, were presented. The influences
of important parameters that determine sectional capacities of the composite columns were investigated.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Concrete-filled double skin steel tubular (CFDST) members are
composite members which consist of an inner and outer steel skin
with the annulus between the skins filled with concrete. This type
of sandwich cross-section was shown to have high bending stiffness that avoids instability under external pressure. Some background information can be found in [1].
In recent years, many studies have been performed on CFDST
stub columns, such as [213]. A state-of-the-art review was given
by Zhao and Han [1]. A summary of research conducted on
CFDST stub columns is presented in Table 1. It can be seen from
Table 1 that the past studies concentrate mainly on experimental
investigations or predicting the load-bearing capacities of stub
columns.
According to Han et al. [3] and Tao et al. [6], hollow ratio is
an important parameter that affects column behaviour. This ratio
is defined as d/(D 2tso ), where d and D are the major dimensions
of the inner and outer tubes, respectively, and tso is the thickness
of the outer tube. If hollow ratio is equal to 0 for a column, the
0143-974X/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.09.014
Nomenclature
Ac
Ace
Asco
Asc
Asi
Aso
CFDST
CFST
d
D
fck
fcu
fc0
fsyi
fsyo
N
Nu
Nuc
Nue
p1
p2
tso
tsi
bond
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= n
fsyo
fck
(1)
Table 1
Summary of research conducted on CFDST stub columns.
Researchers
Combinations
Research results
Test results; Theoretical models are developed to predict the ultimate strength.
Test results; Plastic mechanism methods are used to predict the unloading behaviour.
Test results; An analytical model is presented, and an empirical formula is presented for the peak strength.
Test results.
Test results; Mechanics models and simplified models are developed.
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Fig. 4. Comparisons between predicted and observed typical failure modes of specimens.
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Table 2
Test data of CFDST stub columns under axial compression.
Test
series
Specimen
label
Outer tube
dimensions
D tso (mm)
Inner tube
dimensions
d tsi (mm)
fsyo (MPa)
fsyi (MPa)
Nue (kN)
Nuc (kN)
Nuc /Nue
CHS
outer
cc2a
cc2b
cc3a
cc3b
cc4a
cc4b
cc5a
cc5b
cc6a
cc6b
cc7a
cc7b
DS-2
DS-6
180 3
180 3
180 3
180 3
180 3
180 3
114 3
114 3
240 3
240 3
300 3
300 3
300 2
300 4
48 3
48 3
88 3
88 3
140 3
140 3
58 3
58 3
114 3
114 3
165 3
165 3
180 2
180 2
0.28
0.28
0.51
0.51
0.80
0.80
0.54
0.54
0.49
0.49
0.56
0.56
0.61
0.61
275.9
275.9
275.9
275.9
275.9
275.9
294.5
294.5
275.9
275.9
275.9
275.9
290
290
396.1
396.1
370.2
370.2
342.0
342.0
374.5
374.5
294.5
294.5
320.5
320.5
290
290
47.4
47.4
47.4
47.4
47.4
47.4
47.4
47.4
47.4
47.4
47.4
47.4
28
28
1790
1791
1648
1650
1435
1358
904
898
2421
2460
3331
3266
2141
2693
1622
1622
1497
1497
1258
1258
807
807
2337
2337
3195
3195
2155
2765
0.906
0.906
0.908
0.907
0.877
0.926
0.893
0.899
0.965
0.950
0.959
0.978
1.007
1.027
scc2-1
scc2-2
scc3-1
scc3-2
scc4-1
scc4-2
scc5-1
scc5-2
S1C1
S2C1
-120 3
-120 3
-120 3
-120 3
-120 3
-120 3
-180 3
-180 3
-100.2 6.12
-100.4 4.13
32 3
32 3
58 3
58 3
88 3
88 3
88 3
88 3
48.5 3.01
48.5 3.01
0.28
0.28
0.51
0.51
0.77
0.77
0.51
0.51
0.55
0.53
275.9
275.9
275.9
275.9
275.9
275.9
275.9
275.9
500
476
422.3
422.3
374.5
374.5
370.2
370.2
370.2
370.2
425
425
46.8
46.8
46.8
46.8
46.8
46.8
46.8
46.8
70
70
1054
1060
990
1000
870
996
1725
1710
1677
1253
993
993
1020
1020
977
977
1835
1835
1651
1337
0.942
0.937
1.030
1.020
1.123
0.981
1.064
1.073
0.984
1.067
SHS outer
Test data
resources
the calculations are: D = 400 mm, tso = 9.3 mm, d = 191 mm,
tsi = 3.18 mm, L = 1200 mm, fsyo = fsyi = 345 MPa, fcu = 60 MPa,
= 0.5, where tsi and fsyi are the wall thickness and yield strength
of the inner steel tube respectively, and L is the column height.
It is clear from Fig. 5 that a curve can be generally divided into
four stages, i.e.
Stage 1: Elastic stage (from Point O to Point A). During this stage,
steel and concrete bear axial load independently. It can be seen
from Fig. 6(1)(a) and (2)(a) that the longitudinal stress of concrete
uniformly distributes across the cross-section on the whole.
Stage 2: Elasticplastic stage (from Point A to Point B). During this
stage, with the increasing of the axial load, the concrete cracks
and begins to increase in volume. The confinement provided by
the outer steel tube enhances as the transverse deformation of
concrete increases. It was found from Fig. 6(1)(b) that for the
circular member the longitudinal stress of concrete distributes still
uniformly in the cross-section, but for the square member shown
in 6(2)(b) the maximal longitudinal stress of concrete occurs at the
corner because of the non-uniform confinement provided by the
outer steel tube.
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Fig. 7. The loads (N) carried by outer steel tube, inner steel tube, sandwich concrete, and CFDST respectively versus longitudinal strain ( ).
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Fig. 10. Interaction stresses p1 and p2 across the cross-section for a member with square section.
member. In Fig. 9, the stresses are shown when the peak loads are
reached. It should also be noted that, the interaction stresses p1 and
p2 shown in Fig. 9(b) are average values around the cross section.
It can be seen that the influence of the end plate on the interaction
is not significant if H > 0.1L.
For members with circular section, the interaction stresses p1
and p2 are almost constant across the cross-section. But this is
not the case for members with square section. To eliminate the
influence of the local buckling of the outer steel tube formed at
the mid-height, the interaction stresses shown in Fig. 10 are taken
from the section with a distance of L/5 away from the mid-height.
It can be seen from Fig. 10(b) that the stress of p1 at the corner
is much higher, which indicates the confinement provided by the
outer steel tube at the corner is the strongest across the crosssection. The interaction stress p1 is almost equal to 0, if the distance
to the corner is larger than D/7, such as those points from 3 to 8
shown in Fig. 10(a). It can be seen from Fig. 10(c) that the values of
p2 do not vary too much around the cross-section compared with
those of p1 .
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member and the shape of curves. The reason is that the inner steel
tube contributes comparatively little to the column strength as
shown in Fig. 7.
Comparing the load versus longitudinal strain curves in Fig. 14
for the two different section types shown in Fig. 1 reveals that the
residual strength after experiencing large deformation is higher for
circular sections.
4. Conclusions
The following conclusions can be drawn based on the limited
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