Metals with Variable Charge

Most transition metals (3-12) and Group 4A (14) metals form 2

or more positive ions, except Zn2+, Ag+, and Cd2+, which form
only one ion.

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Chapter 5, Section 1

Metals with Variable Charge

The names of transition metals with two or more
positive ions (cations) use a Roman numeral after the
name of the metal to identify the ion charge.

Naming Ionic Compounds with Variable

Charge Metals

Naming FeCl2
Step 1 Determine the charge of the cation from the
anion.
Analyze the Problem.

Naming FeCl2
Step 2 Name the cation by its element name and
use a Roman numeral in parentheses for the
charge.
Fe2+ = iron(II)
Step 3 Name the anion by using the first syllable of
its element name followed by ide .
Cl = chloride
Step 4 Write the name for the cation first and the
name for the anion second.
iron(II) chloride

Examples of Names of Compounds with

Variable Charge Metals

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Chapter 5, Section 1

Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Writing the Formula for Iron(III) Oxide

Metal

Nonmetal

Ion

Iron(III)

oxide

Group

Transition

6A (16)

Symbol

Fe3+

O2

Learning Check
Write the correct name for CuO.

Write the correct formula for copper(I) nitride.

Polyatomic Ions
A polyatomic ion
is a group of atoms.
has an overall ionic charge.
Examples:
NH4+
ammonium
SO42
sulfate
PO43
phosphate

OH
hydroxide
CO32 carbonate

Names and Formulas of Common

Polyatomic Ions

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Chapter 5, Section 1

11

Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic ions
must be associated with an ion of opposite charge.
form ionic bonds with ions of opposite charge to achieve
charge balance.
Example:
Ca2+
NO3
calcium
nitrate ion
charge balance:
Ca(NO3)2
calcium nitrate

Name K2SO4
Step 1 Identify the cation and polyatomic ion
(anion).
Cation: K+
Anion: SO42
Step 2 Name the cation, using a Roman numeral if
needed.
K+ = potassium ion
Step 3 Name the polyatomic ion.
SO42 = sulfate ion
Step 4 Write the name or the compound, cation
first and the polyatomic ion second.
K2SO4 = potassium sulfate

Learning Check
Name each of the following compounds.
1. Cu(ClO3)2
2. PbCO3
3. Ba3(PO3)2

Solution
Step 1 Identify the cation and polyatomic ion (anion).
cation
polyatomic ion
1. Cu(ClO3)2
Cu2+
ClO3
2. PbCO3
Pb2+
CO32
3. Ba3(PO3)2
Ba2+
PO33
Step 2 Name the cation using a Roman numeral, if
necessary.
cation name
1. Cu(ClO3)2
copper(II)
2. PbCO3
lead(II)
3. Ba3(PO3)2
barium

Solution
Step 3 Name the polyatomic ion.
polyatomic ion
1. Cu(ClO3)2
chlorate
2. PbCO3
carbonate
3. Ba3(PO4)2
phosphate
Step 4 Write the name or the compound, cation first
and the polyatomic ion second.
compound name
1. Cu(ClO3)2
copper(II) chlorate
2. PbCO3
lead(II) carbonate
3. Ba3(PO3)2
barium phosphite

Write the Formula for

Aluminium Hydroxide
Step 1 Identify the cation and polyatomic ion
(anion).
Al3+ and OH
Step 2 Balance the charges.

Step 3 Write the formula, cation first, using the

subscripts from charge balance.
Al(OH)3

Break Time!!

Covalence - Formation of H2
In the simplest covalent molecule, H2 , the H atoms
increase attraction as they move closer.
share electrons to achieve a stable configuration.
form a covalent bond.

Electron-Dot Formulas of Covalent

Molecules
In a fluorine (F2) molecule, the F atoms
share one of their valence electrons.
acquire an octet.
form a covalent bond.

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Chapter 5, Section 1

20

Elements That Exist as Diatomic

Molecules
These seven elements share
electrons to form diatomic,
covalent molecules.

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Chapter 5, Section 1

21

Electron-Dot Formulas for Some

Covalent Compounds

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Chapter 5, Section 1

22

Guide to Drawing Electron-Dot

Formulas

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Chapter 5, Section 1

23

Draw the Electron-Dot Formula for NH3

Step 1 Determine the arrangement of atoms.
In NH3, N is the central atom and is bonded to
three H atoms.
Step 2 Determine the total number
of valence electrons.

H N H
H

Total valence electrons for NH3 = 8 e

Draw the Electron-Dot Formula for NH3

Step 3 Attach each bonded atom to the central
atom with a pair of electrons.

N
H

Draw the Electron-Dot Formula for NH3

Step 4 Place the remaining electrons using single
or multiple bonds to complete the octets.
8 valence e 6 bonding e = 2 e remaining
Use the remaining 2 e to complete the octet
around the N atom.

H N H
H

or

N
H

Learning Check
Draw the electron-dot formula for CCl4.

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Chapter 5, Section 1

27

Solution
Step 1 Determine the arrangement of atoms.
In CCl4, C is the central atom and is bonded to
four Cl atoms.

Cl
Cl

C
Cl

Cl

Solution
Step 2 Determine the total number of valence
electrons.

Total valence electrons for

Solution
Step 3 Attach each bonded atom to the central
atom with a pair of electrons.

Cl
Cl

C
Cl

Cl

Solution
Step 4 Place the remaining electrons, using single
or multiple bonds to complete the octets.
32 valence e 8 bonding e = 24 e remaining
Use the remaining 24 e to complete the octets
around the Cl atoms.

Cl

Cl
Cl

C
Cl

Cl

or

Cl

C
Cl

Cl

Single and Multiple Bonds

In many covalent compounds, atoms share two or
three pairs of electrons to complete their octets.
In a single bond, one pair of electrons is shared.
In a double bond, two pairs of electrons are shared.
In a triple bond, three pairs of electrons are shared.

Draw the Electron-Dot Formula for CS2

Step 1 Determine the arrangement of atoms.
In CS2, C is the central atom and is bonded to
two S atoms.

Draw the Electron-Dot Formula for CS2

Step 2 Determine the total number
of valence electrons.

Total valence electrons for

Draw the Electron-Dot Formula for CS2

Step 3 Attach each bonded atom to the central
atom with a pair of electrons.
A pair of bonding electrons (single bond) is
placed between each S atom and the central C
atom.

Draw the Electron-Dot Formula for CS2

Step 4 Place the remaining electrons using single
or multiple bonds to complete the octets.
16 valence e - 4 bonding e = 12 e remaining
The remaining 12 electrons are placed as six
lone pairs of electrons on both S atoms.
However, this does not complete the octet for
the C atom.

Draw the Electron-Dot Formula for CS2

Step 4 Continued: Double and Triple Covalent
Bonds: To complete the octet for the C atom, it
needs to share an additional lone pair from each
of the S atoms, forming a double bond with each S
atom.

or

A Nitrogen Molecule has

a Triple Bond
In a nitrogen molecule, N2,
each N atom shares 3 electrons,
each N atom attains an octet, and
the sharing of 3 sets of electrons is called a triple bond.

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Chapter 5, Section 1

38