Structured Questions: HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View
Part VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy
Structured Questions
Chemistry: Chapter 35 Energy changes in chemical reactions
Combined Science (Chemistry Part): Chapter 33 Energy changes in chemical
reactions
Section 35.1 (Section 33.1)
1
A reaction between zinc granules and hydrochloric acid is carried out in a stoppered
flask, i.e. the volume remains constant.
(a) (i) Write an equation for the reaction.
(ii) During the reaction, how does the pressure change? Explain briefly.
(iii) State the relationship between heat change at constant volume and change
in internal energy.
(b) If the reaction is carried out in an open system, i.e. open to the atmosphere,
(i) how does the pressure change?
(ii) the change in internal energy is not equal to heat change. Explain briefly.
(c) If the amount of zinc granules used is halved, what will be the effect on the heat
released?
[8M]
2
Neutralization is a common exothermic reaction.
(a) What is an exothermic reaction?
(b) State and explain the common feature of exothermic reactions.
(c) If 25.0 cm3 of 1 M HCl and 25.0 cm3 of 2 M HCl is added to 25.0 cm3 of 1 M
NaOH respectively, which reaction will give out more heat? Explain your answer
briefly.
[6M]
3
Natural gas is an energy source. The main component is methane.
(a) Write an equation for the combustion of methane.
(b) Is burning methane an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
(c) Explain your answer in part (b) in terms of forming and breaking of chemical
bonds.
[8M]
Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010
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4
The combustion of hydrogen in a jar of oxygen is found to produce water only.
(a) State the types and number of bonds formed and bonds broken during the course
of the reaction respectively.
(b) Construct a labelled enthalpy level diagram for the reaction.
(c) The above reaction is applied to provide energy for launching of space shuttles.
State TWO advantages for the application.
[11M]
5
These days, hand-warmers are very popular and are easily available in stores. The
heat pad in the hand-warmer contains iron powder. The reaction involved is the
oxidation of iron powder. Generally, hand-warmers can remain warm for several
hours.
(a) State and explain whether the enthalpy change of the above reaction is positive
or negative.
(b) State whether the reaction is very rapid or not.
(c) Sam, an S4 student, claimed that the reaction of hand-warmers is similar to the
one of rusting. He tried to make some hand-warmers by using useless iron
metals.
Do you think Sam would succeed? Explain your answer.
(d) Another type of hand-warmer is made by the supersaturated solution (the
crystallization-type). The reaction is triggered by snapping a small metal chip
buried inside the pad.
(i) From your knowledge, what is the benefit of this type of hand-warmer over
the iron-containing one?
(ii) Explain the above processes in terms of the Law of Conservation of Energy.
[9M]
6
Flameless ration heater (FRH) is a water-activated chemical heater which is used to
heat the food. It is commonly included with meals, Ready-to-Eat. The reaction
involved in FRH is similar to the process of rusting. In FRH, the metal used is
magnesium which is mixed with a small amount of iron.
(a) Is the reaction involved in FRH exothermic or endothermic?
(b) Why is magnesium used in FRH?
(c) What is the function of the small amount of iron?
(d) A small amount of water is added to activate the reaction. Write an equation for
the reaction involved.
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(e) (i)
Iron is initially oxidized, and then reduced back to its elemental form. Write
an equation for the reaction involved.
(ii) State the kind of reaction involved in (e)(i).
[9M]
7
The reaction between hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide produces sulphur (S 8 )
and water. Sulphur (S 8 ) is always found to deposit at the vents of volcanoes.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction between hydrogen sulphide and sulphur
dioxide.
(b) The enthalpy change of reaction is 1876 kJ mol1. Is the reaction endothermic
or exothermic?
(c) What kinds of bonds are broken during the reaction?
(d) What kinds of bonds are formed during the reaction?
(e) Construct an enthalpy level diagram for the reaction.
[10M]
8
Consider the following chemical equation:
CH 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l)
(a) State whether the above reaction is endothermic or exothermic. Explain your
answer.
(b) Draw an enthalpy level diagram for the reaction.
(c) State whether the reverse reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
[6M]
9
Identify each of the following as an exothermic or endothermic process. Explain your
answer briefly.
(a) Evaporation of water
(b) Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water
(c) Dissociation of a hydrogen molecule: H 2 (g) 2H(g)
[6M]
10
A student made the following statement.
All products of chemical reactions have relatively lower enthalpies than the reactants.
Otherwise, the reaction cannot proceed.
(a) Comment on the above statement.
(b) Give ONE example to support your answer in (a). Illustrate your answer with the
help of an enthalpy level diagram.
[8M]
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11
(a) Give TWO sources of energy which do NOT depend directly or indirectly on
solar energy.
(b) A 2.0 cm long magnesium ribbon was added to 100.0 cm3 of 2.0 M hydrochloric
acid. All the magnesium reacted and the temperature of the acid increased by
20.0C.
(i) Predict the temperature rise if 1.0 cm long magnesium ribbon was used
instead.
(ii) What would be the volume of 2.0 M hydrochloric acid to which the 1.0 cm
long magnesium ribbon was added so as to produce a temperature rise of
20.0C?
(c) (i) Given that: Ca(s) + Cl 2 (g) CaCl 2 (s)
H = 800.0 kJ mol1
Calculate the amount of energy released when 4.0 g of calcium is burnt in
excess chlorine.
(ii) Hence, construct an enthalpy level diagram to show the enthalpy change of
the reaction in (c)(i) clearly.
[9M]
12
An instant cold pack is a device which is composed of two bags, one containing water
which is inside a second bag containing ammomium nitrate. This convenient instant
cold pack can replace crushed ice in treating sports injuries and reducing swelling or
pain.
(a) (i) Explain the working principle of instant cold pack.
(ii) Write a thermochemical equation for the related reaction.
(b) Suggest another salt which can also be employed as a chemical reagent in instant
cold pack.
(c) How can we obtain a larger cooling effect?
[7M]
13
Methane, butane, and hydrogen can all be used as rocket fuels. The standard enthalpy
changes of combustion of these fuels are given below:
H c [Methane] = 890.0 kJ mol1
H c [Butane] = 2877 kJ mol1
H c [Hydrogen] = 286.0 kJ mol1
(a) Write balanced equations for the combustion of each fuel.
(b) Calculate the heat released of combustion for 1.0 g of each fuel.
(c) Hence, suggest which one is the best rocket fuel. Explain your answer.
540

[8M]
14
Given that:
H c [Methanol] = 843.0 kJ mol1
H c [Ethanol] = 1371 kJ mol1
H c [Propan-1-ol] = 2010 kJ mol1
(a) Which of the above alkanols releases the largest amount of energy per gram of
substance burnt? Show your calculation.
(b) Hence, which alkanol is the most appropriate for using as a fuel? Explain your
answer.
[6M]
15
People usually use instant hot packs for keeping warm and treating muscular fatigue.
(a) Suggest a common salt used as a chemical reagent in instant hot packs.
(b) Hence, explain the working principle of instant hot packs.
(c) Write a thermochemical equation for the standard enthalpy change of solution of
the common salt suggested in part (a). You are required to use x to represent the
value of the standard enthalpy change of solution.
[5M]
16
When 50.0 cm3 of 2.0 M hydrochloric acid was added to 50.0 cm3 of 2.0 M sodium
hydroxide solution in a simple calorimeter, there was a rise in temperature of 13.0C.
(Assume that the specific heat capacity and density of the solution are 4.2 J g1 K1
and 1.0 g cm3 respectively.)
(a) Calculate the enthalpy change of neutralization for one mole of water formed.
(b) What would be the temperature rise if 100.0 cm3 of 2.0 M hydrochloric acid
were added to 100.0 cm3 of 2.0 M sodium hydroxide solution? Explain your
answer with the help of calculations.
[9M]
17
The graph below shows how the temperature changes when 3.0 M NaOH was added
to 20.0 cm3 of 3.0 M HCl. The experiment was carried out in an expanded polystyrene
cup.
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Temperature (C)

Volume of alkali added (cm3)

(a) Referring to the graph,
(i) what is the volume of NaOH needed to neutralize the acid completely?
(ii) what is the temperature change caused by the neutralization?
(b) Write an equation for the reaction. (State symbols should be clearly shown.)
(c) Define standard enthalpy change of neutralization.
(d) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of neutralization between sodium
hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.
(e) It was found that the experimental value calculated in (d) was less negative than
(f)
the theoretical value (57.1 kJ mol1). State TWO reasons for the difference.
Suggest TWO improvements to obtain a more accurate result.
(Assume that the specific heat capacity and density of the reaction mixture are
4.2 J g1 K1 and 1.0 g cm3 respectively.)
[13M]
18
Ethanol is produced from glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) by fermentation. Carbon dioxide is the
only by-product. A fermentation reaction was carried out in a large plastic vessel
contained in a wooden box. The fermentation vessel was surrounded by insulating
material to reduce the heat loss generated by the fermentation reaction. 600.0 g of
glucose was added to water. The total volume of reaction mixture was 20.0 L. Some
yeast was added to start the fermentation.
(a) Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
(b) The temperature of reaction mixture in the fermentation vessel increased from
20.0C to 34.5C. Calculate the minimum amount of heat generated by the
reaction.
(c) Hence, determine the enthalpy change for the fermentation of glucose in kJ
mol1.
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[6M]
19
A 50.0 cm3 of 0.5 M potassium hydroxide was mixed with 50.0 cm3 of 0.5 M
hydrochloric acid in a glass beaker rapidly. The temperature of reaction mixture rose
from 19.6C to 23.1C.
(a) State whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
(b) Write an equation for the reaction.
(c) Explain why the solutions were mixed rapidly.
(d) Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction in kJ mol1.
(e) Identify the major source of error in the experimental procedure described above.
Suggest ONE way to minimize the error.
(f) The experiment was repeated with 0.51 M HCl instead of 0.5 M HCl. State and
explain what the temperature change would be.
[12M]
20
A student set up an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of solution of
ammonium nitrate. A known mass of ammonium nitrate was dissolved in a known
volume of water. The experimental set-up is shown below.
thermometer
known mass of
ammonium nitrate
glass beaker
known volume of
water
(a) The experimental value was not matched with the theoretical value of the
enthalpy change of solution of ammonium nitrate.
(i) Is the experimental value smaller or greater than the theoretical value?
Explain your answer briefly.
(ii) Give TWO suggestions to the experimental set-up to improve the
experimental value.
(b) The student carried out another experiment in an improved set-up. It was found
that an excess of zinc powder was added to 50.0 cm3 of 0.1 M AgNO 3 . The
temperature of the solution rose from 21.1C to 25.4C. Determine the enthalpy
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change of the reaction: Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

(Assume that the specific heat capacity and density of the solution are 4.2 J g1
K1 and 1.0 g cm3 respectively.)
[7M]
21
An experiment was carried to determine the standard enthalpy change of combustion
of ethanol using the apparatus shown in the diagram.
beaker
water
ethanol
The following data was recorded.
Initial mass of spirit burner = 221.4 g
Initial temperature of water = 19.0C
Final mass of spirit burner = 219.1 g
Final temperature of water = 59.0C
Mass of water in the beaker = 250.0 g
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g1

K1
(a) Determine the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol using the above data.
(b) It is found that the calculated value of the enthalpy change of combustion of
ethanol does not match with the theoretical value found in data books. Give ONE
reason for this.
(c) Suggest TWO amendments for the above set-up so as to improve the accuracy of
the experiment results.
[6M]
22
A 40.0 cm3 sample of 0.6 M nitric acid at 18.0C was mixed with 40.0 cm3 of 0.6 M
barium hydroxide at 18.0C in a simple calorimeter. The highest temperature recorded
after mixing was 22.0C.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction.
(b) Determine the standard enthalpy change of neutralization.
(c) Hence, write a thermochemical equation for the standard enthalpy change of
neutralization.
(d) Would you expect the calculated value be less or more negative than the
theoretical value? Give TWO reasons for your answer.
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[10M]
23
A 30.0 cm3 sample of 1.0 M hydrochloric acid at 20.3C was mixed with 50.0 cm3 of
0.50 M sodium hydroxide solution at 20.3C in a simple calorimeter. The highest
temperature recorded after mixing was 24.4C.
(Assume that the specific heat capacity and density of the reaction mixture are the
same as those of water i.e. 4.2 J g1 K1 and 1.0 g cm3 respectively.)
(a) Write an equation for the reaction.
(b) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of neutralization between hydrochloric
acid and sodium hydroxide.
(c) The theoretical value of the standard enthalpy change of neutralization for the
above reaction is 57.1 kJ mol1. Is the calculated value obtained in (b) smaller
than, greater than or equal to the theoretical value? Explain your answer briefly.
(d) If hydrochloric acid in the above reaction is replaced with ethanoic acid with
equal volume and molarity, would you expect any differences in the value
obtained in (b)? Explain your answer briefly.
[10M]
24
Jason added some zinc granules to dilute hydrochloric acid in a beaker. The
temperature of the solution before and after adding zinc granules were 25.4C and
27.2C respectively.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction. (State symbols should be clearly shown.)
(b) State and explain whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
(c) Predict the temperature change if zinc granules are replaced with magnesium
ribbon in the reaction. Explain your answer briefly.
[7M]
25
A student set up an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of neutralization
between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The set-up is shown below.
The student found that 40.0 cm3 of 0.6 M sodium hydroxide required 30.0 cm3 of
hydrochloric acid to achieve the maximum temperature rise of the mixture. The
temperature change was 4.3C.
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thermometer
beaker
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
(a) Suggest TWO improvements for the above set-up to achieve more accurate
result.
(b) Calculate the enthalpy change of neutralization between HCl and NaOH with the
help of information given.
(Assume that the specific heat capacity and density of the solution are 4.2 J g1
(c) What would happen to the temperature of solution when the addition of HCl is
continued beyond 30.0 cm3?
[6M]
26
The table below shows data for the four organic compounds methanal, ethanal,
methanol and ethanol.
Organic compound
H c /kJ mol1
Methanal
517.5
Ethanal
1063.5
Methanol
715.0
Ethanol
1371.0
(a) Write a thermochemical equation for the standard enthalpy change of

combustion of methanal.
(b) The complete combustion of 2.0 g of one of the above organic compounds
releases nearly 60.0 kJ of heat energy. What is the organic compound?
(c) In terms of the energy released when burnt, which organic compound is the best
for use as fuel in motor cars? Explain your answer briefly.
[13M]
27
An experiment was carried out to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of
propan-1-ol. The experimental set-up was shown below.
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a beaker
water (500.0 cm3)
propan-1-ol
(a) Write the equation for the complete combustion of propan-1-ol.
(b) Give a suggestion to the above set-up so as to minimize heat loss to the
surroundings.
(c) Burning 2.88 g of propan-1-ol caused the temperature of 500.0 cm3 of water to
rise by 46.0C. Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of propan-1-ol.
(d) Some black substances were found under the beaker after the experiment.
(i) What were the black substances?
(ii) Suggest how they were formed.
(e) The enthalpy change obtained in (c) cannot be called as standard enthalpy
change. Explain why.
(Assume that the specific heat capacity and the density of water are 4.2 J g1 K1
and 1.0 g cm3 respectively.)
[7M]
28
In an experiment, 20.0 cm3 of 1.0 M HCl solution at 25C was added to 10.0 cm3 of
1.0 M Na 2 CO 3 solution at 25C in an expanded polystyrene cup with stirring. The
highest temperature recorded after mixing was 40.0C.
(a) Write the equation for the reaction between HCl(aq) and Na 2 CO 3 (aq).
(b) State TWO observations during the experiment.
(c) Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction.
(d) The theoretical value of the enthalpy change of the reaction is greater than the
calculated value. Give TWO reasons for the difference.
(Assume that the specific heat capacity and the density of the reaction mixture
are 4.2 J g1 K1 and 1.0 g cm3 respectively.)
[9M]
29
A spirit burner containing 5.0 g sample of propanol (C 3 H 7 OH) is used to heat up a
beaker of water (0.65 L) from 25.0C to 58.0C. The standard enthalpy change of
combustion of propanol is 2010 kJ mol1.
(Assume that the density and specific heat capacity of water are 1.0 g cm3 and 4.2 J
g1 K1 respectively.)
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(a) State ONE assumption in the experiment.

(b) Calculate the actual mass of propanol used to heat the water.
(c) Calculate the percentage purity of propanol in the sample. Hence, comment on
the effect of the percentage purity on the experimental result.
[8M]
30
A 50.0 cm3 sample of 1.20 M sodium hydroxide at 25.0C was mixed with 40.0 cm3
of 0.55 M sulphuric acid at 25.0C in a simple calorimeter. The highest temperature
recorded after mixing was 50.0C.
(Assume that the specific heat capacity and the density of the resultant solution are
(a) Determine the type of reaction and give the definition of the standard enthalpy
change of the reaction.
(b) State ONE assumption in the experiment.
(c) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the reaction.
[9M]
Sections 37.137.2 (Sections 35.135.2)
31
Given that:
H c [H 2 (g)] = 286.0 kJ mol1
H c [C(s)] = 394.0 kJ mol1
H f [C 6 H 12 O 6 (s)] = 1286 kJ mol1
(a) Define standard enthalpy change of combustion.
(b) Write an equation for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of glucose.
(c) Construct an enthalpy change cycle to determine the enthalpy change involved in
the combustion of 1.0 g of glucose.
[10M]
32
Given that:
H f [H 2 O(l)] = 286.0 kJ mol1
H f [CO 2 (g)] = 395.0 kJ mol1
H f [CH 3 COCH 3 (l)] = 250.0 kJ mol1
(a) Write an equation for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of
CH 3 COCH 3 (l).
(b) Construct an enthalpy change cycle to determine the standard enthalpy change of
combustion of CH 3 COCH 3 (l).
[6M]
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33
Consider the following reactions:
I
N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2NO(g)
H 1 = +180.0 kJ mol1
II
2NO(g) + O 2 (g) 2NO 2 (g)
H 2 = 114.0 kJ mol1
III
2NO 2 (g) +
1
O 2 (g) N 2 O 5 (g)
2
H 3 = 55.0 kJ mol1
(a) Explain why only reaction I is endothermic in nature.

the formation of N 2 O 5 (g).
(c) It is known that N 2 O 5 (g) will decompose to other gases under
suitable conditions. Suggest a use for N 2 O 5 (g).
[9M]
34
Brian wants to determine the standard enthalpy change of combustion of butane. He
writes an equation for the combustion of butane as follows:
2C 4 H 10 (g) + 13O 2 (g) 8CO 2 (g) + 10H 2 O(l)
(a) Comment on the above equation. Write a correct equation for Brian.
(b) In order to determine the enthalpy change, a beaker containing 500.0 cm3 water
is placed under the combustion chamber using butane as the fuel.
Brian suggests that the beaker should be covered with a lid to obtain a more
accurate temperature change. Comment on his suggestion.
(c) The temperature difference was found to be 40.0C and the mass of butane used
was 4.1 g. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of butane.
(Assume that the specific heat capacity and density of water are 4.2 J g1 K1 and
1.0 g cm3 respectively.)
[7M]
35
Given that:
H f [AgClO 3 (s)] = 30.0 kJ mol1
H f [AgCl(s)] = 127.0 kJ mol1
H f [ClO 2 (g)] = +102.0 kJ mol1
(a) Write a thermochemical equation for the formation of 1 mole of ClO 2 (g).
(b) Construct an enthalpy change cycle to determine the standard enthalpy change
for the following reaction:
2AgClO 3 (s) + Cl 2 (g) 2AgCl(s) + 2ClO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
[7M]
549

36
Given that:
H f [C 8 H 18 (l)] = 250.0 kJ mol1
H f [H 2 O(l)] = 286.0 kJ mol1
H f [CO 2 (g)] = 394.0 kJ mol1
(a) Write an equation for the complete combustion (only carbon dioxide and water
are formed) of 1 mole of C 8 H 18 (l).
combustion of C 8 H 18 (l).
(c) Determine the enthalpy change involved in the combustion of 0.2 kg of C 8 H 18 (l).
[9M]
37
The following steps show the process of manufacturing sulphuric acid.
Step 1: S(s) + O 2 (g) SO 2 (g)
Step 2: SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) SO 3 (g)
Step 3: SO 3 (g) + H 2 O(l) H 2 SO 4 (l)
Given that:
H f [H 2 O(l)] = 286.0 kJ mol1
H f [SO 2 (g)] = 297.0 kJ mol1
H f [SO 3 (g)] = 396.0 kJ mol1
H f [H 2 SO 4 (l)] = 814.0 kJ mol1
(a) Balance the chemical equation in step 2.
reaction in step 2.
(c) Construct an enthalpy change cycle to determine the standard enthalpy change of
reaction in step 3.
[11M]
38
Iron can be extracted from its ore haematite by heating iron(III) oxide in haematite
with carbon.
Given that:
C(s) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g)
H 1 = 393.5 kJ mol1
4Fe(s) + 3O 2 (g) 2Fe 2 O 3 (s)
H 2 = 1648 kJ mol1
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between iron(III) oxide and
carbon.
reaction in (a).
550

(c) State whether the reaction in (a) is an exothermic or endothermic reaction.

[7M]
39
A thermite reaction is a reaction between aluminium metal and iron(III) oxide. The
reaction is highly exothermic and is commonly applied in welding e.g. join rail tracks.
The equation for thermite reaction is shown below:
2Al(s) + Fe 2 O 3 (s) Al 2 O 3 (s) + 2Fe(s)
Given that:
H f [Fe 2 O 3 (s)] = 824.0 kJ mol1
H f [Al 2 O 3 (s)] = 1676 kJ mol1
The specific heat capacity of Al 2 O 3 (s) = 79.0 J mol1 K1
The specific heat capacity of Fe(s) = 25.1 J mol1 K1
(Assume that the specific heat capacities of Fe 2 O 3 (s) and Al(s) are negligible.)
(a) Construct an enthalpy change cycle to determine the standard enthalpy change of
the thermite reaction.
(b) Determine the energy required to raise the product mixture by 1 K if 1 mol of
Fe 2 O 3 is reacted.
(c) What will be the final temperature of the product mixture if 1 mol of Fe 2 O 3 is
reacted under standard conditions?
(d) Iron has a melting point of 1808 K. It is a major component of steel. Explain
why the thermite reaction is suitable for welding steel with reference to the
answer in (c).
[10M]
40
Given that:
CaCO 3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l)
H 1 = 364.0 kJ mol1
CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l)
H 2 = 192.0 kJ mol1
(a) Write a chemical equation for decomposition of calcium carbonate.

decomposition of calcium carbonate by using the data given above.
[6M]
41
Carbon disulphide (CS 2 ) is a highly flammable liquid. It burns in air, which is
analogous to the combustion of methane.
(a) What is the standard enthalpy change of formation of a substance?
(b) Write a chemical equation for the combustion of carbon disulphide.
(c) Given that:
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H f [CO 2 (g)] = 395.0 kJ mol1

H f [SO 2 (g)] = 297.0 kJ mol1
H c [CS 2 (l)] = 1076 kJ mol1
Construct an enthalpy change cycle to determine the standard enthalpy change of
formation of carbon disulphide.
[9M]
42
The enthalpy changes of formation of substances cannot be determined directly by the
simple calorimetric methods. However, we can determine them indirectly by applying
Hesss Law.
(a) Define standard enthalpy change of formation.
(b) State Hesss Law.
(c) The following equation shows the formation of ethylene, C 2 H 4 .
(i)
2C(s) + 2H 2 (g) C 2 H 4 (g)

Construct an enthalpy change cycle that can determine the standard
enthalpy change of formation of ethylene.
(ii) Use the following data to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
formation of ethylene.
C(s) + O 2 (g) CO 2 (g)
H 2 (g) +
1
O 2 (g) H 2 O(l)
2
H 1 = 395.0 kJ mol1
H 2 = 286.0 kJ mol1
C 2 H 4 (g) + 3O 2 (g) 2CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) H 3 = 1409 kJ mol1

[9M]
43
An experiment to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of sucrose
(C 12 H 22 O 11 (s)) was carried out by using a bomb calorimeter. The following data was
recorded.
Mass of sucrose = 2.2 g
Mass of water = 550.0 g
Initial temperature of water = 25.5C
Final temperature of water = 41.2C
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g1 K1
(a) Define standard enthalpy change of combustion.
(b) Write a chemical equation for the complete combustion of sucrose.
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(c) Determine the standard enthalpy change of combustion of sucrose using the
above data.
(d) Write a chemical equation for the formation of sucrose.
(e) Given that the H f [CO 2 (g)] and H f [H 2 O(l)] are 394.0 kJ mol1 and 286.0
kJ mol1 respectively. Construct an enthalpy change cycle to determine the
standard enthalpy change of formation of sucrose.
[12M]
44
Bombardier beetles are beetles commonly found in North America and Europe. When
being attacked, the beetle defends itself by ejecting a hot spray from its abdomen. The
beetle contains two chemicals, hydroquinone (C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 ) and hydrogen peroxide
(H 2 O 2 ) in separate reservoirs in its abdomen. The two chemicals react and produce
quinone (C 6 H 4 O 2 ) and water.
Given that:
C 6 H 4 (OH) 2 (aq) C 6 H 4 O 2 (aq) + H 2 (g)
H 1 = +177.0 kJ mol1
2H 2 O 2 (aq) 2H 2 O(l) + O 2 (g)
H 2 = 190.0 kJ mol1
H 2 (g) +
1
O 2 (g) H 2 O(l)
2
H 3 = 286.0 kJ mol1
(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between hydroquinone and hydrogen
peroxide.
reaction between hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide.
(c) Hence, suggest the origin of hot spray ejected by the beetles.
[10M]
45
(a) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation.
(b) Explain why the standard enthalpy changes of formation of all elements in their
standard states are zero.
(c) Sulphur has two allotropes, rhombic sulphur and monoclinic sulphur. Both of
them burn to form sulphur dioxide.
S(s) (monoclinic) + O 2 (g) SO 2 (g)
H 1 = 297.16 kJ mol1
S(s) (rhombic) + O 2 (g) SO 2 (g)
H 2 = 296.83 kJ mol1
(i) Are the reactions exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.
(ii) Construct an enthalpy change cycle to determine the enthalpy change for
reaction: S(rhombic) S(monoclinic)
553

[9M]
46
(a) Given that:
Ag(s) Ag+(aq) + e
H 1 = +105.56 kJ mol1
1
Cl 2 (g) + e Cl(aq)
2
H 2 = 167.15 kJ mol1
Ag(s) +
1
Cl 2 (g) AgCl(s)
2
H 3 = 127.07 kJ mol1
Construct an enthalpy change cycle to determine the standard enthalpy change of

reaction: Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s).
(b) An experiment was carried out to determine the standard enthalpy change of
reaction between AgNO 3 and HCl. 50.0 cm3 of 0.1 M AgNO 3 and 50.0 cm3 of
0.1 M HCl are mixed. The temperature rose by 2.8C.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction.
(ii) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?
(iii) Determine the standard enthalpy change of reaction.
(iv) Suggest an apparatus used to determine the standard enthalpy change of
reaction.
(c) Why the enthalpy changes of formation cannot be determined by using simple
calorimetric method? Explain briefly with the aid of an example.
[15M]
47
Given that:
H f [Al 2 O 3 (s)] = 1669 kJ mol1
H f [Fe 2 O 3 (s)] = 822.0 kJ mol1
(a) By using the given data, construct an enthalpy change cycle to determine the
standard enthalpy change of the reaction: Fe 2 O 3 (s) + 2Al(s) 2Fe(s) +
Al 2 O 3 (s).
(b) State whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
(c) Draw an enthalpy level diagram to represent the reaction.
[9M]
48
554

Burning hexane in excess oxygen can form carbon dioxide and water as the only
products.
(a) Write an equation for the complete combustion of hexane.
(b) Use the data in the table below to construct an enthalpy change cycle to
determine the standard enthalpy change of combustion of hexane.
Substance
H f /kJ mol
C 6 H 14 (g)
CO 2 (g)
H 2 O(l)
167.0
394.0
286.0
[7M]
49
Given that:
OCl 2 (g) + H 2 O(g) O 2 (g) + 2HCl(g)
H = 46.0 kJ mol1
H f [HCl(g)] = 92.3 kJ mol1
H f [H 2 O(g)] = 242.0 kJ mol1
Write an equation to represent the formation of OCl 2 from O 2 and Cl 2 . (State
symbols should be clearly shown.)
formation of OCl 2 (g).
(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
[7M]
50
Liquid hydrazine, N 2 H 4 , is sometimes used as a rocket propellant.
(a) (i) Write an equation for the formation of liquid hydrazine from its elements.
(ii) Given that:
1
N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) NO 2 (g)
2
H 1
1
O 2 (g) H 2 O(g)
2
H 2
H 2 (g) +
N 2 H 4 (l) + 3O 2 (g) 2NO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(g)
H 3
Using the above data and the enthalpy change cycle to determine the H
[N 2 H 4 (l)] in terms of H 1 , H 2 and H 3 .

(b) (i)
In a rocket, liquid hydrazine is reacted with liquid hydrogen peroxide to

produce nitrogen and water vapour. Write a balanced equation for this
reaction.
(ii) Use the data in the table below and the enthalpy change cycle to calculate
the standard enthalpy change of reaction in (b)(i).
Substance
N 2 H 4 (l)
H 2 O 2 (l)
H 2 O(g)
555

H f /kJ mol1
50.6
187.8
285.8
[11M]
51
Given that:
H f [CH 4 (g)] = 74.0 kJ mol1
C(s) C(g)
H = +717.0 kJ mol1
1
H 2 (g) H(g)
2
H = +218.0 kJ mol1
(a) Write a thermochemical equation for the formation of CH 4 (g).

(b) Construct an enthalpy change cycle to determine the standard enthalpy change
for the following reaction:
CH 4 (g) C(g) + 4H(g)
[7M]
52
Dinitrogen tetroxide (N 2 O 4 ) is one of the most important rocket propellants. It is
commonly used in combination of a hydrazine(N 2 H 4 )-based rocket fuel. Hydrazine
reacts with dinitrogen tetroxide to produce N 2 and H 2 O.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between hydrazine and dinitrogen
tetroxide.
(b) Given that H f of N 2 H 4 , N 2 O 4 , H 2 O and N 2 are 50.6 kJ mol1, 9.16 kJ mol1,
241.8 kJ mol1 and 0 kJ mol1 respectively. Calculate the standard enthalpy
change for the reaction in (a).
(c) Calculate the heat released if 0.08 moles of N 2 H 4 is reacted with a stoichiometric
amount of N 2 O 4 .
[5M]
53
Propane is used as fuel for cooking. Burning propane is an exothermic reaction. The
standard enthalpy change of combustion of propane is 2220 kJ mol1.
(a) Write an equation for the complete combustion of propane.
(b) Boiling 1 L of water from 20.0C requires 350.0 kJ of heat energy. Calculate the
mass of propane required for combustion so as to produce such amount of heat
energy.
(c) Suggest a hazard warning label that should be put on the container carrying
propane.
(d) Propane gas is formed by reacting carbon with hydrogen.
556

(i)
Write an equation for formation of propane gas.
(ii) Given that H c of C(s) and H 2 (g) are 394.0 kJ mol1 and 285.0 kJ
mol1 respectively. Determine the standard enthalpy change of formation of
propane gas.
(iii) Is the formation process of propane exothermic or endothermic? Explain
your answer.
(Assume that the specific heat capacity and the density of water are 4.2 J g1
[9M]
54
Methanol is an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. It is used as fuels in
vehicles e.g. racing cars. It burns with sufficient oxygen in internal combustion
engines to provide energy.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of methanol.
(b) Given that H f of methanol, carbon dioxide and water are 238.7 kJ mol1,
393.5 kJ mol1 and 241.8 kJ mol1 respectively. Calculate the standard
enthalpy change of combustion of methanol.
(c) Determine the enthalpy change involved in the combustion of 50.0 g of liquid
methanol.
[6M]
557

Structured Questions: HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy

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Structured Questions: HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Part VIII Chemical Reactions and Energy

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Volume of alkali added (cm3)

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

4.2 J g1 K1 and 1.0 g cm3 respectively.)

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

change of the reaction: Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Initial temperature of water = 19.0C

Final mass of spirit burner = 219.1 g

Final temperature of water = 59.0C

Mass of water in the beaker = 250.0 g

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g1

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

4.2 J g1 K1 and 1.0 g cm3 respectively.)

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

(a) Write a thermochemical equation for the standard enthalpy change of

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

(a) State ONE assumption in the experiment.

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2NO(g)

2NO(g) + O 2 (g) 2NO 2 (g)

(a) Explain why only reaction I is endothermic in nature.

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

4Fe(s) + 3O 2 (g) 2Fe 2 O 3 (s)

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

(c) State whether the reaction in (a) is an exothermic or endothermic reaction.

CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l)

(a) Write a chemical equation for decomposition of calcium carbonate.

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

H f [CO 2 (g)] = 395.0 kJ mol1

2C(s) + 2H 2 (g) C 2 H 4 (g)

C 2 H 4 (g) + 3O 2 (g) 2CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) H 3 = 1409 kJ mol1

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

2H 2 O 2 (aq) 2H 2 O(l) + O 2 (g)

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Construct an enthalpy change cycle to determine the standard enthalpy change of

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

N 2 H 4 (l) + 3O 2 (g) 2NO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O(g)

[N 2 H 4 (l)] in terms of H 1 , H 2 and H 3 .

In a rocket, liquid hydrazine is reacted with liquid hydrogen peroxide to

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

(a) Write a thermochemical equation for the formation of CH 4 (g).

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Write an equation for formation of propane gas.

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

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