TNPSC

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
ghlk; 1
jkpopyf;fzk; Ie;J tifg;gLk;.
mit>

vOj;J
nrhy;
nghUs;
ahg;G
mzp Mfpad.

ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;s E}y;fSs; kpfg;goikahd ,yf;fzE}y; njhy;fhg;gpak;>

njhy;fhg;gpah; ,aw;wpa ,e;E}y; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; Mfpa %d;wDf;F ,yf;fzk;
tFj;Js;sJ.
vOj;jpyf;fzk; :
vOj;Jfspd; tif> njhif> nkhop Kjy; nkhopapWjp
vOj;Jfspd; ,yf;fzj;ij tFj;Js;sJ.
nrhy;ypyf;fzk; :
nrhy;>mjd; tiffSf;F ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ.
nghUspyf;fzk; :
jkpoh; jk; tho;tpay; nghUs;fshf tFj;Jf; nfhz;l mfk;>Gwk;
Mfpatw;wpd; ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ.
ahg;G ,yf;fzk; :
nra;As; tif> nra;Aspd; cWg;Gfs; ahg;G ,aw;Wjypd;
,yf;fzk; .
mzpapyf;fzk; :
nra;ASf;F moF Nrh;f;Fk; mzpf;fyd;fshfpa mzpfs; gw;wpf;
$Wfpd;wJ.
vOj;J :vOj;Jfspd; tif> njhif .
vOj;J - vOg;gg;gLtJ
xyp tbtk;
vOjg;gLtJ
thp tbtk;.
vOj;J tif :
Kjy;
rhh;G
KjnyOj;Jfs; :
capUk; > nka;Ak; .
rhh;ngOj;Jfs; :

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

caph;nka;
Ma;jk;
capusngil
xw;wsngil
Fw;wpaypfuk;
Fw;wpaYfuk;
Ifhuf; FWf;fk;
xsfhuf; FWf;fk;
kfuf; FWf;fk;
Ma;jf; FWf;fk; .

ngah;f;fhuzk; :
KjnyOj;Jfs;
Kjd;ikahf tpsq;Ftjhy;
jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; jd;ikahy;
gpw vOj;Jfs; gpwf;ff; fhuzkha; miktjhy;

rhh;ngOj;Jfs; :
KjnyOj;Jfisr; rhh;e;J gpwg;gjhy;
jdpj;jpaq;fhj; jd;ikahy;
vOj;Jfspd; njhif ( vz;zpf;if )
KjnyOj;Jfs;
caph; ( 12 )
caph;f;Fwpy; - ( 5 )

caph;neby; - (7)
M
<
C
V
I
X
xs

m
,
c
v
x
caph;f; FwpYf;F caph; neby; ,dntOj;jhFk; .
m-M
,-<
c-C
v-V
x-X
nka;naOj;Jfs; - 18
ty;ypdk; 6 ( f;r;l;jg
; ;w; )
nky;ypdk; 6 ( q Q z e k d )
,ilapdk; 6 ( a u y t os )
rhh;ngOj;Jfspd; njhif :
1.

caph; nka; : ( 216 )

caph; gd;dpuz;L vOj;Jf;fSk; nka; gjpndl;L vOj;JfSld;
jdpj;jdpNa Cog; gpwf;Fk; vOj;Jfs; caph;nka; vOj;Jf;fshFk; .
( 12 x 18 - 216 )
caph; nka;f; Fwpy; - 5x18 = 90
caph; nka; neby; - 7x 18 = 126
216
ty;ypd caph;nka;f;Fwpy;
ty;ypd caph;nka; neby;
nky;ypd caph;nka;f;Fwpy;
nky;ypd caph;nka; neby;
,ilapd caph;nka;f;Fwpy;
,ilapd caph;nka; neby;

2.

Ma;jk; -jdp epiy

mNfdk;

Kg;ghw;Gs;sp .

3.

capusngil - ( msG+vil ) -

6x5
6x7
6x5
6x7
6x5
7x5

=30
=42
=30
=42
=30
=42

- 72
- 72

216

- 72

msG vLj;jy;
ePz;L xypj;jy;
Xh; vOj;Jj; jdf;Fhpa xyp mstpypUe;J ( khj;jpiu ) ePz;L xypg;gJ.
capusngil capnuOj;J ePz;L xypg;gJ.( nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAkhdhy; mjid
nra;a vOj;Jfs; ePz;L xypf;Fk; )

epiwT

capusngil %tifg;gLk; .
1. nra;Aspir msngil :
nra;Aspd;
msngLj;jy; .

( ,irepiw msngil )
Xiria
epiwT
nra;jw;nghUl;L

caph;neby;

vOj;Jfs;

cohmu; coth;
Xxjy; Ntz;Lk;
njhohms;
2. ,d;dpir msngil :
nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj nghOJk; nrtpf;F ,dpa Xiriaj; jUk; nghUl;L
caph;f;Fwpy; nebyhfp NkYk; msngLg;gJ.
nfLg;gJ} ck; - vLg;gJ}ck;
3. nrhy;ypir msngil :
nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahtplj;Jk; ngah;r; nrhy;iy tpidr; nrhy;yhf khw;Wk;
nghUl;L msngLj;jy; .
FbjoP,
( joP - jOTjy; )
( joP, - jOTjy; )
mbjoP,
xw;wsngil :
nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAkplj;J mjid epiwT nra;a xw;nwOj;Jfs;
( nka;naOj;Jfs; ) msngLj;jy; .
fz;z; fUtpis
,yq;q;F E}y;
q; Q; z; e; k; d; t; a; y; s; - msngLf;Fk; xw;nwOj;Jfs;.
Fw;wpaypfuk; - FWik + ,ay;+ ,fuk;
FWfpa XirAila ,fuk;.
ehL + ahJ ehbahJ
Nfs;+ kpah
Nfz;kpah
Fw;wpaYfuk; : FWik - ,ay; - cfuk;
FWfpa XirAila cfuk; .
tif : neby; njhlh;
( ehL> fhR )
caph;j; njhlh; ( tuF> KuR)
td;nwhlh;
- ( gj;J> ghf;F )
nkd;nwhlh;
- ( ez;L >ge;J )
,ilj; njhlh; - ( rhy;G > khh;G )
Ma;jj; njhlh; - ( vF > mJ)
Ifhuf; FWf;fk; :
I vd;Dk; nebnyOj;Jj; jdf;Fhpa ,U khj;jpiuastpypUe;J
Fiwe;J xd;wiu khj;jpiuahfTk; xU khj;jpiuahfTk; xypg;gJ.
Ig;grp - nkhop Kjy; FWf;fk;
- 1 khj;jpiu
jiytd; - nkhop ,ilf; FWf;fk; - 1 khj;jpiu
jpz;iz - nkhopapWjpf; FWf;fk; - 1 khj;jpiu
xsfhuf;FWf;fk; :
xs vd;Dk; nebnyOj;Jj; jd; khj;jpiuastpypUe;J Fiwe;J xypj;jy; .
xsitahh;
- nkhopKjy; FWf;fk; 1khj;jpiu
nksty;
- nkhop Kjy; FWf;fk; 1khj;jpiu
kfuf;FWf;fk; :
k; vd;Dk; nka;naOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiumstpypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahff;

Fiwe;J xypg;gJ.
tUk; tz;b
jUk; tstd; .
Ma;jf;FWf;fk; :
Ma;j vOj;jhfpa jd; khj;jpiuastpypUe;J Fiwe;J xypj;jy;.
( khj;jpiuapypUe;J khj;jpiuahf )
fy;+jPJ? fwPJ
gy; + Jsp? gWsp .
khj;jpiu :
vOj;Jfis xypg;gjw;F MFk; fhy msT.
caph;f;Fwpy; > caph;nka;f;Fwpy; -1 khj;jpiu

******

ghlk; 2
,yf;fpak;
u rq;f ,yf;fpak; :
vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fSk; gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fSk; Mfpa gjpndl;L E}y;fisAk; rq;f
,yf;fpak; vd;fpNwhk;. ,tw;iwg; gjpndz;Nky; fzf;F vd;gh;.
vl;Lj; njhif E}y;fs; :
1. mfE}y;fs; 5
2. GwE}y;fs; 2
3. mfg;Gw E}y;
1
mfE}y;fs;
ew;wpiz
FWe;njhif
Iq;FWE}W
mfehD}W
fypj; njhif
Gw E}y;fs; :

njhFj;jth;
cg;g+hp Fbfpohh; cUj;jpuQ;rd;kdhh;

$lY}h; fpohh;
cg;g+hpFbfpohh; cUj;jpuQ; rd;kdhh;
ey;ye;Jtdhh;.

GwehD}W
gjpw;Wg;gj;J

ngah; njhpatpy;iy
ngah; njhpatpy;iy

mfg;Gw E}y; : ghpghly;

ngah; mwpe;jpyJ.
gj;Jg;ghl;L E}y;fs;: 1. mfE}y;fs; - 3
2. GwE}y;fs; - 6
3. mfg;GwE}y; - 1
mfE}y;fs; : (3)
1. FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L
2. Ky;iyg;ghl;L
3. gl;bdg;ghiy
GwE}y;fs; - (6)

Mrphpah;
fgpyh;
ek;g+jdhh;
fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;
1. jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil
2. nghUeuhw;Wg;gil
3. ngUk; ghzhw;Wg;gil

ef;fPuh;
Klj;jhkf;fz;zpahh;
fbaY}h;

4. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
5. kiygLflhk; (m)
$j;jhw;Wg;gil
6. kJiuf; fhQ;rp

ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh;

ngUq;nfsrpfdhh;
khq;Fb kUjdhh;

cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;

mfg;Gw E}y; : (1)

1. neLey; thil

ef;fPuh;

gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; : (rq;fk; kUtpa fhyk;)

1. mwE}y;fs; - 11
2. mfE}y;fs; - 6
3. GwE}y;
-1
mwE}y;fs;
1. ehybahh;
2. ehd;kzpf;fbif
3. ,d;dh ehw;gJ
4. ,dpait ehw;gJ

Mrphpah;
rkz Kdpth;fs;
tpsk;gp ehfdhh;
fgpyh;
g+jQ;Nre;jdhh;

5. jphpfLfk;
6. Mrhuf; Nfhit
7. gonkhop
8. rpWgQ;r%yk;
9. Vyhjp
10. KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp
11. jpUf;Fws;
mfE}y;fs; :

Gw E}y; :

ey;yhjdhh;
ngUthapy; Ks;spahh;
Kd;Wiuaiuadhh;
fhhpahrhd;
fzpNkjhtpahh;
$lY}h; fpohh;
jpUts;Sth;

Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ
Ie;jpiz vOgJ
jpiznkhopIk;gJ
jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ
ife;epiy
fhh; ehw;gJ
fstop ehw;gJ -

khwd; nghiwadhh;
%thjpahh;
fz;zQ;Nre;jdhh;
fzpNkjhtpahh;
Gy;yq;fhldhh;
fz;zq; $j;jdhh;

ngha;ifahh;

u fhg;gpaq;fs; :
Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
,sq;Nfhtbfs; ( rh;trkaf; fhg;gpak; )
kzpNkfiy
rPjj
; iyr; rhj;jdhh; ( ngsj;j rkak; )
rPtf rpe;jhkzp
jpUj;jf;fj; Njth; ( rkz rkak; )
tisahgjp
ngah; njhpatpy;iy
Fz;lyNfrp
ehjFj;jdhh; ( ngsj;j rkak; )
IQ;rpW fhg;gpaq;fs; :
#lhkzp
ePyNfrp
cjazFkhu fhtpak;
aNrhju fhtpak;
ehfFkhu fhtpak;
u gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs; :
i. irtk;

Njhyhnkhopj;Njth;
thkdKdpth; ( ciu )
ngah; njhpatpy;iy

rptid tzq;fpath; ehad;khh;fs; ( 63 )

jpUKiwfs; -12 njhFj;jth; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp .

ii. itztk; : itzt mbahh; gd;dpUth; ( Mo;thh;fs; ) .

ghba ghly;fspd; njhFg;G ehyhapuj;jpt;tpag; gpuge;jk; .
jpUKiwfs; :
jpUKiwfs;
1> 2> 3
4> 5> 6
Vohk; jpUKiw
vl;lhk; jpUKiw
xd;gjhk; jpUKiw
gj;jhk; jpUKiw
gjpndhd;whk; jpUKiw
gd;dpuz;lhk; jpUKiw

E}ypd; ngah;
ghbath;
Njthuk;
jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
Njthuk;
jpUehTf;furh;
Njthuk;
Re;juh;
jpUthrfk;
khzpf;fthrfh;
xd;gJ mbahh;fs;
jpUke;jpuk;
jpU%yh;
gjpndhU mbath;fs;
jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;
Nrf;fpohh;
( nghpa Guhzk; )
jpuhtpl rpR
jpUQhd rk;ge;jh;
jhz;lf Nte;jh;> jUkNrdh;>mg;gh;>thfPrh; - jpUehTf;furh;>jk;gpuhd;Njhod; - Re;juh; .

ehyhapuj; jpt;ag; gpuge;jk; ( Mo;thh;fs; ghly; njhFg;G )

njhFj;jth;
ehjKdpfs; .
gd;dpU Mo;thh;fs; :
ngha;ifaho;thh;
g+jj;jho;thh;
Ngaho;thh;
kJu ftpaho;thh;
nghpaho;thh;
Mz;lhs;
jpUg;ghzho;thh;
jpUkq;ifaho;thh;
jpUkopiraho;thh;
njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh;
ek;kho;thh;
FyNrfuho;thh; .

Kjy; %d;W Mo;thh;fs;

Mz;lhspd; tsh;g;Gj; je;ij
#bf; nfhLj;j Rlh;f; nfhb

jkpo;khwd;

u rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; : 96
cyh : %tUyh > tpf;fpuk NrhoDyh - xl;lf;$j;jh;
guzp : fypq;fj;Jg;guzp - nraq;nfhz;lhh;
FwtQ;rp : jpUFw;whyf; FwtQ;rp - jphp$luhrg;gf; ftpuhah;
Fwk; : kPdhl;rpak;ik Fwk; - FkuFUguh;
gps;isj;jkpo; :
Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpo;
kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo; fhe;jpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;
mKjhk;gpif gps;isj;jkpo;
mDkhh; gps;isj;jkpo;
Nrf;fpohh; gps;isj;jkpo;

FkuFUguh;
mryhk;gpifmk;ikahh;
rptQhd Kdpth;
mUzhry ftp
kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;

Mz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpo;g; gUtq;fs; :

fhg;G > nrq;fPiu> jhy;> rg;ghzp> Kj;jk;> tUif> mk;Gyp> rpw;wpy;> rpWgiw>
rpWNjh;.
ngz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpo; :
fhg;G> nrq;fPiu> jhy;> rg;ghzp> Kj;jk;> tUif> mk;Gyp> mk;khid>
foq;F(ePuhly;)>
Cry;.
J}J : rpwe;j J}J E}y;
Kjy; J}J,yf;fpa E}y;

jkpo;tpLJ}J
neQ;R tpL J}J

J}J tif - 2 ( mfj;J}J > Gwj;J}J )

J}JmDg;Gjw;Fhpa nghUs;fs; - 10
|||||||||

ghlk; 3
nrhy; :
nkhop> gjk;> fpstp.
nrhy;ypd; tif :

1.

nrhy;

,yf;fz tof;Fr;
nrhw;fs;
1. ngah;r;nrhy;
2. tpidr;nrhy;
3. ,ilr;nrhy;
4. chpr;nrhy;
ngah;r;nrhy; :
o xd;wd; ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;
o mWtifg;gLk;.
mWtifg;ngah;fs;
1.
nghUl;ngah;
2.
,lg;ngah;
3.
fhyg;ngah;
4.
rpidg;ngah;
5.
(Fzk;) gz;Gg;ngah; 6.
njhopw;ngah;
-

,yf;fpa tof;Fr;
nrhw;fs;
1. ,aw;nrhy;
2. jphpnrhy;
3. jpirr;nrhy;
4. tlnrhy;

fy;> KUfd;> kuk;

gs;sp> kJiu> tPL
rpj;jpiu> Mz;L> 6 kzp
fz;> thy;;> je;jk;.
tl;lk;> cauk;> nrk;ik
MLjy;> elj;jy;> NgRjy;

ngah;
,LFwpg;ngah;
fhuzg;ngah;
(vf;fhuzKk; ,d;wp ,l;L toq;Fk; ngah;) (VNjDk; xU fhuzk; fUjp ,l;L toq;Fk; ngah;)

nghJ
kuk;

rpwg;G
khkuk;> gyh kuk;

nghJ
tisay;

rpwg;G
nghd; tisay;

tpidr;nrhy; (nraiyf;Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;)

vr;r tpid

nganur;rk;
Fwpg;G
vr;rtpid
:
nganur;rk;
:
tpidnar;rk; :

tpidnar;rk;

Kw;Wtpid (tpidKw;W)

Fwpg;G tpidKw;W

njhpepiy tpidKw;W

njhpepiy
Fwpg;G
njhpepiy
xU tpidr;nrhy; Kw;W ngwhky; vQ;rp epw;gJ
ngaiuf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rk;
v.fh. gwe;j gwit Njba nghUs;
vr;rk; ngah; vr;rk; ngah;
tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rk; v.fh. te;J Nrh;e;jhd;> nrhy;ypg;
ghh;jj
; hd;

tpidKw;W

xU tpid Kw;Wg;ngWtJ.

njhpepiy tpidKw;W
czh;jJ
; tJ.

mofd; te;jhd;.
(tp.K)

ee;jpdp gbj;jds;.
(tp.K)

:
nra;gtd;> fUtp> epyk;> nray;> fhyk;> nra;nghUs; Mfpa MwidAk;
,tw;Ws; rpy Fiwe;J tUk;. Mdhy; fhyj;ijj; njspthff; fhl;Lk;.

nra;gtd; fUtp epyk; nray; fhyk;

nra;nghUs; MWk; jUtJ tpidNa ed;D}y;
1.
fkyh khiy njhLf;fpwhs;.
2. Fatd; ghid tide;jhd;.
nra;gtd;
fkyh
Fatd;
fUtp
ehh;> g+> if
rf;fuk;> jz;L
epyk;
mts; ,Ug;gplk;
mtd; ,Ug;gplk;
nray;
njhLj;jy;
tidjy;
fhyk;
epfo;fhyk;
,we;jfhyk;
nra;nghUs; khiy
ghid
Fwpg;G tpidKw;W :
mWtifg; ngah;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;Wk;.
fUj;jhit kl;Lk; tpsf;Fk;.
fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;ghy; czh;jJ
; k;.
(v.fh.) nghd;dd;
nghUs;
M&ud;
,lk;
rpj;jpiuahd; fhyk;
fz;zd;
rpid
ePyd;
Fzk;
eilad;
njhopy;
fz;zd;
fz; vd;Dk; rpid mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wp mjidg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;
fUj;jhit czh;jJ
; fpwJ.
fhyj;ijj; njspthf czh;jj
; hJ Fwpg;ghy; czh;jJ
; fpd;wJ.
nghUs;Kjy; MwpDk; Njhd;wp Kd; MwDs;
tpidKjy; khj;jpiu tpsf;fy;tpidf; Fwpg;Ng.
ed;D}y;
tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W :
tho;jJ
; jy; (tho;f)
itjy; (xopf)
Ntz;ly; (jUf)
tpjpj;jy; (vOJf) Mfpa nghUs;fspy; tUk;.
f> ,a> ,ah; vd;Dk; tpFjpngWk;.
tho;f> thopa> thopah;.
Vty; tpidKw;W :
nry;tha;
nry;tPh;
nrd;kpd;

Kd;dpiyaplj;jhiu VTjw; nghUl;L tUtk;

Vty; xUik
Vty; gd;ik
Vty; gd;ik

cld;ghLk;> vjph;kiwAk;
tpidKw;W
njhpepiy
Vty;
tpaq;Nfhs;

cld;ghL
gbj;jhd;
nrhy;tPh;
nry;Yf

njhpepiyg; nganur;rk; :
vOJfpd;w ftpij
vOJk; ftpij

vjph;kiw
gbj;jpyd;
nrhy;yhjPh;
nry;yw;f.

vOjpa ftpij

Fwpg;Gg;nganur;rk; : ey;y kdpjh;

mofpa kyh;
njhpepiy tpidvr;rk; :

ntd;W te;jhd;.
Njbg; ghh;jj
; hd;.

Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; : nky;yg; Ngrpdhd;.

nry;tk; ,d;wp thbdhd;.
,ilr;nrhy;

Ntw;Wik
:
1 Kjy; 8tiu
Ntw;Wik cUG
:
6
Ntw;Wik
:
cUG
Kjy; Ntw;Wik
:
vOtha;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik :
I
%d;whk;

:
My;
ehd;fhk;

:
F
Ie;jhk;

:
,d;
Mwhk;

:
mJ
Vohk;

:
fz;
vl;lhk;

:
tpsp.
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Nfhit> Nra+h;KUfd;gps;isj;
jpUf;fOf;Fd;wg; Guhzk; .

jkpo;>Nra+h;f;

ahidf;Fhpa NtW ngah;fs; :fsgk;> khjq;fk;> Ntok;> gfL> fk;gkh

NtWnghUs; :fsgk;
re;jdk;
khjq;fk;
kpFe;j nghd;
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fUk;G
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jhyhl;Lg; ghly; :kiyaUtp - fp.th. [fe;ehjd;
jkpofj;jpd; md;dpngrz;l; -%tY}h; ,uhkhkph;jk; mk;ikahh;
%tifg; Nghypfs; :XnuOj;J ,Uf;f Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy; NtW vOj;J epd;W nghUs; khwhky;
,Ug;gJ Nghyp.
Kjw;Nghyp :- kQ;R- ikQ;R kay; - ikay;
,ilg;Nghyp:- KuR -KiuR murpay; - miurpay;
filg;Nghyp (,Wjpg;Nghyp ) :- mwk;-mwd;
ge;jy; -ge;jh;
Kw;Wg;Nghyp :- Ie;J -mQ;R
mk;khid :- Rthkpehj Njrpfh;rpw;wpyf;fpa tifahd fyk;gf cWg;GfSs; xd;W.xU tiff; fha; tpisahl;L .
Rthkpehj Njrpfh; (v) <rhd Njrpfh; . jpUr;nrw;jpw;fyk;gfk; ,aw;wpath;.
je;ij - jhz;lt %h;jj
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Mrphpah; - kapNyWk; ngUkhd;
rPtfrpe;jhkzp - jpUj;jf;f Njth;
(kzE}y;)
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vq;fs; jkpo; - ghujpjhrd;
cotpd; rpwg;G - fk;gh;
fk;gh;Ch;
je;ij
Mjhpj;jth;
E}y;fs;
tof;fk;.
rpwg;G fhyk; -

NjuOe;J}h;
Mjpj;jd;
rilag;g ts;sy;
fk;guhkhazk; >rlNfhgh; me;jhjp>Vh; vOgJ> ruRtjp me;jhjp >
jpUf;if

fy;tpapy; nghpah;> fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk;.

12 Mk; E}w;whz;L

Xtpaf;fiy :Xtpak;
fz;nzOj;J
Xtpah;
fz;Zs; tpidQh;
Neh;f;NfhL>Nfhzf;NfhL tisNfhL Kjypatw;wpy; tiuag;gLtJ Nfhl;Nlhtpak; .
NtWngah;fs; - XT. Xtpak;>
Xtpa Mrphpah;
Xtpah; FO
Mz; Xtpah;
ngz; Xtpah;
tz;zk; jPl;Lk;gyif tiutplk;
mk;gyk;.
,iw eldk; GhpAk; rig

rpj;jpuk;> glk; >glhk;> tl;bifr; nra;jp.

Xtpag;Gytd;
Xtpa khf;fs;
rpj;uhq;fjd;
rpj;jpuNrdh
tl;bifg; gyif
rpj;jpuf; $lk;> rpj;jpukhlk;>vOJ epiykz;lgk;> vOnjopy;
- rpj;jpu rig.

tz;zk; fythky; fhpe;Jz;Lfshy; tiutJ - Gidah Xtpak; .

kNfe;jputh;kg; gy;ytd;
- rpj;jpuf;fhug; Gyp
jl;rpzrpj;jpuk; vDk; E}Yf;F ciu vOjpath; .
rpj;jd;d thry; Xtpak; :
tiue;jth; -( ,sk; nfsjkd; ) 9 Mk; E}w;whz;L
ghz;bad; mtdpg Nrfu =ty;ygd; fhyk;
jhkiuj;jlhfk; >Mly; > mzq;Ffs;> murd;> murp>
mzp:- moF
,ay;G etpw;rp mzp - cs;sj;ij cs;sthW $Wjy;
cah;T etpw;rp mzp - kpifg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ.
CUk; NgUk;
uh.gp NrJg;gps;is
Nfht+h; fpohh;
Nr. Re;juuhrd;
ed;wpg; ghpR
ePytd;
chpaJ
fpUghde;jthhpahh;
mwpT El;gk;
Xtpah; uhk;fp
jkpo;ehlf Kd;Ndhbfs; epiyj;j nry;tk; fy;tpr; nry;tk; gp.vk;.Kj;J
J}uj;J xsp
- f.nfs. Kj;jofh;
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kl;Lthh;Foyp
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jpUg;ghly; jpul;L
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fp.gp. 18Mk; E}w;whz;L
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[p.A. Nghg; :
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o Muha;r;rpf;fl;Liufis vOjpa gj;jphpiffs;
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o mfuhjpfs;
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jkpo; - Mq;fpyk;> Mq;fpyk; - jkpo;
o kiwT
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11.02.1908
o rpwg;G
:
,q;Nf xU jkpo; khztd; cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;
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njhlh; tiffs; :
o nra;tpid
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o tpdhj;njhlh ;
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fay;tpop ghlj;ijg; gbj;jhs;

ghlk; fay;tpopahy; gbf;fg;gl;lJ
vd;d nra;fpwha;?
ePLop tho;f.
vd;Nd> ky;ypifapd; kzk;!
fz;zd; glk; tiue;jhd;.
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o gjpnzz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;
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mfuhjp
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jpthfuh;
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kz;lyG&o;
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o 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kpfg;nghpa
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o fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fspd; Kd;Ndhb
o mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp
o Kjy; fiyf;fsQ;rpak;
o fiyr;nrhy; mfuhjp
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fhL> kuk;> tz;L

ngah; ,aw;nrhy;

epyT> fly;

tpid ,aw;nrhy;

gbj;jhd;> ele;jhd;

mgpjhd Nfhrk;
rpq;fhu Ntydhh;.
jkpo;tsh;r;rpf; fofk;
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jphpnrhy;

fw;wth;fSf;F kl;LNk tpsq;Fk; nrhy;

gPyp kapy;Njhif> Mop fly;> rf;fuk;

ngah; jphpnrhy; vapW - gy;> Nta; - %q;fpy; 0; kb Nrhk;gy;

tpid jphpnrhy; tpdtpdhd;> tpspj;jhd;
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jpirr;nrhy; -jkpo;ehl;ilr; Rw;wpAs;s gpw gFjpapypUe;J toq;Fk; nrhw;fs;.
Nfzp fpzW> ngw;wk; - gR.
4.
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fkyk; jhkiu
tplk; tp\k;
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jpUts;Stkhiy jpUf;FwisAk; Gfo;e;J ghlg;ngw;w E}y;
55 ghly;fs; - 53 Gyth;fs;
jpidasT Nghjh ---- .. fgpyh; (mwptpay; mZFKiwiar; rhh;e;j ghly;)
xspiaf; Nfhl;lk; milar; nra;jy; njhiytpYs;s nghUs;fis mz;ikapy; fhl;Lk; fypypNah fypyp.
ts;is
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klehL - ,isagR ; ky;yy; - tsk; ; kWF - murtPjp.

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fhy; fOtp te;jhd;

kq;fyk;
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FOcf; Fwp
nghd; - gwp.
tpNtf rpe;jhkzp :
jid cz;L kaq;fpf; fple;j tz;bid ehtw;gonkd vz;zp ifapy; vLj;jhs;.
tz;L mts; Kfj;ij epyT vd vz;zpaJ.
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jpz;btdj;jpw;F mUNfAs;s ,ul;liz.
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NtY ehr;rpahh;.
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fp.gp. 1730
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(fhe;jpbafs; thh;jh Mrpukj;jpw;F mioj;Jr; nrd;W yPyhtjp vdg; ngahpl;Lg;
gbf;f itj;jhh;)
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o rPdpthr fhe;jp epiyak; - njhz;L epWtdk; epWtpah;.
njhifepiyj; njhlh;fs; :
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ctikj; njhif
fay;tpop> kyub
(ii)
Ntw;Wikj;njhif (Ntw;Wik cUG kiwe;J tUjy;)
ghy; gUfpNdd; (I)
jiy tzq;fpNdd; (My;)
Ntyd; kfd; (F)
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nre;jpy; rl;il(mJ)

Fifg;Gyp (fz;)
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ML nfhb> gha;Gyp> tphpRlh;> vhpjoy;
(iv) gz;Gj;njhif ( epwk;> msT> Rit> tbtk;)
ntz;zpyT> tl;lf;fy;> Kg;ghy;> ,d;Rit
(v) ck;ikj;njhif : (ck; - vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; kiwe;J tUtJ)
fgpy guzh;> jha; je;ij> mz;zd; jk;gp> ,uT gfy;
(vi) md;nkhopf; njhif:
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njhf;fp
tUtJ.
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tpyq;Ffspd; ,sikg;ngah;fs; :
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fhto rpe;J :- mz;zhkiy bul;oahh;.
yhgk; - kapy; njhif : tpntfd; - "hdp : thtp - bgha;if.
mz;zhkiyahh; :Ch;
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E]y;fs;
-"hndhgnjrk;/ gukhh;j;j FU fij/ rJufuhjp/ jpUf;fhtY]h;f; fyk;gfk;/
bjhd;D]y; tpsf;fk;.
njk;ghtzp njk;gh + mzp (thlhj khiy)
njd; + gh + mzp - (njd; nghd;w ,dpa ghkhiy)
fpwp!;jtr; rkaj;jhhpd; fiyf;fs;rpak;
E]yikg;g[
3 fhz;lfs;
36 glyfs;
3615 ghly;fs;
ghlg;gFjp ,lk; bgw;Ws;s glyk; - kftUs; glyk;.
ehlff; fiy
ehlfk;
ehL + mfk;
ehlfk;
(ntW bgah;) Tj;Jf;fiy
ghpjpkhw; fiy"h;
ehlftpay; (bra;a[s; tot ehlf E]y;)
Rthkp tpoyhe;jh;
kjf Nshkzp
kiwkiyaofs;
rhFe;jyk;
gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh;
ehlfj; jkpH;
knfe;jpu th;k gy;ytd;
kj;j tpyhrk;
fhrp tpRtehjh;
lk;ghr;rhhp tpyhrk;
nguh. Re;judhh;
kndhd;kzpak;
(yhh;l; ypl;ldpd; kiwtHp vd;Dk; Mfpyf; fijiaj; jGtp vGjg;gl;lJ)
ehlf cyfpd; ,kakiy
rfu jhR Rthkpfs;
jkpH; ehlfj; jiyikahrphpah;

jkpH; ehlfj; je;ij

gk;ky; rk;ge;jdhh;
jkpH; ehlf kWkyh;r;rpapd; je;ij
fe;jrhkp
fz; jpwe;jJ tPjp ehlfk; - bgz; fy;tp Fwpj;j ehlfk;
MF bgah; : xd;wd; bgah; jd;idf; Fwpf;fhky; jd;ndhL bjhlh;g[ila ntbwhU bghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ
1) KjyhF bgah; (bghUshF bgah;) :
ky;ypif Nodhs;
2) ,lthF bgah;
:
,d;iwa nghl;oapy; jkpHfk; btd;wJ
3) fhythF bgah;
:
jprk;gh; No te;jhs;
4) rpidahF bgah;
:
btw;wpiy el;lhd;
5) FzthF bgah;
:
bts;is moj;jhd;
6) bjhHpyhF bgah;
:
bghfy;/ tw;wy;.
jkpHh; thdpay; :Ik;g{jfs;
:
epyk;/ ePh;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ thdk;.
"hapW tl;lk;
:
Nhpad; ("hapW)
rpte;j nfhs;
:
brt;tha;

btz;ikahd nfhs;
g[jpjhff; fz;lwpe;j nfhs;
bghpa nfhs;
thy; el;rj;jpuk;
tytd; Vth thD]h;jp :

:
bts;sp
:
g[jd;
:
tpahHd; (tpah - bghpa/ epiwe;j)
:
J]knfJ
(g[w ehD]W)

fyPypnah fypyp :(Cry; tpjpiaf; fz;lwpe;jth;)

ehL
je;ij
goj;j gy;fiyf; fHfk;
Kjy; fz;Lgpog;g[
g[tp mz;lj;jpd; ikag;gFjp m~J mirahjJ/
epiyahdJ
mz;lj;jpd; ikak; - Nhpad;

,j;jhyp
tpd;brd;nrh fyptp
igrh efug; gy;fiyf; fHfk;
Cry; tpjp
mhp!;lhl;oy;/ jhykp

fyPypnah fypyp

,th; E]y;fisg; gpd;gw;wpna Irf; epa{l;ld; jk; bfhs;iffis cUthf;fpdhh;.

kug[j; bjhlh;fs; :-

czt[f;nf jhsk; nghLjy;

fapW jphpj;jy;
Kjiyf; fz;zPh;

Jd;gg;gLjy;
(,y;yhjij) bgha; ngRjy;
bgha; mGif

ghlk; : 8
:
fk;gh;
:
njuGe;J]h;
:
rilag;g ts;sy;
:rlnfhgue;jhjp/VbuGgJ/rpiybaGgJ/ruRtjp me;jhjp/ jpUf;if tHf;fk;.
thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;ijj; jGtp vGjg;gl;lJ.
tHp E]y; - MW fhz;lfisa[ilaJ.
-ghy fhz;lk;/ mnahj;jpah fhz;lk;/ Muzpa fhz;lk;/ fpl;fhe;jh fhz;lk;/ Re;ju
fhz;lk;/ a[j;j fhz;lk;.
cl;gphpt[ - glyk;.
jhJ
kfue;jk;
g{fk; - fKF (ghf;F) nghJ - kyh;
tpGJk; ntUk;
ghujpjhrd;. (Mykuk; gw;wpa ghly;)
jpwy; - typik/ kwth;
- tPuh;.
mHfpd; rphpg;g[ vd;Dk; E]ypy; mike;Js;s ghly;.
fhl;Laphpfs; :
Xuwpt[ caph;fs;
(bka;)
g[y;/ kuk;
<uwpt[ caph;fs;
(bka;/ fz;)
ej;ij/ rF
_twpt[ caph;fs;
(bka;/ tha;/ _f;F)
vWk;g[/
fiuahd;/
ml;il
ehywpt[ caph;fs;
(bka;/ tha;/ _f;F/ fz;)
ez;L/ Jk;gp/ tz;L
Iawpt[ caph;fs;
bka;/ tha;/ _f;F/ fz;/ brtp) tpyF/ gwit
Mwwpt[ caph;fs;
(bka;/ tha;/ _f;F/ fz;/ brtp/ kdk;) kdpjh;
cyfpnyna mjpf mst[ kiHbaDk; ,lk; - rpug[rp
thdtpyF thuk;
mf;nlhgh; Kjy; thuk;
tdtpyF ghJfhg;g[r; rl;lk;
1972
,e;jpahtpYs;s tdtpyF ghJfhg;g[ ,lfs;
17
njrpa tdtpyF g{fhf;fs;
66
g[fyplfs;
368
cyf tdtpyF ehs;
mf;;nlhgh; - 4
brd;id mUfhl;rpafk;
brd;id vGk;g{h;
bjhlfg;gl;l Mz;L
1851
bkhj;jf; fhl;rpaffs;
13
fl;llfs;
6
1) jiyikf; fl;llk;
2) Kd; fl;llk;
3) btz;fyf; fhl;rpf; Tlk;
4) rpWth; mUfhl;rpafk;
5) njrpa Xtpaf; fhl;rpf; Tlk;
6) rkfhy Xtpaf; fhl;rpf; Tlk;
g[zh;r;rp
caphPJ
gyh + Ris
gyhr;Ris (,ay;gPJ)
kuk; + fpis kuf;fpis
(tpjpaPJ)
bka;aPW
E]y; + Mil E]yhil
fz; + mHF fz;zHF
clk;gL bka; :
g{ + mHF
g{tHF (g{ + t; + mHF)
nfh + ,y;
nfhtpy; (nfh + t; + ,y;)
nr + mo
nrao nr + a; / t; + mo
nrto
fk;guhkhazk; :
Mrphpah;
Ch;
Mjhpj;jy;
E]y;fs;

, < I te;jhy; a; - clk;gL bka;ahfj; njhd;Wk;.

Vid caph; t;.
V te;jhy; a;/ t; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; clk;gL bka;ahf tUk;.
Kj;Jf; Fkhurhkp gps;isj; jkpH; - Fku FUguh;
,iwtdo nrh;e;j ,lk; - fhrpg[s;spUf;F ntqhpy; vGe;jUspa[s;s Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpapd;
kPJ ghlg;bgw;wJ.
,yf;fpaj;jpy; eifr;Rit :eifr;Ritf; fsrpak; - ftpkzp njrpf tpdhafdhhpd; kUkf;fs; tHp khd;kpak;.
FHe;ijapd; ,ay;g[ - ahidiag; ghidapy; nfhl FHe;ij mlk;gpoj;jy;.
ahg;g[/ mzp :
mir (2)
jis (7)

neuir/ epiuair
1) nebuhd;whrphpaj; jis
2) epiubahd;whrphpaj; jis
3) ,aw;rPh; btz;lis
4) btz;rPh; btz;lis
5) xd;wpa trpj;jis
6) xd;wh trpj;jis
7) fypj; jis

mo (5) 1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Fwso (2 mo)
rpe;jo (3 mo)
msto (m) neuo (4 mo)
beoyo (5 mo)
fHp beoyo (5f;F nkw;gl;l mofs;)

gh tif (4)
btz;gh
Mrphpag;gh
trpg;gh
fypg;gh
mzp - (mHF)
mzpapyf;fz E]y;fs; ctikazp
-

jz;oyfhuk;/ khwdyfhuk;.
ctik/ ctnkak; ,t;tpuz;ila[k; ,izf;Fk; ctk cUg[
btspg;gilahf tUtJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp - ctk cUg[ kiwe;J tUtJ.

cUtf mzp :
ctkhdk; ntW/
,ay;g[fis

ctnkak; ntW vdj; njhd;wh tifapy; ctkhdj;jpd;

ctnkaj;jpd;nky; Vw;wpf; TWtJ.

Kfkjp
tha;g;gtsk;
vGj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;g[ :vGj;J
caph; vGj;Jf;fs; ,ilapdk;
bky;ypdk;
ty;ypdk;
-

gpwf;Fkplk;
12
6
6
6

fGj;J
_f;F
khh;g[

MFbgah; :vz;zy; msit

vLj;jy; msit
Kfj;jy; msit
ePl;ly; msit brhy;yhF bgah;
jhdpahF bgah;
fUtpahF bgah;
fhhpathF bgah;
fUj;jthF bgah;
ctikahF bgah;
Fwpg;g[ :-

xd;W bgw;why; xspikak;

Ie;J fpnyh
_d;W ypl;lh;
ehd;F kPl;lh;
ts;Sth; brhy;
ghiy ,wf;F
ahH; nfs;
rikay; fw;nwd;
fk;gidg; goj;Jg; ghh;
ehujh; tUfpwhh;

,lk; bghUSf;F Mfp tUtJ

bghUs; ,lj;jpw;F

fUtp fhhpaj;jpw;F

fhhpak; fUtpf;F

gfhg;gjk;/ gFgjk; bgah;g; gfhgjk;

tpidg; gfhg;gjk;
,ilg; gfhg;gjk;
chpg; gfhg;gjk;

kuk;/ eha;
cz;/ fhz;
jpy;/ kd;/ kw;W
rhy/ edp

bghd;dd; bra;jhd; -

,lthF bgah;
jhdpahF bgah;
fUtpahF bgah;
fhhpathF bgah;

gFgjk;
bgah;g; gFgjk;
tpidg; gFgjk;

bghd; + d; + md;
bra; + j; + Md;

gFgj cWg;g[fs; :
gFjp/ tpFjp/ re;jp/ rhhpia/ ,ilepiy/ tpfhuk;.
gFjp : -

goj;jhd;

tpFjp :-

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

md;/ Md;
ms;/ Ms;
mh;/ Mh;
J
m

go + j; + j; + Md;
gFjp
Mz;ghy;
bgz;ghy;
gyh;ghy;
xd;wd;ghy;
gytpd;ghy;

,ilepiy :,we;jfhyk; j;/ l;/ w;/ ,d;

epfH;fhyk;
fpW/ fpd;W/ M epd;W.
vjph;fhyk;
g;/ t;
vjph;kiw ,ilepiy : ,y;/ my;/ M.
tHh epiy/ tG/ tGtikjp.
tHh epiy - gpiHapd;wp tUtJ
tG - 7
jpiz tG
vd; khkh te;jJ
ghy; tG
fz;zd; te;jhs;
,l tG
ehd; te;jhd;
fhy tG
ehis te;jhd;
tpdh tG
Kl;ilapl;lJ nrtyh/ bgl;ilah?
tpil tG
ehis gs;sp cz;lh? vd; mj;ijf;F cly; elkpy;iy?
kug[ tG
eha; fj;Jk;.

tGtikjp
tGbtdpDk; Vw;Wf; bfhs;Sjy;
Kjy;th; ehis tUfpwhh;.
ctik cUtf khw;wk;.

ctik
jhkiu Kfk;
kyuo
njd;bkhHp
kyh;f;if
mor;brhy;
th
ngR
nfs;
el

cUtfk;
-

Kfj; jhkiu
mokyh;
bkhHpj;njd;
ifkyh;

tpidKw;W
te;jhd;
ngrpdhs;
nfl;lhh;
ele;jJ

tpidbar;rk;
te;J
ngrp
nfl;L
ele;J
_____

bgabur;rk;
te;j
ngrpa
nfl;l
ele;j

bjhHpw;bgah;
tUjy;
ngRjy;
nfl;ly;
elj;jy;

ghlk; : 9
bjhHpw;bgah; tiffs; :1) Kjdpiyj; bjhHpw;bgah;
fgpyDf;F mo tpGe;jJ
2) Kjdpiy jphpe;j bjhHpw;bgah;
-mwptwpe;j kf;fl;ngW bfLthd; nfL epidg;ghd;.
tHhepiy :
,yf;fz Kiwg;go Fw;wkpy;yhky; ngRtJk; vGJtJk;
(v.L) bry;td; goj;jhd;.
fz;zd; te;jhd;.
tG
: ,yf;fz Kiwapd;wp vGJtJk;/ ngRtJk;.
jpiz tG
:
vd; khkh te;jJ.
ghy; tG
:
bry;tp te;jhd;
,l tG
:
ehk; te;jhh;.
tpdh tG
:
Kl;ilapl;lJ nrtyh/ bgl;ilah?
tpil tG
:ehis gs;spf;F tUthah? ,t;tpdht[f;F vd; mj;ijf;F cly; eykpy;iy
vdf; TWjy;.
kug[ tG
:
eha; fj;Jk;.
tGtikjp
:
gRit/ vd; mk;ik te;jhs;/ ,yl;Rkp te;jhs; vdf; TWjy;.
ctik cUtf khw;wk;
jhkiu Kfk; Kfj;jhkiu
njd;bkhHp
bkhHpj;njd;
Kj;Jg;gy;
gy; Kj;J
gtstha;
tha;g;gtsk;
kyh;f;if
ifkyh;
gpwbkhHpr; brhy;
mfj;jpdh; mh;j;jk;
myfhuk;
tpujk;
tp"hdk;
jPgk;
rhtp
rhjk;
Fk;ghgpn\fk; g[zh;r;rp (2)
1. ,ay;g[g; g[zh;r;rp
tpfhug; g[zh;r;rp
1. njhd;wy;
2. jphpjy;

- (3)
-

jkpH;r; brhy;
cWg;gpdh;
bghUs;
xg;gid
nehd;g[
mwptpay;
tpsf;F
jpwt[nfhy;
nrhW
FlKGf;F
-

thiH + kuk; - thiHkuk;

bghd; + tz;L - bghd}tz;L

thiH + gHk;
kz; + Flk;
bghd; + rpiy
kuk; + nth;

thiHg;gHk;
kl;Flk;
bghw;rpiy
kunth;

3. bfLjy;
(ahg;g[) bra;a[s; cWg;g[fs; - (6)
1) vGj;J (3) Fwpy;/ beoy;/ xw;W
2) mir (2)
nehpir/ epiuair
3) rPh; :
(i) Xuirr; rPh; (4) ehs;/ kyh;/ fhR/ gpwg;g[
(ii) <uirr; rPh; - 4
neh; - neh;
epiu epiu
epiu - neh;
neh; epiu

iii)

_tirr;rPh; (8)
neh;
neh;
epiu neh;
epiu epiu
neh;
epiu

neh;
neh;
neh;
neh;

fha;r;rPh; - (4)

neh;
neh;
epiu
epiu neh;
neh;
fdpr;rPh; - (4)
epiu epiu neh;
neh;
epiu neh;
ehyirr;rPu; (16)
iv)
jis - (7)
nebuhd;whrphpaj; jis
epiubahd;whrphpaj; jis
,aw;rPh; btz;lis
btz;rPh; btz;lis
fypj;jis
xd;wpa trpj; jis
xd;whj trpj; jis
v)

vi)

mo - (5)
Fwso
rpe;jo
neuo (m) msto
beoyo
fHpbeoyo
bjhil (8)
1)
nkhid

2 mofs;
3 mofs;
4 mofs;
5 mofs;
5f;F nkw;gl;l mofs;

KjbyGj;J xd;wp tUtJ

vz;zpj; Jzpf fUkk; Jzpe;jgpd;
vz;Qtk; vd;g jpGf;F.
,uz;lhbkGj;J xd;wp tUtJ.
,d;gk; tpiHahd; ,Lk;ig ,ay;bgd;ghd;
Jd;gk; cWjy; ,yd;.
vjph;r; brhw;fs; (Kuz;gl;l brhw;fs;) bfhLg;gJ
gpwh;f;fpd;dh Kw;gfy; bra;apd; jkf;fpd;dh
gpw;gfy; jhnk tUk; .
,Wjpr; rPh; xd;wj; bjhLg;gJ
bfhz;ly; nfhg[uk; mz;ilapy; TLk;.
bfhofs; thdk; goju _Lk; .
monjhWk; Kjy;rPh; msbgLg;gJ
bfLg;gJ]ck; bfl;lhh;f;Fr; rhh;tha;kw; wh;nf
vLg;gJ]ck; vy;yhk; kiH.

2)

vJif

3)

Kuz;

4)

,iag[

5)

msbgil

6)
,ul;il
7)
me;jhjp
bgah; kw;Wk; mwpf.
8)
bre;jhil
mzp :Vfnjr cUtf mzp -xUbghUis cUtfg;gLj;jp mjndhL bjhlh;g[ila kw;bwhd;iw
cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpLtJ
,y;bghUStik mzp

cyfpy; ,y;yhj bghUis ctkpj;jy;.

gpwpJ bkhHpjy; mzp - neuoahff; Twhky; nthwhU bghUisf; Twp bghUs; bgwr; bra;jy; .
ntw;Wikazp xg;g[ikiaf; Twpg;gpd;dh; ntWgLj;Jjy;
epuy; epiuazp brhy;iya[k; bghUisa[k; thpirahff; Twy; .
jkpH; vz;QUf;fs; :1
f
2
c
3
'
4
r
5
U
6
rh
7
v
8
m
9.
rh
10.
f0
11
ff
12
fc
13
fe
14.
fr
15.
fU
16
fR
17
fv
18
fm
19.
ffh
20.
c0
xU bghUl;gd;bkhHp
kPkpir "hapW
Xfp cah;e;j kuk;
eL ikak;
FHpe;jhH;e;j gs;sk;
tpdhtif : (6)
1. mwp tpdh
2. mwpah tpdh
3. bfhsy; tpdh
4. bfhil tpdh
5. Vty; tpdh
6. Ia tpdh
tpil tif (8)
1.Rl;L tpil
2. neh; tpil
5. cw;wJ ciuj;jy;
6. cWtJ Twy;

3.kiw tpil
4. Vty; tpil
7. tpdh vjph; tpdhjy; 8. ,d bkhHp

bghUs; ,yf;fzk; - 2
mfg; bghUs;
g[wg; bghUs;
mfg; bghUs; :
jpizfs; - 7
Fwprp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy iff;fpis/ bgUe;jpiz
md;gpd; Ie;jpiz
Fwprp/ Ky;iy/ kUjk;/ bea;jy;/ ghiy.

Kjw;bghUs; - epyKk; bghGJk;.

jpiz
epyk;
Fwprp
kiya[k; kiy rhh; ,lKk;
Ky;iy
fhLk; fhL rhh; ,lKk;
kUjk;
taYk; tay; rhh; ,lKk;
bea;jy;
flYk; fly; rhh; ,lKk;
ghiy
kzYk; kzy; rhh; ,lKk;
jpiz
bgUk; bghGJ
rpW bghGJ
Fwprp
Fsph;/ Kd; gdpf;fhyk;
ahkk;
Ky;iy
fhh;fhyk;
khiy
kUjk;
MW bgUk; bghGJk;
itfiw
bea;jy;
MW bgUk; bghGJk;
Vw;ghL
ghiy
,sntdpy;/ KJntdpy;
gpd;gdp ez;gfy;
fUg;bghUs;
bja;tk;
czt[
kf;fs;
tpyF
g{
kuk;
gwit
Ch;
giw
ahH;
gz;
bjhHpy;
mfH;jy;

Fwprp
Ky;iy
kUjk;
bea;jy;
ghiy
KUfd;
jpUkhy;
,e;jpud;
tUzd;
bfhw;wit
kiy
tuF/ rhik bre;bey;/
kPd;/ cg;g[f;Fg; Niwahlyhy;
bea; jpid
btz;bza; bgw;w bghUs; tUk; bghUs;
Fwtd;/Fwj;jpah;
Mah; - cHth; gujd;-guj;jpah; vapdh;Ma;r;rpah;
cHj;jpah;
vaw;wpah;
g[yp/ fuo/ rpfk;
Kay;/ khd;/g[yp vUik/ ePh;eha;
Kjiy/
Rwh
typapHe;j ahid
Fwprp/ fhe;js; Ky;iy/ njhd;wp
brfGePh; jhiH/ bea;jy; Futk;/ ghjphp
mfpy;/ ntif
bfhd;iw/ fhah
fhrp/ kUjk; g[d;id/"hHy;
,Yg;ig/khiy
fpsp/ kapy;
fhl;Lf;nfhHp ehiu/ ePh;f;nfhHp
flw;fhfk;
g[wh/ gUe;J
kapy;
md;dk;
rpWFo
gho/ nrhp
ng%h;/ KJ]h; gl;odk;/ ghf;fk;
FWk;g[
bjhz;lfk; VWnfhl;giw kzKHh/
kPd; nfhl;giw Jo
bey;yhp fpiz
Fwprp
Ky;iy
kUjk;
tpshp
ghiy
Fwprp
Ky;iy
kUjk;
brt;tHp
gRug;gz;
njbdLj;jy;/fpHF VWjGt[jy;/ bey;yhpjy;
kPd; gpoj;jy;/
epiu nka;j;jy;fis gwpj;jy; cg;g[ tpistpj;jy; tHpg;gwp/ epiu fth;jy;

g[wj;jpizfs; - 12
1.
btl;rp
2.
fue;ij :
3.
trp
4.
fhrp
5.
behr;rp
6.
cHpi"
7.
Jk;ig
8.
thif
9.
ghlhz;
10.
bghJtpay;
11.
12.

:
Mepiu fth;jy;
Mepiu kPl;ly;
:
kz;zhir fUjp gifth; ehl;od; kPJ nghh; bra;jy;
:
ehl;ilf; fhf;f giftUld; nghhply;
:
kjpy; fhj;jy;
:
kjpiy Kw;Wifaply;
:
btw;wp xd;iwna vz;zpg; nghh; bra;jy;
:
btw;wp bgw;wth; No kfpH;jy;
:
Mz;kfdpd; xGfyhWfisg; ghLjy;
:
nkw;fz;l jpizfSf;Fg; bghJthdJ
(m)
vj;jpizapYk; tuhj epfH;t[
iff;fpis
:
xUjiyf;fhkk;
bgUe;jpiz :
bghUe;jhjf; fhkk;

btz;ghtif-(6)
Mrphpag;gh tif - (4)
Fws; btz;gh
nehpir Mrphpag;gh
nehpir btz;gh
,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh
,d;dpir btz;gh
epiykz;oy Mrphpag;gh
g~bwhil btz;gh
mokwp kz;oy Mrphpag;gh
nehpirr; rpe;jpay; btz;gh
,d;dpirr; rpe;jpay; btz;gh
kug[ bgah;fs;
xyp kug[ (tpyF)
gwit
g[yp
cWKk;
Me;ij
- myWk;
rp;fk; KGFk;
Fapy;
- Tt[k;
ML fj;Jk;
g[wh
- FQFk;
Fjpiu rpidf;Fk;
kapy;
- mft[k;
Fu;F myg;g[k;
fhfk;
- fiua[k;
vUJ vf;fhs kpUfk;
Tif
- FHWk;
g{id rPWk;
tz;L
- KuYk;
ahid gpspWk;
nfhHp
- bfhf;fhpf;Fk;
vyp
fPr;rpLk;
nrty;
- Tt[k;
eha;
Fiuf;Fk;
,sik kug[
rpfk; -FUis
g[yp
- gwH;
khd; - fd;W
ahid - fd;W
gR
- fd;W
ML - Fl;o
nfhHp - FR
fPhp
- gps;is
mzpy; - gps;is
tpid kug[
mk;g[ va;jhh;
Rth; vGg;gpdhh;
Mil bea;jhh;
bra;a[s; ,aw;wpdhh;
Til Kile;jhh;
nrhW cz;lhh;
gha;
gpd;dpdhh;
ghy; gUfpdhh;
Xtpak; g[ide;jhh;
g[{g; gwpj;jhs;
glk; tiue;jhh;
ckp fUf;fpdhh;
tz;zk; jPl;odhh;
KWf;Fj; jpd;whd;
bjhFg;g[g; bgah;
Ml;L ke;ij
jpuhl;irf;Fiy
bjd;de;njhg;g[
fw;Ftpay;
khl;Lke;ij
njapiyj; njhl;lk;
rhtpf;bfhj;J
itf;nfhw;nghh;
g{nrhiy
gRepiu
MyfhL
nrhsf;bfhy;iy
ahidf; Tl;lk;
rt[f;Fj; njhg;g[
gyhj; njhg;g[ fk;g bfhy;iy
jhtu cWg;g[g; bgah;
<r;r Xiy
bjd;idnahiy
thiH ,iy
jhiH kly;
_fpy; ,iy
bew;whs;
nrhsj; jl;il
fKfTe;jy;
khtpiy
gidnahiy
ntg;te;jiH
gyh ,iy

bjhluhy; Fwpf;fg; bgWgth;

jkpH;j;bjd;wy;
jpU.tp. fypahzRe;judhh;
jkpH;j;jhj;jh
c.nt.rh
etPd fk;gh;
kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is
fpwpj;jtf; fk;gh;
vr;.V. fpUl;odg;gps;is
rpWfij kd;dd;
g[Jik gpj;jd;
g[Jf;ftpij gpjhkfh;
eh. gpr;r _h;j;jp
jkpH; ehl;od; thy;lh; !;fhl; fy;fp. uh. fpU\;z _h;j;jp
gz;oj kzp
fjpnurbrl;oahh;
bjd;dfj;J bgh;dhl;\h
mz;zh
jkpH; ehl;od; khg;grhd;
b#a fhe;jd;
ftpkzp
njrpa tpehak; gps;is
FHe;ijf; ftp"h;
mH. ts;spag;gh
bjhz;lh;rPh; nfhkhd;
nrf;fpHhh;
Fwprpf;nfhkhd;
fgpyh;
ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp
fk;gh;
ftpuhl;r\d;
xl;lf;Tj;jh;
gFj;jwpt[f; ftpuhah;
cLkiy ehuhaz ftp
jpiuapirj;jpyfk;
m. kUj fhrp
ehkf;fy; ftp"h;
bt. ,uhkypfk;
,iwaUs; bgw;w bja;tf; FHe;ij - ,uhkypfmofs;
bkhHp "hapW
njtneag; ghthzh;/ jhz;lf nte;jh;/ thfPrh;
jUknrdh;
jpUeht[f;furh;/ mg;gh;
jpuhtpl rpR
jpU"hd rk;ge;jh;
jk;gpuhd; njhHh;
Re;juh;
mKJ moaile;j md;gh;
khzpf;f thrfh;
jkpH;ehl;od; nth;l;!; bthh;j; thzpjhrd;
kfhftp/ ePLJapy; ePf;fg; gho te;j
epyh/ ige;jkpH; njh;g;ghfd; ghujpahh;
g[ul;rpf;ftp/ ghnte;jh;/ g[Jitf;Fapy;ghujpjhrd;
cyfpd; vl;lhtJ mjprak;
bAyd; bfy;yh;
gh
Xir
btz;gh
brg;gnyhir
Mrphpag;gh
mftnyhir
fypag;gh
Js;snyhir
trpg;gh
J]fnyhir
bjhlUk; - TwpatUk;
mg;gh;
vd; fld; gzp bra;J fplg;gnj
ahkhh;f;Fk; Foay;nyhk; ekid mnrhk;
ehkf;fy; ftp"h; ,uhkypfk;
jkpHd; vd;nwhh; ,dKz;L jdpna mtw;bfhU FzKz;L
jkpHbdd;W brhy;ylh jiy epkph;e;J epy;ylh
fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;jkpd;wp a[j;jbkhd;W tUFJ
ifj;bjhHpy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf; bfhs;
gl;Lf;nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;
bra;a[k; bjhHpny bja;tk; - mjpy;
jpwik jhd; cdJ bry;tk;

xsitahh;
md;ida[k; gpjht[k; Kd;dwp bja;tk;
vt;tHp ey;yth; Mlth; mt;tHp ey;iy thHpa eynd
rhjp ,uz;blhHpa ntwpy;iy
rpj;jpuKk; ifg;gHf;fk;
kPJ]z; tpUk;ngy;
fzpad; g{Fd;wdhh;
ahJk; Cnu ahtUk; nfsph;
jpU_yh;
xd;nw FyKk; xUtnd njtDk;
md;ng rptk;
ahd;bgw;w ,d;gk; bgWf ,t;itafk;
clk;ig tsh;j;njd; caph; tsh;j;njnd
kzpnkfiy
cz;o bfhLg;nghh; caph;bfhLj;njhnu
#pa[. nghg;
,nf xU jkpH; khztd; cwFfpwhd;
f. mfj;jpaypfk;
,e;jpah/ bkhHpfspd; fhl;rpr; rhiyahf tpsFfpwJ
E]y;
jpUf;Fws;
cj;jpuntjk;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
fhg;gpak;/ Kjy;
fhg;gpak;/ rKjhaf; fhg;gpak;
rPtf rpe;jhkzp
fk;guhkhazk;
mf ehD]W
bghpa g[uhzk;
,yf;fz tpsf;fk;
gl;odg; ghiy
kiygL flhk;
Ky;iyg;ghl;L
Fwp;rpg;ghl;L
btw;wp ntw;if
_Jiu
rpyk;g[ -nkfiy
kzp nkfiy
ePynfrp
-

rpwg;g[ bgah;
Kg;ghy;/ ts;Stg; gad;/ cyfg; bghJkiw/ bja;t E]y;/
bgha;ah bkhHp
Fokf;fs; fhg;gpak;/ rpyk;g[/ xw;Wikf; fhg;gpak;/ Knte;jh;
fhg;gpak;/ njrpa fhg;gpak;/ Kj;jkpH;f;
kz E]y;/ Kf;jp E]y;
,uhjkhtjhuk;/ ,uhk fhij
beLe;bjhif
jpUj; bjhz;lh; g[uhzk;
Fl;oj; bjhy;fhg;gpak;
trp beLk;ghl;L
Tj;juhw;Wg;gil
berhw;Wg; gil
bgUFwprp/ fhg;gpag; ghl;L
eWe;bjhif
thf;Fz;lhk;
,ul;ilf;fhg;gpak;
kzpnkfiyj; Jwt[
ePynfrpj; bjUl;L
*********************

ghlk; 10
jis :
kh Kd; neh;
tps Kd; epiu
kh Kd; epiu
tps Kd; neh;
fha; Kd; neh;
fha; Kd; epiu
fdp Kd; epiu
fdp Kd; neh;

jpiza[k; bghGJk; :
bgUk;bghGJ (6)
fhh; fhyk;
Fsph;fhyk;
Kd;;gdpf;fhyk;
gpd;gdpf;fhyk;,sntdpw;fhyk;
KJntdpw;fhyk;

nebuhd;whrphpah; jis
epiubahd;whrphpaj; jis
,aw;rPh; btz;lis
btz; rPh; btz;lis
fypj;jis
xd;wpa trpj;jis
xd;whj trpj;jis
(Xh; Mz;od; MW TWfs;)
Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp
Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif
khh;fHp/ ij
khrp/ gFdp
rpj;jpiu/ itfhrp
Mdp/ Mo

rpWbghGJ :
fhiy- fhiy 6 kzp - 10 kzp
ez;gfy;
10-12 (fhiy)
vw;ghL
2-6 (gpw;gfy;)
khiy
6-10(,ut[)
ahkk;
10-2(,ut[)
itfiw
2-6(,ut[)
bjhiltpfw;gk;
,iz nkhid
bghHpg;g[

x%c

TiH

nkw;fJtha;
fPH;;f;fJtha;
Kw;Wnkhid

rPh;
1/ 2
1/ 3
1/ 4
1/ 2/ 3
1/ 3/ 4
1/ 2/ 4
1/ 2/ 3/ 4

rhd;W :
1. ,d; brhy; ,dpjPd;wy;
1
2

(,iz nkhid)

2. Jwe;jhh; bgUik Jizf;Twpd; (bghHpg;g[)

1
3
3. epiwbkhHp khe;jh; bgUik epyj;J (x%c)
1
4
4. jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; jfh tpaDyfk;. (TiH)
1
2
3

5. fw;f frlwf; fw;git fw;wgpd; (Kw;W)

1
2
3
4
2012 rpj;jpiu Kjy; ehs; tHfg;bgw;w tpUJfs;
1.

jkpH;j;jha; tpUJ -

2. mt;itahh; tpUJ 3. fgpyh; tpUJ

4. c.nt.rh. tpUJ

(kJiuj; jkpH;r; rfj; jiyth;). eh. Fku nrJgjp

( 5yl;rk;/ nflak;/ ghuhl;Lr;rhd;wpjH;)
jpUkjp. xa;. #p. ghh;j;jrhujp
nguhrphpah; m. m. kzthsd;
(brd;idg; gy;fiyfHf Kd;dhs; jiyth;/ jkpH;j;Jiw)
br. uhR (bjhy;ypay; Jiw Kd;dhs; jiyth;)

(2-4 tiuapyhd tpUJfs; jyh 1 ,yl;rk; %gha;/ 8 rtud; jfg;gjf;fk;/

ghuhl;Lg;gj;jpuk; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ)
**********************

ghll xUiz
e. jhkiufz M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed.,
b#a nfhgh fnuhoah nja nkiyg
jhgu