LECTURE1

INTRODUCTIONANDREVIEW
Preamble
Engineeringscienceisusuallysubdividedintonumberoftopicssuchas
1.SolidMechanics
2.FluidMechanics
3.HeatTransfer
4.PropertiesofmaterialsandsoonAlthoughtherearecloselinksbetweenthemintermsofthephysicalprinciplesinvolvedandmethodsof
analysisemployed.
Thesolidmechanicsasasubjectmaybedefinedasabranchofappliedmechanicsthatdealswithbehavioursofsolidbodiessubjectedto
various types of loadings. This is usually subdivided into further two streams i.e Mechanics of rigid bodies or simply Mechanics and
Mechanicsofdeformablesolids.
Themechanicsofdeformablesolidswhichisbranchofappliedmechanicsisknownbyseveralnamesi.e.strengthofmaterials,mechanics
ofmaterialsetc.
Mechanicsofrigidbodies:
The mechanics of rigid bodies is primarily concerned with the static and dynamic behaviour under external forces of engineering
components and systems which are treated as infinitely strong and undeformable Primarily we deal here with the forces and motions
associatedwithparticlesandrigidbodies.
Mechanicsofdeformablesolids:
Mechanicsofsolids:
Themechanicsofdeformablesolidsismoreconcernedwiththeinternalforcesandassociatedchangesinthegeometryofthecomponents
involved.Ofparticularimportancearethepropertiesofthematerialsused,thestrengthofwhichwilldeterminewhetherthecomponentsfail
bybreakinginservice,andthestiffnessofwhichwilldeterminewhethertheamountofdeformationtheysufferisacceptable.Therefore,the
subjectofmechanicsofmaterialsorstrengthofmaterialsiscentraltothewholeactivityofengineeringdesign.Usuallytheobjectivesin
analysisherewillbethedeterminationofthestresses,strains,anddeflectionsproducedbyloads.Theoreticalanalysesandexperimental
resultshaveanequalrolesinthisfield.
Analysisofstressandstrain:
Conceptofstress:Letusintroducetheconceptofstressasweknowthatthemainproblemofengineeringmechanicsofmaterialisthe
investigationoftheinternalresistanceofthebody,i.e.thenatureofforcessetupwithinabodytobalancetheeffectoftheexternallyapplied
forces.
Theexternallyappliedforcesaretermedasloads.Theseexternallyappliedforcesmaybeduetoanyoneofthereason.
(i)duetoserviceconditions
(ii)duetoenvironmentinwhichthecomponentworks
(iii)throughcontactwithothermembers
(iv)duetofluidpressures
(v)duetogravityorinertiaforces.
As we know that in mechanics of deformable solids, externally applied forces acts on a body and body suffers a deformation. From
equilibriumpointofview,thisactionshouldbeopposedorreactedbyinternalforceswhicharesetupwithintheparticlesofmaterialdueto
cohesion.
Theseinternalforcesgiverisetoaconceptofstress.Therefore,letusdefineastressTherefore,letusdefineatermstress
Stress:

Letusconsiderarectangularbarofsomecrosssectionalareaandsubjectedtosomeloadorforce(inNewtons)
LetusimaginethatthesamerectangularbarisassumedtobecutintotwohalvesatsectionXX.Theeachportionofthisrectangularbarisin
equilibriumundertheactionofloadPandtheinternalforcesactingatthesectionXXhasbeenshown

Nowstressisdefinedastheforceintensityorforceperunitarea.Hereweuseasymboltorepresentthestress.

WhereAistheareaoftheXsection

Here we are using an assumption that the total force or total load carried by the rectangular bar is uniformly distributed over its cross
section.
Butthestressdistributionsmaybeforfromuniform,withlocalregionsofhighstressknownasstressconcentrations.
Iftheforcecarriedbyacomponentisnotuniformlydistributedoveritscrosssectionalarea,A,wemustconsiderasmallarea,A'which
carriesasmallloadP,ofthetotalforceP',Thendefinitionofstressis

Asaparticularstressgenerallyholdstrueonlyatapoint,thereforeitisdefinedmathematicallyas

Units:
ThebasicunitsofstressinS.Iunitsi.e.(Internationalsystem)areN/m2 (orPa)
MPa=106 Pa
GPa=109 Pa

KPa=103 Pa
SometimesN/mm2 unitsarealsoused,becausethisisanequivalenttoMPa.WhileUScustomaryunitispoundpersquareinchpsi.
TYPESOFSTRESSES:
onlytwobasicstressesexists:(1)normalstressand(2)shearshearstress.Otherstresseseitheraresimilartothesebasicstressesorarea
combination of these e.g. bending stress is a combination tensile, compressive and shear stresses. Torsional stress, as encountered in
twistingofashaftisashearingstress.
Letusdefinethenormalstressesandshearstressesinthefollowingsections.
Normalstresses:Wehavedefinedstressasforceperunitarea.Ifthestressesarenormaltotheareasconcerned,thenthesearetermed
asnormalstresses.ThenormalstressesaregenerallydenotedbyaGreekletter()

Thisisalsoknownasuniaxialstateofstress,becausethestressesactsonlyinonedirectionhowever,suchastaterarelyexists,therefore
we have biaxial and triaxial state of stresses where either the two mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts or three mutually
perpendicularnormalstressesactsasshowninthefiguresbelow:

Tensileorcompressivestresses:
Thenormalstressescanbeeithertensileorcompressivewhetherthestressesactsoutoftheareaorintothearea

BearingStress:Whenoneobjectpressesagainstanother,itisreferredtoabearingstress(Theyareinfactthecompressivestresses).

Shearstresses:
Let us consider now the situation, where the cross sectional area of a block of material is subject to a distribution of forces which are
parallel,ratherthannormal,totheareaconcerned.Suchforcesareassociatedwithashearingofthematerial,andarereferredtoasshear
forces.Theresultingforceinteristesareknownasshearstresses.

Theresultingforceintensitiesareknownasshearstresses,themeanshearstressbeingequalto

WherePisthetotalforceandAtheareaoverwhichitacts.
Asweknowthattheparticularstressgenerallyholdsgoodonlyatapointthereforewecandefineshearstressatapointas

Thegreeksymbol(tau)(suggestingtangential)isusedtodenoteshearstress.
However,itmustbeborneinmindthatthestress(resultantstress)atanypointinabodyisbasicallyresolvedintotwocomponentsand
oneactsperpendicularandotherparalleltotheareaconcerned,asitisclearlydefinedinthefollowingfigure.

Thesinglesheartakesplaceonthesingleplaneandtheshearareaisthecrosssectionaloftherivett,whereasthedoublesheartakes
placeinthecaseofButtjointsofrivettsandtheshearareaisthetwiceoftheXsectionalareaoftherivett.
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