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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
Dimensional analysis is a mathematical technique which make use of
the study of dimensions as an aid to solution of several engineering
problems.
Uses:
1. Testing the dimensional homogeneity of any equation of fluid
motion.
motion
2. Deriving equations expressed in terms of non-dimensional
parameters to show the relative significance of each parameter.
3. Planning model tests and presenting experimental results in a
systematic manner in terms of non-dimensional parameters; thus
making
g it p
possible to analyze
y the complex
p
fluid p
phenomenon.
Dimensional Homogeneity
Fouriers
ou e s principle
p cpeo
of d
dimensional
e s o a homogeneity
o oge e ty states tthat
at an
a equat
equation
o which
c
express a physical phenomenon of fluid flow must be algebraically correct and
dimensionally homogeneous.
Ex:
l
t = 2
g
L.H.S = R.H.S
(
x = c (x
x = f x1 , x2 ,....xn
a
1
x2b ....xnn
(1)
( 2)
Solving eqn 1, 2, 3
M: 0 = a+b
(1)
L: 3=-a-3b+c+d+e (2)
T: -1=-a-2e
1 a 2e
(3)
b = -a
e = - a/2
c = 5/2 3a/2 d
d
gH f 1
Q = a 2g
3
1
d 2 g 2
, ,Cd = f 1
d
d 3 2 g 12
H
,
d
Buckingham -Method:
It states
t t
th t if there
that
th
are n dimensional
di
i
l variables
i bl
i
involved
l d in
i a
phenomenon, which can be completely described by m fundamental
quantities or dimensions (such as mass, length, time etc.,), and are related
by a dimensionally homogeneous equation,
equation then the relationship among
the n quantities can always be expressed in terms of exactly (n-m)
dimensionless and independent terms.
x1 = f x2 , x3 ,....xn
f1 x1 , x2 x3 ....xn = C
f2 1, 2....( nm) = C1
gL
F
= fn 2 ,
2 2
v L
V
VL
[MLT-2]
[L]
[LT-1]
[LT-2]
[ML-3]
[ML-1T-1]
There are n
n-m
m = 3 dimensionless terms.
terms Take L,
L V and as repeating
variables.
1 term :
1 = FLaV b c
2 term :
2 = gLaV b c
3 term :
3 = L V
a
1 term :
1 = M 0L0T 0 = FLaV b c
M L T = MLT [L ] LT ML
0 0
1 b
3 c
F
1 =
V 2L2
2 term :
2 = gLaV b c
M L T = LT [L ] LT ML
0 0
c=0
1+a+b=0
-2b=0
a = 1, b = -2, c=0
gL
2 = 2
V
1 b
3 c
3 term :
3 = LaV b c
M L T = ML T [L ] LT ML
0 0
1 b
3 c
1+c=0
- 1 + a+ b 3c = 0
-1
1b=0
a = -1, b = -1, c = -1
3 =
Hence,
LV
F
gL
F
= [Fr , Re]
or
= fn 2 ,
2 2
2 2
v L
v L
V VL
flV 2
hf =
2gD
p = fn (V, l, D, u, k, )
fn (p , V
V, ll, D
D, u
u, kk, )=C
1 = V
a1
D b1 c1 p
2 =V
a2
D b 2 c 2l
3 =V
a3
D b 3 c 3k
4 =V
a4
D b4 c4
p
l
k
1 =
; 2 = ; 3 = ; 4 =
2
D
D
V
VD
l k
p
= fn , ,
2
V
D D VD
which may also be written as ,
l k VD
p = V fn , ,
D D
2
V 2 l k VD
=
fn ,
D D
p
flV 2
k
= hf =
; where f = fn , Re
2gD
D
Lr =
Lm
b
d
= m = m
LP
bP
dP
Am
L xb
= m m = L2r
AP
L p xb p
Vm
L xb xd
= m m m = L2r
VP
L p xb p xd p
Kinematic similarity: Kinematic similarity exists between the model and prototype if
i the paths of the homologous moving particles are geometrically similar
i.
similar, and
ii. If the ratios of the velocities as well as acceleration of the homologous particles are
equal.
Time scale ratio =
V l it scale
Velocity
l ratio
ti =
Tr =
Tm
TP
Lm
Vm
Lr
T
m
Vr =
=
=
Lp
VP
Tr
Tp
Lm
Tm )
(
am
Lr
=
=
ar =
2
Lp
aP
Tr )
(
2
(T P )
2
Dynamic similarity: Dynamic similarity exists between the model and the
p
prototype
yp which are g
geometrically
y and kinematically
y similar if the ratio of all the forces
acting at homologous points in the two systems viz., the model and the prototype are
equal.
TYPES OF MODELS
1 U di t t d M
1.Undistorted
Models
d l
2.Distorted Models
U di t t d
Undistorted
M d l
Models:
A
An
undistorted
di t t d
model
d l
i
is
th t
that
which
hi h
i
is
to
distortion
and
have
more
quantitative
value
only.
NON-DIMENSIONAL NUMBERS
Since Inertial force always exists when any mass is in motion
motion, the condition
for dynamic similarity are developed by considering the ratio of the and
any one of the remaining force.
I
I.
I
Inertia
ti Viscous
Vi
force
f
ratio
ti Reynolds
R
ld number
b (Re)
(R )
Fi L2v 2 vL
=
=
Fv
vL
Fi v 2
=
Fv Lg
Fi
v2
=
Fv p
Fi v 2
= 2 ;c = k
Fv c
v2
= Cauchy Number
2
c
Ma = v / c > 1 Supersonic
< 1 Subsonic
= 1 Sonic
Fi
v2
=
Fv
v2
Prob.1. 1/10 model of an airplane is tested in a variable density wind tunnel. The
prototype plane is to fly at 400 km/h speed under atmospheric conditions. The
pressure used in the wind tunnel is 10 times the atmospheric pressure. Calculate
the velocity of air in the model. To what prototype value would a measured drag of
500 N in the model correspond?
Sol. Reynolds similarity law is applicable.
( Re )m
pv pLp
mv m Lm
=
; ( Re ) p =
m
p
Lm
= Lr = 1
10
Lp
Since pressure does not affect the viscosity appreciably, m= p... Further at
constant temperature p/=constant.
Pressure ratio
ratio,
pm
= pr = 10 = r
pp
vm = v p
r
400
=
= 400 km / h
1
r Lr 10
10
( 10) 1 = 110
Force ratio
ratio, Fr = Fr = r L2r v r2 = 10 1
Fp =
Fm
= 500 10 = 5000N
Fr
Prob.2. A model boat, 1/100 size of its prototype has 0.12N of resistance when
simulating a speed of 5 m/s of the prototype. Water is the fluid in both cases.
What is the corresponding resistance in the prototype? Assume frictional forces
are neglected.
Sol. The resistance offered at the free surface is the significant force and as such
Froude model law is appropriate.
vp
vm
Frm =
=
gLm
gLp
If Lr =
Lm
;Vr = Lr
Lp
( Force )m
= r L2r v r2 = r L3r
( Force )p
Since the same fluid is used in the model and prototype, m=r,and r=1.
Fm
= L3r
Fp
3
1
Fm
Fp =
= 120000N = 120kN
3 = 0.12
Lr
100
Prob.3. A 1:6 scale model of a passenger car is tested in a wind tunnel. The
prototype velocity is 60 km/h. If the model drag is 250 N what is the drag and the
power required
i d to
t overcome the
th drag
d
i the
in
th prototype.
t t
Th air
The
i in
i the
th model
d l and
d
prototype can be assumed to have the same properties.
Sol. Reynolds similarity law is applicable
( Re )m =
vr =
v m Lm
; ( Re ) p =
v p Lp
r
Lr
If r = 1
( i .e.
then v r = 1
= p , m = p )
Lr
v m = v p Lr = 60 6 = 360 km / h = 100 m / s
2
r
r2 r2
Fm
2 2
2
= r Lr v r = r Lr = r 2 =
Force ratio =
Fp
r r
Lr
Fm
If r = 1 and r = 1,
= 1.0
Fp
60 103
Pp = Fp .v p = 250
= 4167W = 4.167kW
3600
Qu = Q
H = Q1
H1 , Q1 = Q
Nu = N
H = N1
H1 , N1 = N
H1
Pu = P H 3 2 = P1 H1 , P1 = PH1
32
32
H1
32
Assumption: The above expressions are based on the assumption that the
efficiencies remains constant at all the heads, which is however not correct.
Note: The expression for the various quantities as derived above can be used
for comparing the performance of any one turbine only under different
conditions of operation.
operation
Unit quantities obtained below would facilitate a comparison between the
performance of different turbines of the same type. According to this, the unit speed,
unit discharge and unit power are defined respectively as the speed
speed, discharge and
power of a turbine having a runner diameter of 1m and operating under a head of 1m.
ND
Q
P
Nu =
; Qu = 2
; Pu = 2 3 2
D H
H
D H
Note: The unit quantities for similar turbines will be equal only if their efficiencies are
equal.
N P
Ns = 5 4
H
Problem 1. A Francis turbines working under a head of 5m at a speed of 210
r.p.m. develop 75 kW when the rate of flow of water is 1.8 m3/s. The runner
diameter is 1m. If the head on this turbine is increased to 16m, determine its new
speed, discharge and power.
N H1 210 16
N1 =
= 375.7 r. p.m.
=
H
5
Q H1 1.8 16
Q1 =
= 3.22
3 22m3 / s
=
H
5
PH13 2 75 163 2
P1 = 3 2 =
= 429.33kW
32
5
H
S in c e ,
P1
D 12 H 13
130
D 12 (1 6 )
3 2
D2
= 1 .6 1 2
D1
P2
D 22 H 23
660
D 22 ( 2 5 )
3 2
N1D1 N2D2
Also ,
=
H1
H2
230 D1 N2 (1.612D1 )
=
16
25
N2 = 178.35 r .p.m.