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APAintextcitations
APAsintextcitationsprovideatleasttheauthorslastnameandtheyearofpublication.Fordirectquotationsandsome
paraphrases,apagenumberisgivenaswell.
TheguidelinespresentedhereareconsistentwithadvicegiveninthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychological
Association,6thed.(2010).
NOTE:APAstylerequirestheuseofthepasttenseorthepresentperfecttenseinsignalphrasesintroducingcitedmaterial:
Smith(2005)reportedSmith(2005)hasargued.
APAintextcitations

1.BasicformatforaquotationOrdinarily,introducethequotationwithasignalphrasethatincludestheauthorslastname
followedbytheyearofpublicationinparentheses.Putthepagenumberprecededby"p."(or"pp."formorethanonepage)in
parenthesesafterthequotation.

Critser(2003)notedthatdespitegrowingnumbersofoverweightAmericans,manyhealthcareprovidersstill
remaineitherinignoranceoroutrightdenialaboutthehealthdangertothepoorandtheyoung(p.5).
Iftheauthorisnotnamedinthesignalphrase,placetheauthorsname,theyear,andthepagenumberinparenthesesafterthe
quotation:(Critser,2003,p.5).
NOTE:APAstylerequirestheyearofpublicationinanintextcitation.Donotincludeamonth,eveniftheentryinthe
referencelistincludesthemonth.
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2.BasicformatforasummaryoraparaphraseIncludetheauthorslastnameandtheyeareitherinasignalphraseintroducing
thematerialorinparenthesesfollowingit.Giveapagenumbertohelpreadersfindthepassage.Foronlinesourceswithout
pagenumbers,seeNopagenumbersinitem12.

YanovskiandYanovski(2002)explainedthatsibutraminesuppressesappetitebyblockingthereuptakeofthe
neurotransmittersserotoninandnorepinephrineinthebrain(p.594).
Sibutraminesuppressesappetitebyblockingthereuptakeoftheneurotransmittersserotoninandnorepinephrinein
thebrain(Yanovski&Yanovski,2002,p.594).
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3.WorkwithtwoauthorsNamebothauthorsinthesignalphraseortheparentheseseachtimeyoucitethework.Inthe
parentheses,use&betweentheauthorsnamesinthesignalphrase,useand.

AccordingtoSothernandGordon(2003),Environmentalfactorsmaycontributeasmuchas80%tothecausesof
childhoodobesity(p.104).
Obesechildrenoftenengageinlimitedphysicalactivity(Sothern&Gordon,2003,p.104).
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4.WorkwiththreetofiveauthorsIdentifyallauthorsinthesignalphraseortheparenthesesthefirsttimeyoucitethesource.

In2003,Berkowitz,Wadden,Tershakovec,andCronquistconcluded,Sibutramine...mustbecarefully
monitoredinadolescents,asinadults,tocontrolincreasesin[bloodpressure]andpulserate(p.1811).
Insubsequentcitations,usethefirstauthorsnamefollowedbyetal.ineitherthesignalphraseortheparentheses.

AsBerkowitzetal.(2003)advised,Untilmoreextensivesafetyandefficacydataareavailable,...weightloss
medicationsshouldbeusedonlyonanexperimentalbasisforadolescents(p.1811).
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5.WorkwithsixormoreauthorsUsethefirstauthorsnamefollowedbyetal.inthesignalphraseortheparentheses.

McDuffieetal.(2002)tested20adolescents,aged1216,overathreemonthperiodandfoundthatorlistat,
combinedwithbehavioraltherapy,producedanaverageweightlossof4.4kg,or9.7pounds(p.646).
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6.WorkwithunknownauthorIftheauthorisunknown,mentiontheworkstitleinthesignalphraseorgivethefirstwordor
twoofthetitleintheparentheticalcitation.Titlesofarticlesandchaptersareputinquotationmarkstitlesofbooksandreports
areitalicized.(Foronlinesourceswithnoauthor,seeitem12.)

Childrenstrugglingtocontroltheirweightmustalsostrugglewiththepressuresoftelevisionadvertisingthat,on
theonehand,encouragestheconsumptionofjunkfoodand,ontheother,celebratesthincelebrities(Television,
2002).
NOTE:IntherarecasewhenAnonymousisspecifiedastheauthor,treatitasifitwerearealname:(Anonymous,2001).In
thelistofreferences,alsousethenameAnonymousasauthor.
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7.OrganizationasauthorIftheauthorisagovernmentagencyoranotherorganization,nametheorganizationinthesignal
phraseorintheparentheticalcitationthefirsttimeyoucitethesource.

Obesityputschildrenatriskforanumberofmedicalcomplications,includingtype2diabetes,hypertension,sleep
apnea,andorthopedicproblems(HenryJ.KaiserFamilyFoundation,2004,p.1).

Iftheorganizationhasafamiliarabbreviation,youmayincludeitinbracketsthefirsttimeyoucitethesourceandusethe
abbreviationaloneinlatercitations.
FIRSTCITATION
(CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention[CDC],2009)
LATERCITATIONS
(CDC,2009)

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8.AuthorswiththesamelastnameToavoidconfusion,useinitialswiththelastnamesifyourreferencelistincludestwoor
moreauthorswiththesamelastname.

ResearchbyE.Smith(1989)revealedthat...
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9.TwoormoreworksbythesameauthorinthesameyearWhenyourlistofreferencesincludesmorethanoneworkbythe
sameauthorinthesameyear,uselowercaseletters(a,b,andsoon)withtheyeartoordertheentriesinthereferencelist.
(Seeitem6.)Usethosesameletterswiththeyearintheintextcitation.

ResearchbyDurgin(2003b)hasyieldednewfindingsabouttheroleofcounselingintreatingchildhoodobesity.
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10.TwoormoreworksinthesameparenthesesWhenyourparentheticalcitationnamestwoormoreworks,puttheminthe
sameorderthattheyappearinthereferencelist,separatedwithsemicolons.

Researchershaveindicatedthatstudiesofpharmacologicaltreatmentsforchildhoodobesityareinconclusive
(Berkowitzetal.,2003McDuffieetal.,2002).
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11.PersonalcommunicationPersonalinterviews,memos,letters,email,andsimilarunpublishedcommunicationsshouldbe
citedinthetextonly,notinthereferencelist.(Usethefirstinitialwiththelastnameinparentheses.)

OneofAtkinsonscolleagues,whohasstudiedtheeffectofthemediaonchildrenseatinghabits,hascontended
thatadvertisersforsnackfoodswillneedtodesignadsresponsiblyfortheiryoungerviewers(F.Johnson,personal
communication,October20,2009).
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12.ElectronicsourceWhenpossible,citeelectronicsources,includingonlinesources,asyouwouldanyothersource,giving
theauthorandtheyear.

Atkinson(2001)foundthatchildrenwhospentatleastfourhoursadaywatchingTVwerelesslikelytoengagein
adequatephysicalactivityduringtheweek.
Electronicsourcessometimeslackauthorsnames,dates,orpagenumbers.
Unknownauthor
Ifnoauthorisnamed,mentionthetitleofthesourceinthesignalphraseorgivethefirstwordortwoofthetitleinthe
parentheses(seealsoitem6).(Ifanorganizationservesastheauthor,seeitem7.)

Thebodysbasalmetabolicrate,orBMR,isameasureofitsatrestenergyrequirement(Exercise,2003).
Unknowndate
Whenthedateisunknown,usetheabbreviationn.d.(fornodate).

Attemptstoestablishadefinitivelinkbetweentelevisionprogrammingandchildrenseatinghabitshavebeen
problematic(Magnus,n.d.).
Nopagenumbers
APAordinarilyrequirespagenumbersforquotations,summaries,andparaphrases.Whenanelectronicsourcelacksstable
numberedpages,includeparagraphnumbersorheadingstohelpreaderslocatetheparticularpassagebeingcited.
Ifthesourcehasnumberedparagraphs,usetheparagraphnumberprecededbytheabbreviationpara.:(Hall,2008,para.5).If
thesourcecontainsheadings,citetheappropriateheadinginparenthesesyoumayalsoindicatetheparagraphunderthe
headingthatyouarereferringto,eveniftheparagraphsarenotnumbered.

HoppinandTaveras(2004)pointedoutthatseveralothermedicationswereclassifiedbytheDrugEnforcement
Administrationashavingthepotentialforabuse(WeightLossDrugssection,para.6).
NOTE:Electronicfilesinportabledocumentformat(PDF)oftenhavestablepagenumbers.Forsuchsources,givethepage
numberintheparentheticalcitation.
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13.IndirectsourceIfyouuseasourcethatwascitedinanothersource(asecondarysource),nametheoriginalsourceinyour
signalphrase.Listthesecondarysourceinyourreferencelistandincludeitinyourparentheticalcitation,precededbythe
wordsascitedin.Inthefollowingexample,Satcheristheoriginalsource,andCritseristhesecondarysource,giveninthe
referencelist.

FormersurgeongeneralDr.DavidSatcherdescribedanationofyoungpeopleseriouslyatriskofstartingout
obeseanddoomingthemselvestothedifficulttaskofovercomingatoughillness(ascitedinCritser,2003,p.4).
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14.SacredorclassicaltextIdentifythetext,theversionoreditionyouused,andtherelevantpart(chapter,verse,line).Itisnot
necessarytoincludethesourceinthereferencelist.

Peaceactivistshavelongcitedthebiblicalprophetsvisionofaworldwithoutwar:Andtheyshallbeattheir
swordsintoplowshares,andtheirspearsintopruninghooksnationshallnotliftupswordagainstnation,neither
shalltheylearnwaranymore(Isaiah2:4,RevisedStandardVersion).
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