FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE LAMINATE PLATES WITH

VARYING THICKNESSES

KHO BOON HAN

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/07)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT

Authors full name :

KHO BOON HAN

________________________________________________

Date of birth

29th JUNE 1986

________________________________________________

Title

FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE LAMINATE PLATES

________________________________________________
WITH VARYING THICKNESSES
________________________________________________
________________________________________________

Academic Session :

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SEMESTER II 2009/2010

I declare that this thesis is classified as :

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NOTES :

19 APRIL 2010

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Date

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FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE LAMINATE PLATES WITH

VARYING THICKNESSES

KHO BOON HAN

A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Civil)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

APRIL, 2010

ii

I hereby declare that all materials presented in this thesis are

the results of my own research except as cited in the reference.

Signature

: ______________________

Name

: KHO BOON HAN

Date

: 19 APRIL 2009

iii

For my beloved family

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Completing the final year project isnt an easy task; it is the support and
encouragement of a number of people that had driven me towards accomplishing this
study.

First of all, I would like to express my immense gratitude to my supervisor,

Dr. Ahmad Kueh Beng Hong, for willingly being my supervisor and sharing his
skills, thoughts, and experiences in the topic of my study. Thank you for being very
understanding and keeping us students relaxed in times of troubles.

Next, my profound thanks to three dear friends with whom I have the great
luxury while doing the project, Seh Wai Wai, Soh Eng Pang and Sim Siang Kao. In
addition, my deepest appreciation to family and friends to whom I seek guidance, I
am ever so grateful and thank to you guys.

ABSTRACT

This main aim of the research current study is to develop a MATLAB

program on Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) laminates and to investigate how
mechanical loading would affect the stress ratio and the stress & strain distribution of
the FRC. The program is verified by comparing the computed values with the
literature. The research was carried out by comparing the performance of isotropic
control material extracted from an Optical Printed Circuit Board (OPBC) and FRL
with the same varying thicknesses. FRC is then rearranged in terms of orientation
and thickness for a parametric investigation. The FRC materials are limited to T300/3501-6 fiber/matrix, which is used as the reference material for comparison to
the OPBC material. The study of the FRL is also restricted to only three orientations
which are 0, 90, and 45.

Analysis was carried out on five thickness

arrangements: isotropic arrangement, two symmetrical arrangements and two

balanced arrangements. Results showed that the symmetrical arrangement laminate
of varying thickness produces the least maximum stress ratio, and as long as it is
arranged in symmetrical orders, they would produce the same value of stress and
strain ratios under the same mechanical loading.

vi

ABSTRAK

Maklamat utama kajian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan satu program

bagi kajian Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) laminates dengan menggunakan
MATLAB,

kajian dilakukan untuk mengkaji

bagaimana

beban mekanikal

mempengaruhi nisbah tegasan dan tegasan dan terikan bagi FRC. Program ini telah
dibuktikan betul dengan membezakan nilai kira dengan literasi. Kajian dijalankan
dengam pembezaan antara Optical Printed Circuit Board (OPBC) dengan FRC yang
mempunyai ketebalan berbeza yang sama. FRC telah disusun mengikut orientasi dan
ketebalan bagi tujuan invastigasi parameter ini. Material FRL adalah terhad kepada
T-300/3501-6 fiber/matrix, disamping itu kajian FRC terhad kepada tiga orientasi
iaitu 0, 90, dan 45. Analisis dijalankan untuk lima kumpulan ketebalan iaitu:
susunan isotropic, dua susunan symmetrical dan dua susunan balanced. Keputusan
telah menunjukkan bahawa susunan symmetrical dengan ketebalan berbeza akan
memberikan nisbah tegasan maksimum yang paling kecil, dan sekiranya disusun
dalam symmetrical, dengan beban mekanikal yang sama, ia akan mendapat
keputusan yang sama dari segi nisbah tegasan dan terikan

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE

TITLE

DECLARATION

ii

DEDICATION

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

iv

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

xii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

xiv

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Objectives

1.4 Scope of Study

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction

2.2 Background Study

2.3 Previous Study

2.4 Conclusion

viii
3

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction

10

3.2 Determination of Engineering Constants

12

3.2.1 Effective axial Modulus

12

3.2.2 Effective axial Poissons Ratio

13

3.2.3 Effective Transverse Modulus

13

3.2.4 Effective axial Shear Modulus

14

3.3 Determination of Stiffness for lamina, Q

3.3.1 Transform Reduced Stiffness

14
15

3.4 Determination of Laminate Stiffness: ABD Matrix

17

3.5 Determination of Laminate Stresses and Strains

18

3.6 Determination of Stress Ratio and Strain Ratio

19

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction

20

4.2 MATLAB Program

21

4.3 Program Procedures

23

4.4 Verification of Program

28

4.5 Isotropic Control Material

32

4.5.1 Optical Printed Circuit Board (OPCB)

32

4.5.2 Limitations

34

4.5.3 Problems

34

4.5.4 Analysis of Control Material

34

4.6 Fiber Reinforced Composite Material

38

4.6.1 Varying Thickness of Laminate Study

39

4.6.2 Data Analysis

41

4.6.2.1 Isotropic Arrangement

41

4.6.2.2 Symmetrical Arrangement 1

47

4.6.2.3 Symmetrical Arrangement 2

51

4.6.2.4 Balanced Arrangement 1

54

4.6.2.5 Balanced Arrangement 2

56

ix
5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

60

5.2 Recommendation

61

REFERENCES

62

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE
1.1

TITLE
Composite Laminate Consisting of Layers With Varying

PAGE
3

Thickness.
1.2

Varying thickness laminate from an electron micrograph.

3.1

Flow chart of research methodology

11

4.1

Computation of ABD Stiffness matrix

21

4.2

Computation of Stress ratio and Strain ratio

22

4.3

ABD matrix on the command window of MATLAB

27

4.4

Mid Strains and Curvature (Gibson, 1994)

29

4.5

Global Stresses (Gibson, 1994)

29

4.6

Mid Strain and Curvatures using MATLAB

30

4.7

The Stresses as calculated using the MATLAB program.

31

4.8

Layers on an OPCB

33

4.9

Stress Distribution of the Control Material

37

4.10

Strain Distribution of the Control Material

38

4.11

Stress Ratio Curve for Isotropic Arrangement Laminate

45

Composite
4.12

Stress Distribution for Isotropic Arrangement Laminate

46

Composite
4.13

Strain Distribution for Isotropic Arrangement Laminate

46

Composite
4.14

Stress Ratio Curve for Symmetric Laminate Composite

47

4.15

Improved Stress Ratio Curve for Symmetric Laminate

49

Composite

xi
4.16

Stress Distributions for Symmetry Laminate

50

Arrangement 1
4.17

Strain Distributions for Symmetry Laminate

50

Arrangement 1
4.18

Stress Ratio Curve for Symmetrical Laminate

51

Arrangement 2
4.19

Improved Stress Ratio Curve for Symmetrical Laminate

52

Arrangement 2
4.20

Stress Distributions for Symmetry Laminate

53

Arrangement2
4.21

Strain Distributions for Symmetry Laminate

53

Arrangement2
4.22

Stress Ratio Curve for Balanced Laminate

54

Arrangement 1
4.23

Stress Distributions for Balance Laminate

55

Arrangement 1
4.24

Strain Distribution for Balanced Laminate

56

Arrangement 1
4.25

Stress Ratio Curve for Balanced Laminate

57

Arrangement 2
4.26

Stress Distributions for Balanced Laminate

58

Arrangement 2
4.27

Strain Distributions for Balanced Laminate

Arrangement 2

58

xii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

TITLE

PAGE

4.1

Properties of typical fibers materials

24

4.2

Properties of typical Polymer Matrix Materials

25

4.3

Layer Properties

33

4.4

Values of stress and strain of the isotropic control material

35

4.5

Local Stresses of Isotropic Arrangement

42

4.6

Local Strains of Isotropic Arrangement

44

4.7

Improved Local Stresses of Symmetrical Arrangement 1

48

xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Stress

Strain

Degree of angle

Shear-Strain at plane

Shear-Strain at plane

Youngs modulus

Shear modulus

Poissons ratio

xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX

TITLE

PAGE

Program Code

63

Data of Local Stresses and Local Strains

65

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Fiber reinforced composites are the most widely used composite materials.
Composite laminates have many applications as advanced engineering materials for
components in aircrafts, power plants, civil engineering structures, ships, cars, rail
vehicles, robots, prosthetic devices, sports equipment and others. The main reason
fiber reinforced composites have been used in the industries is due to the advantages
of composites such as follow:

i.

Improved strength

ii.

Improved stiffness

iii.

Corrosion Resistance

iv.

Light weight

v.

Good thermal insulation

vi.

Better wear resistance

vii.

Good fatigue life

Fiber-reinforced composites have come a long way in replacing conventional

materials like metals and woods.

These types of composites are derived by

combining fibrous material, which serves as the reinforcing material that primarily

carries the load in the composite, with a matrix material, which bonds the fibers
together, supports them and is responsible for transferring the load from fiber to fiber.

The purpose of combining materials in this manner is to achieve superior

properties and performance when compared to the individual materials. As truly
engineered materials, designers of composites can select the composition to generate
particular performance specifications based on individual application needs.

Depending on the placement of fibers, individual continuous fiber lamina or

ply are arranged in different direction and stacking sequence, which can be
controlled to generate a wide range of physical and mechanical properties for the
composite laminate. Various forms of composites can be produced, they include:

i.

Continuous fiber composites

ii.

Woven fiber composites

iii.

Chopped fiber composites

iv.

Hybrid composites

v.

Sandwich structure

Comparing the fiber reinforced composite to other material such as steel,

where the steel is homogeneous and isotropic, the fiber reinforced composites behave
differently because of its heterogeneous and anisotropic behavior. Heterogeneous
and anisotropic behavior means the properties of a composite vary from point to
point and the properties will depend on the orientation of the reinforcement within
the material. Thus, the fiber reinforced composite can be described with the stressstrain relationship.

There are many factors that can affect the change in stress and strain, and
hence the stress and moment of the laminates. This thesis will be focusing on one of
these factors that are the laminate with varying thickness individual layers. The
study on the laminate with varying thickness is important because different stacking

sequence will give a wide range of engineering properties for the material. This
means that a laminate can be designed to have higher strength with light weight
compared to a laminate with uniform thicknesses. Figure 1.1 shows the composite
laminate consisting of layers with varying thickness.

Figure 1.1 Composite Laminate Consisting of Layers With Varying Thickness.

Some industries had been using the fiber laminate of varying thickness in
their design.

For instance, the aerospace industry had been using the varying

thickness fiber composite in the design of the aerofoil wing to gain benefit like
lighter weight. Meanwhile, the wind turbine design had been using the concept as
well.

In the building construction, the fiber reinforced composite of varying

thickness had been used in the design of bridge. In the electronic industry, thin
electronic plates consist of laminates of varying thickness are common. Figure 1.2
shows an example of varying thickness laminate captured on an electron micrograph.

Figure 1.2 Varying thickness laminate from an electron micrograph.

In short, as todays need for stronger, lighter and cheaper material has
increased, especially in fiber composite material, a better understanding of the
performance of the composite material is needed.

1.2 Problem Statements

Unlike the steel material which is homogeneous and isotropic, the behaviors
of the fiber reinforced composite are relatively complex.

This is because the

laminated composite is composed of more than one ply where each of the plies is
fiber reinforced, and can be stacked in various orientations as well as thickness.

Because of the thickness change and the different orientation of the

composite, each ply or lamina will have different engineering properties such as
elastic modulus, thermal expansion and Poissons ratio.

As many possible arrangements of composites can be done, dealing with

multiple layers of materials glued together, can be very complex as laminate
delamination would occur under extreme heat and mechanical loads.

The

delamination of composite will cause the failure of the weakest ply and hence
reduced the strength and stiffness of material substantially. Therefore, it is also
important to study the stress & strain relationship of the materials in terms of heat
and buckling.

Due to various different parameters in each ply, the computation of stress &
strain of laminate is difficult to be done manually, thus a programming approach is
required in order to ease the computation of laminate properties.

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of the study are:

i.

To determine the laminate stiffness: the ABD matrix of the fiber

reinforced composite laminate with a varying thickness.

ii.

To analyze and compute the stress and strain in the fiber reinforced
composite laminate with a varying thickness of different orientation and
arrangement.

iii.

To produce the MATLAB program code for objectives (i) and (ii).

1.4 Scope of Study

The current study is based on the classical laminate theory. The materials are
assumed to have the linear elastic behavior. In analyzing the laminate, each lamina
is assumed as a transversely isotropic thin flat plate and is consisting of multiple
layers at predetermined orientation and thickness.

In this research, number of layers is based on an isotropic control material

called Optical Printed Circuit Board (OPCB) consisting of 8 layers; meanwhile the
orientation will be restricted at 0, 45 and 90 degrees. On the other hand, the laminate
is limited to one carbon fiber material and one matrix material which are T-300 and
Epoxy (3501-6). Also, the plane stress condition is assumed since the thickness of
the laminate is many times order lower than its in-plane dimensions.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Fiber reinforced composites had been used in industries particularly in the

aerospace, automotive industry as well as in the infrastructure or architecture
structure mainly due to its ever expanding advantages. This is due to the highly
anisotropic properties of the unidirectional fiber reinforced composites, which have
high stiffness and strength along the fiber direction and have very low stiffness and
strength in the transverse direction. When forming laminates, the fiber reinforced
composites in the form of plate will give maximum strength depend on how it is
modelled.

2.2 Background Study

As known, composite laminated plate are modelled using variable thicknesses,

shear deformable, finite plate elements. Fiber laminate of varying thickness has been
the subject of many studies and researches, for example several researches like Joshi
& Biggers (1995) had been carried out in optimizing the composite plates in terms of
buckling load in which buckling load is an important criteria in the design of
composite plates.

Optimization of composite laminated plate can be done by

specifying the material to be used, the number of plies with an orientation and a ply
stacking sequence, as well as the varying thickness of lamina in laminated plate.

Meanwhile, several researches such as Andrews & Massabo (2007) had stated
that delamination of composite is associated with the function of thickness of lamina.
Since the mechanism of delaminated composites is buckling out of plane of the
group of plies above and below the delamination, which causes the reduction of the
compressive strength. Therefore, the study of fiber laminate of varying thickness is
essential.

2.3 Previous Study

Joshi & Biggers (1995) have used a feasible direction method to determine
the optimal thickness distribution over the plate, for which the thickness distributions
that maximize the buckling load are determined. Their result showed that the
buckling loads through thickness optimization decrease as transverse shear effect
increase. This showed that thickness plays an important role in the composite design.

Another study on the thickness optimization is by Khosravi & Sedaghati

(2008).

In their study, optimality criteria are presented for optimum design of

composite laminates. The thickness of the layers in each element is considered as the
design variables.

In their study, the varying thickness composite structures are

fabricated by ply drops and splicing.

Therefore, the optimization methods are

justified only for aerospace structure where stiffness and weight is not a primary
concern.

Zineb et al. (1997) had study the influence of varying thickness glass epoxy
composite plate under the pure bending moment.

The global behaviour of the

varying thickness composite plate and the local stress concentration within the
composite material were investigated. In their research, the thickness variation is
obtained by different stacking techniques, and the stress states between the stacking
sequences are study.

Wang & Karihaloo (2006) found that the transverse tensile and shear
strengths of a fiber reinforced unidirectional lamina when situated in an angle ply
laminate, are affected by the ply angle of neighboring lamina and the thickness of
lamina. Due to the weakness of lamina in its transverse direction, transverse cracks
are likely to occur under fatigue loading which will eventually cause the
delamination of the neighboring lamina. The research showed that varying thickness
of laminate is related to the delamination of composite material.

The delamination is a prevalent form of damage that occurs in the laminated

composites and layered materials, which is induced by impact loads or the results of
manufacturing defects. Andrews & Massabo (2007) had studied the problems of
delamination in plates with varying thickness in order to investigate their influence
on fracture as well as crack. It is shown that the main effects of thickness variations
are similar to those created by the interaction of delaminations.

2.4 Conclusion

The aforementioned researches had help building a better understanding of

the effect of varying thickness laminates. It can be concluded that the behaviours of
the fiber laminate with varying thickness are related to strength and stiffness of the
composite material. While depending on the stacking sequence of varying thickness
layers, laminate may also exhibit different response in terms of stress and moment.

Therefore, this research will focus on analysing the fiber reinforced

composite laminate of varying thickness where the stress and strain of laminate will
be computed using programming approach which based on the classical laminate
theory.

10

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter will describe the method used to analyze the fiber reinforced
composite laminate of varying thickness.

In the current study, the software

MATLAB is used. It provides an easy way to analyze lamina and laminate of fiber
reinforced composite by programming the formulae commonly used. The activities
of the research are as shown in Figure 3.1.

The study begins with insertion of the engineering constants for matrix and
fiber material, Em, Ef, Gm, Gf, m, and f as input. The engineering constants for the
composite material are computed. The equations used are the Rule of Mixture and
the Halphin-Tsai equations. The effective axial modulus E1 and effective Poissons
ratio, 12 are calculated with the Rule of Mixture while the effective transverse
modulus, E2 and effective axial shear modulus, G12 are based on the Halphin-Tsai
equations.

The engineering constants of composite are used for the calculation of

laminas stiffness matrix Q. Next the stress-strain relations from the local 1-2-3
coordinate system have to be transformed into the global x-y-z coordinate system in
order to get the reduced stiffness () for a lamina. With a set of predetermined
orientations and ply thicknesses, the ABD matrix or the constitutive relation of a
laminate can then be computed.

11

Input and determination of engineering constants for

E1, E2, G12, 12 using the Rule of Mixture and the
Halphin-Tsai Equations

Micromechanics study:
Computation of lamina stiffness Q

Input for number of lamina,

Orientation and thickness of lamina, and T

Macromechanics study:
Computation of composite stiffness: the ABD matrix

Computation of Stress strain, and

From the A, B and D matrix

Plot the stress-strain variation for different

Orientation and ply of varying thickness

Figure 3.1 Flow chart of research methodology

12

In the post-processing stage, by applying a fix value of forces in one direction,

the stress and strain for the composite laminates and individual lamina can be
obtained from the ABD matrix. In the current study, isotropic material is used as a
control case. The difference between those with isotropic and fiber-matrix material
are made. The main concern here is to compare the through thickness stress strain
distribution of different set of composite plates

A study on the stress and strain ratio for different orientation such as
symmetry laminates and balance laminates is performed to check which stacking
sequence would give a lowest ratio. The ratio is calculated based on the through
thickness stress and strain which is the absolute maximum over the minimum value.
The laminate with the lowest stress and strain ratio is likely of an optimized type.
The study ends with the plotting of for the varying thickness laminate at lowest stress
ratio and strain ratio.

3.2 Determination of Engineering Constants

3.2.1 Effective axial modulus

1 is the Youngs modulus in the direction of the fibers. A rule of mixture

expression is used to approximate the prediction of 1 . The equation of 1 is given
by:

1 = ( ) +

(3.1)

From the equation, it is shown that the axial modulus and the fiber volume
fraction is a linear relationship.

13

3.2.2 Effective axial Poissons Ratio

12 is also called as the major Poissons Ratio. It is obtained using the same
approach as 1 . The equation is given by:

12 = ( ) +

(3.2)

It is very similar to the rule of mixture expression for 1 in that it is linear in

all of the variables.

3.2.3 Effective Transverse Modulus

2 is the Youngs modulus in the transverse direction of the fibers. As the

general approach to predict 2 using Rule of Mixture is not very accurate compared
with experimental results. Thus, a semi empirical model is developed by Halpin and
Tsai to improve the original models. The Halpin-Tsai equation of 2 is given by:

2 / = (1 + ) / ( 1 )

(3.3)

where

1
+

(3.4)

is the curve fitting parameter, which is also a measure of the degree of

reinforcement of the matrix by the fibers.

14

3.2.4 Effective axial Shear Modulus

12 is the effective in plane shear modulus. Similar to transverse modulus, as

the general approach to predict 2 using Rule of Mixture is not very accurate when
compared with experimental results. An equation for 12 can be derived using the
same approach as the transverse modulus which is the Halpin-Tsai equation. The
equation is given by:

12 / = (1 + ) / ( 1 )

(3.5)

where

1
+

(3.6)

is the curve fitting parameter, which is also a measure of the degree of

reinforcement of the matrix by the fibers.

3.3 Determination of Stiffness for lamina, Q

Considering the case of plane-stress, it is assume that in the material

coordinate system, 3 = 4 =5 = 0. With {}12 = [Q] {}12, and [Q] is termed as the
reduced stiffness matrix and is given by

11
= 12
0

12
22
0

0
0
66

(3.7)

15

or

1 /
12 2 /
= 12 2 /
2 /
0
0

0
0
12

(3.8)

where = 1 12 21

3.3.1 Transform Reduced Stiffness

By rewriting {}12 = [Q] {}12 to account for the factor of in the shear strain.

1
11
2 = 12
12
0

12
22
0

0
0
266

1
2
12 /2

(3.9)

Alongside with transformation matrix [T] as defined by:

2
[] = 2

2
2

2
2
2 2

(3.10)

where c = cos , and s = sin .

When equating equation for both shear and strain transformation, such that {} =
[]1 []{} , we get:

16

11
= 12

16

12
22
26

16
26
66

(3.11)

where

= []1 []

are called the transform reduced stiffnesses or the off-axis reduced stiffness and
are defined by:

11 = 11 4 + 2(12 + 266 ) 2 2 + 22 4

(3.12)

12 = (11 +22 466 ) 2 2 + 12 ( 4 + 4 )

(3.13)

16 = (11 12 266 ) 3 + (12 22 + 266 ) 3

(3.14)

22 = 11 4 + 2(12 + 266 ) 2 2 + 22 4

(3.15)

26 = (11 12 266 ) 3 + (12 22 + 266 ) 3

(3.16)

66 = (11 +22 212 266 ) 2 2 + 66 ( 4 + 4 )

(3.17)

where c = cos , and s = sin .

17

3.4 Determination of Laminate stiffness: the ABD matrix

The in-plane forces per unit length and the moments per unit length of a laminate are
given as follows:

= [] []0 + [][]

(3.18)

and

= [] []0 + [][]

(3.19)

0 is the reference plane strain while the is known as the laminate curvatures.

The two formulas would combine to give

(3.20)

or in an expanded form,

11
12

= 16
11
12
16

12
22
26
12
22
26

16
26
66
16
26
66

11
12
16
11
12
16

12
22
26
12
22
26

16
26
66
16
26
66

0
0
0

where A, B and D matrices each is respectively given by equation 3.22 to 3.24:

(3.21)

18

=1[] (

1 )

(3.22)

=2

=1[] (

2
1
)

(3.23)

=1[] (

3
1
)

(3.24)

=3

The formulas are known as the ABD matrix: A is the extensional stiffnesses,
B is the coupling stiffnesses, and D the flexural laminate stiffnesses. The ABD
matrix defines a relationship between the stress resultants which are applied to a
laminate, and the reference surface strains and curvatures.

3.5 Determination of Laminate Stresses and Strains

Once the ABD matrix are obtained, the general force deformation equation (3.20)
can be inverted to give:

0 =

(3.25)

The stresses of a laminate in the k-th lamina are given by:

= [] []0 + []

(3.26)

The mid-plane strain []0 and curvature [] are those given in terms of laminate
forces and moments by equation (3.25)

19

3.6 Determination of Stress Ratio and Strain Ratio

The stresses and strains obtained from section 3.5 are known as the global stress and
strain, in order to gain the local stress and local strain, they are transformed using
equation (3.10):

Generally, stresses in the local or 12 coordinate system can be written as:

1
2 =

12

(3.27)

As soon as the local stress and strain for each lamina or layer in the laminate are
obtained, the stress and strain ratio can be computed.

(3.28)

(3.29)

20

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the code used for the analysis and the results. First of
all, in order to verify and make sure that the code is correct, verification with an
example in the book will be shown. Such a comparison is made to ensure that the
written program is error-free and can be used in the analysis.

Once the code is verified, an isotropic control material with predetermined

plies and varying thickness is first selected and the stress and strain curve of the
material is calculated and investigated.

The results of the control material will hence be compared to the composite
material made of fiber and matrix. The plies and number of varying thickness follow
that of the isotropic control material. During this step, different sets of laminate with
different orientation are set up, and their stress and strain would be calculated.

Also, in order to study the behavior of the varying thickness of laminate, the
thickness arrangement of the laminate would be rearranged into random, symmetry
and balanced laminate.

21

At the end of the chapter, the stress ratio and strain ratio would be calculated
from the respective stress and strain curve of these sets of laminate. Then the best
and most suitable thickness arrangement laminate can be determined.

4.2 MATLAB Program

Program for the project is done using MATLAB version 7.6.0.324 (R2008a).
The program can be divided into 2 parts. First of all, the code starts from the initial
statement of the engineering properties of the material, and then the number of plies,
following with the insertion of fiber orientation and the thickness of the laminate, the
first step ends with the computational of the ABD matrix. All equations and formulas
used are based on those as described in Chapter 3. Figure 4.1 shows the parts of the
program where the ABD matrix are computed.

Figure 4.1 Computation of ABD Stiffness matrix

22

The second part of the program takes the ABD matrix obtained from the first
part as initial input. The program continues with the definition of the mechanical
load on the laminate. With the loading applied, the program calculates the lamina
stresses and strains globally and locally of the laminate and the lamina respectively.
From the stress and strain values, the program will then calculates the stress ratio as
well as the strain ratio. Finally, a stress and a strain profile through the thickness of
the laminate are plotted. Figure 4.2 shows the code for the plotting of the stress and
strain distribution and the calculation of ratio of stress and strain.

Figure 4.2 Computation of Stress ratio and Strain ratio

23

The complete coding of MATLAB, it will be shown in the appendix.

Some limitation of the program so far is, only stress and strain in local 1direction will be plotted. Although the calculation of the stress X and stress Y as
well as the shear in the XY-direction can be calculated by using the program. This is
not the scope of study of the thesis. So they will not be provided.

4.3 Program Procedures

In order for the users to use and run the program, it is important for them to
know the steps required.

The following paragraphs provide a guideline of the

program for the users.

First of all, the users need to know the properties of fiber and matrix they are
going to use for their composite. In order to ease the users, a list of typical fibers and
matrixes had been programmed in to the MATLAB program. Table 4.1 and Table
4.2 show the material properties for fiber and matrix respectively.

24

Table 4.1 Properties of typical fibers materials

Property

Longitudinal

E-Glass

S-Glass

AS-4

T-300

Carbon

Carbon

73

86

235

230

73

86

15

15

30

35

27

27

Poissons Ratio, 12f

0.23

0.23

0.2

0.2

Property

IM7 Carbon

Boron

Kevlar 49

Silicon

Aramid

Carbide

modulus, E1f, GPa

Transverse modulus,
E2f, GPa
Axial Shear
modulus, G12f, GPa

Longitudinal

290

395

131

172

21

395

172

14

165

21

73

0.2

0.13

0.33

0.2

modulus, E1f, GPa

Transverse modulus,
E2f, GPa
Axial Shear
modulus, G12f, GPa
Poissons Ratio, 12f

25

Table 4.2 Properties of typical Polymer Matrix Materials

Property

Epoxy

Epoxy

Epoxy

(3501-6)

(977-3)

(HY6010/HT
917/DY070)

Young Modulus, Em,

4.3

3.7

3.4

1.6

1.37

1.26

Poissons Ratio, 12f

0.35

0.35

0.36

Property

Polyester

Vinylester

Young Modulus, Em,

3.35

3.5

1.35

1.3

0.35

0.35

GPa
Shear Modulus, Gm,
GPa

GPa
Shear Modulus, Gm,
GPa
Poissons Ratio, 12f

26

If the defined fiber or matrix is not on the list, the users can insert all the
values in order to run the program. These values as have been written in the Matlab
script are:

E1f=input('Value of fiber longitudinal modulus in GPa? -');

E2f=input('Value of fiber transverse modulus in GPa? -');
G12f=input('Value of fiber axial shear modulus in GPa? -');
nu12f=input('Value of fiber poisson ratio? -');

Em=input('Value of matrix young modulus in GPa? -');

Gm=input('Value of matrix shear modulus in GPa? -');
num=input('Value of matrix poisson ratio? -');

Once the properties of both fiber and matrix are provided, the engineering
constants of the laminate composite would be calculated, the engineering properties
are E1, E2, G12, 12. The formulae of the constants are as described in Chapter 3.

Next, the users are required to provide the number of layers of the laminate,
following with the orientation in degree from top to bottom of the laminate and the
thickness in mm from top to bottom of the laminate.

%The number of layers

layer=input('The number of layars in the laminate? -')
%The orientation of each lamina
Ang=input('The orientation(degree) of each lamina,top to bottom ie
[45 -45 45 -45] -')*pi/180;
%The varying thickness of each lamina
Thickness=input('The thickness(mm) of each lamina,top to bottom
ie[0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1] -')

27

Aforementioned steps are the required input for the computation of the
stiffness matrix. The result of the ABD matrix will be shown in the Matlab command
window. Figure 4.3 shows an example of ABD matrix calculated by the program.

Figure 4.3 ABD matrix on the command window of MATLAB

In the following procedure, users will be asked to insert the mechanical loads
on the laminate;

%Unit of force in MPa

lmtFrc=input('The loading(Mpa) acting on laminate, ie[50 0 0 0 0 0]
-')';

28

The first three values the users provide represent the forces in the x, y and zdirection, while the others three values are the moment acting on the laminate about x
y and z axes respectively.

After the values of the loading are inserted the program would then calculate
the stress and strain distribution for the laminate globally and locally along with the
plotting of the distribution. Finally, the program ends with the computation of the
stress ratio and the strain ratio.

4.4 Verification of Program

In order to make sure the code of the program are reliable and correct, an
example from the literature are taken, and compared the answer with the computed
result from the program as shown in Figure 4.3. The example is based on the
problem stated in the book by Gibson (1994), page 218. The question stating the
antisymmetric angle-ply laminate subjected to force of 50MPa where the resulting
stresses in each lamina are to be determined. Figure 4.4 shows the calculated mid
strain curvature on the book. Figure 4.5 shows the stresses calculated from the book.

Figure 4.6 and Figure 4.7 are the results obtained using the program.

29

Figure 4.4 Mid Strains and Curvature (Gibson, 1994)

Figure 4.5 Global Stresses (Gibson, 1994)

30

Figure 4.6 Mid Strain and Curvatures using MATLAB

31

Figure 4.7 the Stresses as calculated using the MATLAB program.

From the figures, it can be observed that the values obtained using the
MATLAB program are the same results as shown in the example from the book.
Thus, the anent program is verified and is used for the next set of analyses.

32

4.5 Isotropic Control Material

In order to study the behavior and pattern of the fiber reinforced composites,
an isotropic control material will be used for the assessment of the performance of
the fibers and matrix laminate composite.

4.5.1 Optical Printed Circuit Board (OPCB)

Printed Circuit Board is used to mechanically support and electrically

connects electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or traces etched
from copper sheets and laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.

For the purpose of the study, a specific type of OPCB was selected. The
OPCB consists of multiple layers of materials glued together and has a dimension of
5 cm x 5 cm.

Figure 4.8 shows the layout of the distribution of the OPCB while Table 4.5
lists the properties of each layers.

33

Figure 4.8 Layers on an OPCB

Table 4.3 Layer Properties

Layer

Material

Thickness

Youngs

Coefficient

Modulus

Thermal

of Poissons
ratio

Expansion
1

SU 8

50 um

2 Gpa

-6

/C

0.22

Cyclotene

50 um

2.9 Gpa

-6

/C

0.34

SU 8

50 um

2 Gpa

-5

/C

0.22

Solder Mask 70 um

4.1 Gpa

30 x 10-6/K

0.4

110 Gpa

16.5 x 10-6/K

0.34

17 Gpa

11

Laminate
5

Copper

FR4
resin),

30 um
(epoxy 1 mm
glass

10-6/K 0.136

lengthwise
-6

(lengthwise)

transition

15 x 10 /K

0.116

temp 110 to

cross wise

(crosswise)

200 C
7

Copper

30 um

110 Gpa

16.5 x 10-6/K

0.34

Solder Mask 70 um

4.1 Gpa

30 x 10-6/K

0.4

Laminate

34

4.5.2 Limitations

While studying the isotropic control material, there are some limitations, first
of all the material for layer 6, the thickness will be changed from 1mm to 0.05mm,
and this is to make sure that the laminate materials can be arranged in symmetrical
and balanced forms. Meanwhile, only the mechanical loading of 100MPa acting in
the X-direction would be considered.

4.5.3 Problems

The main problem with the OPCB with varying thickness plies and is made
from different materials, is when exposed to high temperature. When the OPCB was
heated to high temperature, the strength of the polymer tends to decrease. This
lowers the adhesion strength and further causes delaminate within the material. Thus
the maximum stress occur in the layer will be obtained and studied. The stress ratio
and strain ratio will be obtained next. The result from the analysis of the isotropic
control material (OPCB) will then be compared to the stress and strain distribution of
that using fiber reinforced composite materials.

4.5.4 Analysis of Control Material

Analysis was carried out using the same general MATLAB program. Since it
is an isotropic material, the engineering properties of fiber and matrix are not
available as preset. Various values of materials are manually key-in into the program,
so that the analysis can be run. The program for the isotropic control material
analysis will be shown in the appendix.

35

The stiffness ABD matrix is first obtained, and it follows with the application
of the mechanical load in the X-direction with value of 100 MPa. The stress and
strain values can then be obtained. Table 4.3 shows the values obtained in the global
X-direction. The values of the ABD matrix are also shown.

Table 4.4 Values of stress and strain of the isotropic control material
m

Thickness
0

Stress_X Mpa
139.2

Strain
71.1304

50

0.05
0.05

117.5
175.8

60.0267
60.0267

50

0.1
0.1
0.15
0.15

143.3
95.7
74
161.4

48.9231
48.9231
37.8194
37.8194

0.22
0.22
0.25
0.25

95
2474.3
1733.9
258.8

22.2743
22.2743
15.6121
15.6121

0.3
0.3
0.33
0.33

74.7
500
-240.4
-9.2

4.5084
4.5084
-2.1538
-2.1538

0.4

-75.6

-17.6989

50
70
30
50
30
70

36

9.3862
3.0304
0

3.0304
9.3862
0

0
0
3.1779

Gpa-mm

0.6291
0.2069
0

0.2069
0.6291
0

0
0
0.2111

Gpa-mm2

0.0756
0.0248
0

0.0248
0.0756
0

0
0
0.0254

Gpa-mm3

It is important to know the value of ABD matrix, as they are used in the
laminate force-deformation equation as discussed in Chapter 3.

From the data obtained from the MATLAB program, through thicknesses
stress and strain distribution are plotted. It is important to take note that all the
values are known as local stress and local strain, although there is no transformation
in isotropic material and as such the value of global stress and strain would be the
same as local stress and strain.

Figure 4.9 and Figure 4.10 show the stress distribution and the strain
distribution of the OPCB material.

37

Stress Distribution
0.45
0.4
0.35

Thickness mm

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15

0.1
0.05
0
-500

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Stress MPa

Figure 4.9 Stress Distribution of the Control Material

From the plot of stress curve, it can be observed that, there is a huge different
between the minimum and maximum values of strength.

The maximum stress

happened at thickness 0.22mm with the value 2474.3MPa while the minimum stress
at 9.2MPa at 0.33mm. This means that the stress ratio is 268.9, with the not evenly
distributed stress; plies of weaker layer would likely fail first, which later causes
delamination to the material.

38

Strain Distribution
0.45
0.4
0.35

Thickness mm

0.3

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

-40

-20

20

40

60

80

Strain mm/mm

Figure 4.10 Strain Distribution of the Control Material

As for the strain curve, it can be seen that the maximum strain is 71.1303.
The curve follows a straight line showing a typical characteristic to that of isotropic
material.

4.6 Fiber Reinforced Composite Material

Based on the varying thickness plies of the isotropic material, a composite

laminate will be analyzed, the analysis would be based on how well the composite
behave as compared to the isotropic control material. The aim here is determine
whether the isotropic is better or the FRC would produce better performance under
the same loading condition.

39

Since the FRC laminate have different kind of orientations, sets of orientation
of laminates are selected. Also the varying thickness of laminates is of main concern.
Hence, these sets of orientation of laminates will be rearranged in terms of thickness
arrangement. The current study restricts the set of laminates to 5 groups. These
include the laminate in random form which following the arrangement of thickness
of the control material, two laminates are rearranged in symmetry laminate and
another two in balanced laminate.

4.6.1 Varying Thickness of Laminate Study

In studying the varying thickness of laminate composites, the specifications

and limitation will be stated first:
i.

Fiber volumet fraction is 0.6

ii.

Fiber material is T-300

iii.

Matrix material is epoxy (3501-6)

iv.

Orientation is fixed at 0, 45 and 90 degrees only.

v.

Laminate thicknesses are 30mm, 50mm and 70mm following those of the
isotropic control material.

There are a total of five set of thickness arrangements. These arrangements

comprise of:
i.

Isotropic Arrangement(As similar to the control material)

ii.

Symmetrical Arrangement 1(Min-Max-Max-Min)

iii.

Symmetrical Arrangement 2(Max-Min-Min-Max)

iv.

Balanced Arrangement 1(Min-Max-Max-Min)

v.

Balanced Arrangement 2(Max-Min-Min-Max)

40

There are only 8 layers of laminas comprising two 0.03mm laminas, four
0.05mm laminas and two 0.07mm laminas. The isotropic arrangement laminate will
be based on the exact arrangement to that of the control material, which is:

[0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.07, 0.03, 0.05, 0.03, 0.07]

Arrangement Min-Max-Max-Min means that the arrangement is made in such

a way that the thicknesses follow the values of the magnitude of the thickness. They
are set from minimum to maximum values and again from the maximum values back
to the minimum, top to bottom. For example such arrangement is given as:

[0.03, 0.05, 0.05, 0.07, 0.07, 0.05, 0.05, 0.03]

while for the Max-Min-Min-Max arrangement, it would become:

[0.07, 0.05, 0.05, 0.03, 0.03, 0.05, 0.05, 0.07]

Next parameter in the study of varying thickness of laminate would be the

fiber orientation. As stated in the scope of study, only 0, 45 and 90 degrees are
concerned. The fiber orientation is made such a way that it can be based on the
thickness arrangement, take case 1 as example; the 0.03mm thickness laminas are
orientated to 45 degrees, while the 0.05 and 0.07mm thickness laminas are fixed at 0
degree. Now move on to the next cases, the condition is now 0.07mm laminas
orientated at 45 degrees while the others at 0 degree. For the study, there are a total
of 18 cases for isotropic arrangement and symmetrical arrangements, while for
balanced arrangements; there are only 12 cases of orientation arrangement.

41

4.6.2 Data Analysis

4.6.2.1 Isotropic Arrangement

Table 4.5 shows the sets of data computed using the MATLAB program,
there are a total of 18 cases of orientation, for example, showing on top of the case1,
0.03@45, 0.05 and 0.07@0, meaning that, the laminas with 0.03mm thickness will
be orientated at 45 degrees while the laminas of 0.05 and 0.07mm fixed at 0 degree.
The highlighted grey show the maximum values.

All the values are the local stresses correspond to loading of 100MPa acting
at X-direction. When running the cases in MATLAB, the stress ratio will also be
obtained. A plot is also given at the end of the program. The details equations used
are shown in Chapter 3.

42

Table 4.5 Local Stresses of Isotropic Arrangement

Stress Ratio
1: Isotrophic arrangement
0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@45 0.03@45 0.03@0
0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@45
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@45
m
Thickness case1
case2
case3
case4
case5
case6
50
0
243.9
186.1
61.5
70.1
84.7
121.9
0.05
255.4
239.3
58.4
64.6
217.8
108.7
50
0.05
255.4
239.3
58.4
64.6
217.8
108.7
0.1
266.8
292.5
55.2
59.0
351.0
95.5
50
0.1
266.8
292.5
55.2
59.0
351.0
95.5
0.15
278.2
345.8
52.1
53.5
484.1
82.3
70
0.15
278.2
45.8
824.3
954.6
47.8
82.3
0.22
294.3
41.9
591.7
724.9
48.7
63.8
30
0.22
52.0
420.3
591.7
45.7
48.7
1226.6
0.25
46.5
452.2
492.1
42.4
49.1
1041.3
50
0.25
301.1
452.2
45.8
42.4
750.4
55.9
0.3
312.6
505.5
42.7
36.9
883.5
42.7
30
0.3
37.4
505.5
326.0
36.9
49.8
732.4
0.33
31.9
537.4
226.4
33.5
50.2
547.1
70
0.33
319.5
35.7
226.4
363.8
50.2
34.8
0.4
335.5
31.8
-6.2
134.1
51.1
16.3
Stress ratio
10.5
16.9
134.0
28.5
18.5
75.3

0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0

0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@90
0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@0
case7
case8
case9
243.6
180.7
0.6
256.2
239.1
-2.0
256.2
239.1
-2.0
268.8
297.5
-4.7
268.8
297.5
-4.7
281.3
355.9
-7.3
281.3
-16.9
922.9
298.9
-12.4
649.0
-23.8
437.6
649.0
-19.3
472.7
531.6
306.5
472.7
-12.6
319.0
531.1
-15.2
-11.7
531.1
335.9
-7.2
566.1
218.5
326.6
-5.3
218.5
344.2
-0.8
-55.4
47.9
684.7
1467.5

0.03@90 0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@45

0.05@90 0.05@0 0.05@90 0.05@45 0.05@90 0.05@0
0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@90 0.07@90 0.07@45 0.07@90
m
Thickness case10
case11
case12
case13
case14
case15
50
0
-1.1
58.7
-0.2
129.0
-38.8
80.6
0.05
-2.3
211.8
-0.8
132.3
-43.4
216.8
50
0.05
-2.3
211.8
-0.8
132.3
-43.4
216.8
0.1
-3.4
365.0
-1.5
135.6
-48.1
352.9
50
0.1
-3.4
365.0
-1.5
135.6
-48.1
352.9
0.15
-4.6
518.1
-2.2
138.9
-52.7
489.1
70
0.15
1082.6
-14.2
-2.2
-172.0
465.6
-39.5
0.22
805.8
-9.6
-3.2
-111.4
295.7
-38.1
30
0.22
-6.1
-9.6 1514.3
1219.1
1310.1
144.6
0.25
-6.8
-7.6 1230.0
1041.4
1088.4
157.6
50
0.25
-6.8
824.4
-3.6
145.4
-61.9
761.4
0.3
-8.0
977.5
-4.3
148.7
-66.5
897.6
30
0.3
-8.0
-4.3 756.0
745.3
719.1
179.2
0.33
-8.6
-2.4 471.7
567.7
497.4
192.3
70
0.33
370.8
-2.4
-4.7
-16.3
28.8
-36.0
0.4
94.0
2.2
-5.7
44.3
-141.1
-34.6
Stress ratio
984.2
441.6
1892.9
74.8
33.8
25.9

0.03@45 0.03@90 0.03@90

0.05@90 0.05@0 0.05@45
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0
case16
case17
case18
6.6
87.5
58.5
-3.7
219.0
64.2
-3.7
219.0
64.2
-14.0
350.5
69.9
-14.0
350.5
69.9
-24.3
482.0
75.6
1054.8
75.7
952.3
781.1
80.4
723.7
252.5
-73.2
-116.2
180.2
-75.7
-83.4
-44.8
745.0
87.1
-55.1
876.5
92.8
59.6
-79.7
-28.8
-12.8
-82.2
4.0
351.0
87.6
364.5
77.3
92.3
135.9
285.1
12.0
240.6

43

A strain distributions are calculated from the program as well. Table 4.6
shows the data of strains for the isotropic arrangement of fiber and matrix. Based on
the two tables, some observations can be made.

Firstly, the laminas where maximum stress occurs produces the maximum
strain as well, and vice-versa for the minimum values. For instance, case 1, the
maximum stress of 335.5MPa occurs at thickness 0.4mm. Similarly, the maximum
strain of 2.4mm/mm happens at the same location which is at the thickness 0.4mm.

Secondly, for the calculated stress ratio of either case, when the value is small,
the strain ratio does not followed as the stress ratio. For example, the calculated
stress ratio for case 1 is 10.5 which is the lowest in all the cases. When it comes to
the strain ratio, where computed value is 58.9, it is not the lowest in all the cases.

44

Table 4.6 Local Strains of Isotropic Arrangement

Strain Ratio
1: Isotrophic arrangement
0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@45 0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0
0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@90
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@0
m Thickness case1
case2
case3
case4
case5
case6
case7
case8
case9
50
0
1.7
1.3
-2.7
-3.0
0.6
-5.6
1.7
1.3
-0.2
0.05
1.8
1.7
-2.3
-2.6
1.6
-4.9
1.8
1.7
-0.2
50
0.05
1.8
1.7
-2.3
-2.6
1.6
-4.9
1.8
1.7
-0.2
0.1
1.9
2.1
-1.9
-2.2
2.5
-4.2
1.9
2.1
-0.2
50
0.1
1.9
2.1
-1.9
-2.2
2.5
-4.2
1.9
2.1
-0.2
0.15
2.0
2.5
-1.5
-1.8
3.5
-3.4
2.0
2.5
-0.2
70
0.15
2.0
-0.2
5.9
6.8
-0.5
-3.4
2.0
-0.2
6.6
0.22
2.1
-0.4
4.2
5.2
-1.1
-2.4
2.1
-0.1
4.6
30
0.22
0.0
3.0
4.2
-1.2
-1.1
8.8
-0.2
3.1
4.6
0.25
0.0
3.2
3.5
-1.0
-1.3
7.5
-0.2
3.4
3.8
50
0.25
2.2
3.2
-0.6
-1.0
5.4
-2.0
2.2
3.4
-0.2
0.3
2.2
3.6
-0.2
-0.6
6.3
-1.3
2.3
3.8
-0.1
30
0.3
-0.2
3.6
2.3
-0.6
-1.6
5.2
-0.1
3.8
2.4
0.33
-0.3
3.9
1.6
-0.4
-1.9
3.9
-0.1
4.0
1.6
70
0.33
2.3
-0.8
1.6
2.6
-1.9
-0.9
2.3
-0.1
1.6
0.4
2.4
-1.1
0.0
1.0
-2.4
0.1
2.5
-0.1
-0.4
Strain ratio
58.9
21.8
151.8
18.5
11.7
67.7
27.0
47.9
44.1

0.03@90
0.05@90
0.07@0
m Thickness case10
50
0
-0.2
0.05
-0.2
50
0.05
-0.2
0.1
-0.2
50
0.1
-0.2
0.15
-0.2
70
0.15
7.7
0.22
5.7
30
0.22
-0.1
0.25
-0.1
50
0.25
-0.1
0.3
-0.1
30
0.3
-0.1
0.33
-0.1
70
0.33
2.6
0.4
0.7
Strain ratio
72.5

0.03@90
0.05@0
0.07@90
case11
0.4
1.5
1.5
2.6
2.6
3.7
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
5.9
7.0
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
49.9

0.03@0
0.05@90
0.07@90
case12
-0.4
-0.4
-0.4
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.2
10.8
8.8
-0.2
-0.1
5.4
3.4
-0.1
0.0
623.9

0.03@0
0.05@45
0.07@90
case13
-6.4
-5.4
-5.4
-4.5
-4.5
-3.5
-1.4
-0.9
8.7
7.4
-1.5
-0.5
5.3
4.0
-0.2
0.3
47.1

0.03@0
0.05@90
0.07@45
case14
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
0.1
-0.4
9.3
7.8
-0.6
-0.6
5.1
3.6
-1.2
-1.7
89.9

0.03@45
0.05@0
0.07@90
case15
0.6
1.6
1.6
2.5
2.5
3.5
-0.3
-0.4
-0.3
-0.4
5.4
6.4
-0.6
-0.7
-0.4
-0.4
20.8

0.03@45
0.05@90
0.07@0
case16
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
7.5
5.6
0.9
0.3
-0.4
-0.4
-0.7
-1.3
2.5
0.6
49.7

0.03@90
0.05@0
0.07@45
case17
0.6
1.6
1.6
2.5
2.5
3.4
-0.5
-1.1
-0.6
-0.6
5.3
6.3
-0.7
-0.7
-2.0
-2.6
13.8

0.03@90
0.05@45
0.07@0
case18
-3.2
-2.7
-2.7
-2.2
-2.2
-1.7
6.8
5.2
-0.9
-0.7
-0.8
-0.3
-0.3
0.0
2.6
1.0
428.4

45

In order to compare the result to the isotropic control material, a plot will be
plotted so that any difference can be observed. Hence, based on the local stress
shown in Table 4.5, three values are picked where each of the value will be plotted in
lines. These values are:
Min Stress ratio
Mid Stress ratio
Max Stress ratio

=
=
=

10.5
984.2
1467.5

For all the cases in isotropic arrangement, their stress ratios are ranging from
10.5 to 1467.5. When compared to the isotropic control material where the stress
ratio is only 268.9. This means that the fiber and matrix laminate arrangement
similar to that of the isotropic arrangement in terms of thickness is not very effective
in design. This is because the maximum stress ratio of 1467.5 is higher than the
control material.

It means that difference and gap of the local stresses in the

laminated fiber matrix composite will be very high and may lead to failure of the
weaker plies. Figure 4.11 is the plotted line of stress ratio for the first study, the
isotropic arrangement. Numbers 123 in the x-axis represent the minimum, mid and
maximum stress ratio.
Stress Ratio (Arrangement 1)
ARRANGEMENT 1
1600.0
1467.5

1400.0
1200.0

1000.0

984.2

800.0
600.0

400.0
200.0
10.5

0.0
1

Figure 4.11 Stress Ratio Curve for Isotropic Arrangement Laminate Composite

46

Stress Distribution 1
0.4
0.35

Thickness mm

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-500.0

0.0

500.0

1000.0

1500.0

2000.0

Stress MPa

Figure 4.12 Stress Distribution for Isotropic Arrangement Laminate Composite

Strain Distribution 1
0.4
0.35

Thickness mm

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

Strain mm/mm

Figure 4.13 Strain Distribution for Isotropic Arrangement Laminate Composite

47

Figure 4.12 and Figure 4.13 show the stress and strain distributions at which
maximum stress ratio occur. As can be seen, both plots show the same pattern of
zigzag shapes. Another thing to be noted would be the strain, although the stress
ratio is very much higher than the control material, when using fiber matrix laminate,
the strain will be lower comparing to 71.1303 of the control material.

4.6.2.2 Symmetrical Arrangement 1

The symmetrical arrangement 1 has the min-max-max-min arrangement. Two

tables of stress and strain data are provided as well. They are in the appendix. All
limitations and specifications are as discussed in section 4.6.2.1.

Figure 4.14 shows the stress ratio curve of symmetrical arrangement 1. The
x-axis 1, 2 and 3 represent the minimum, mid and maximum stress ratio respectively.

Stress Ratio (Arrangement 2)

400.0
358.3

350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
121.1

100.0
50.0
6.1

0.0
1

Figure 4.14 Stress Ratio Curve for Symmetric Laminate Composite

48

From the curve itself, improvement in terms of design can be seen. This is
because in symmetrical arrangement, the stress ratio had been drop significantly to
maximum of 358.3.

Since the laminate composites in practice would consist of not only 0 and 90
degrees orientations, thus when excluding the cases of those comprise only of 0 and
90 degree, a new table, Table 4.7 is formed, Figure 4.15 shows the new stress ratio
curve based on the table.

Table 4.7 Improved Local Stresses of Symmetrical Arrangement 1

2: Symmetry arrangement 1
0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@45 0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@45 0.03@45 0.03@90 0.03@90
0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@45 0.05@90 0.05@0 0.05@90 0.05@0 0.05@45
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@45 0.07@90 0.07@45 0.07@90 0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0
m Thickness case1
case2
case3
case4
case5
case6
case13 case14 case15 case16 case17 case18
30
0
46.9
361.4 450.8
38.4
34.7
1074.5 1068.6 1079.9 110.6 151.4
-61.2
-77.6
0.03
46.9
361.4 450.8
38.4
34.7
1074.5 1068.6 1079.9 110.6 151.4
-61.2
-77.6
50
0.03 286.5 361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
56.9
117.4
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
0.08 286.5 361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
56.9
117.4
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
50
0.08 286.5 361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
56.9
117.4
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
0.13 286.5 361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
56.9
117.4
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
70
0.13 286.5
35.4
450.8 599.8
34.7
56.9
-69.5
159.5
-28.3
609.0
60.1
596.1
0.2
286.5
35.4
450.8 599.8
34.7
56.9
-69.5
159.5
-28.3
609.0
60.1
596.1
70
0.2
286.5
35.4
450.8 599.8
34.7
56.9
-69.5
159.5
-28.3
609.0
60.1
596.1
0.27 286.5
35.4
450.8 599.8
34.7
56.9
-69.5
159.5
-28.3
609.0
60.1
596.1
50
0.27 286.5 361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
56.9
117.4
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
0.32 286.5 361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
56.9
117.4
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
50
0.32 286.5 361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
56.9
117.4
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
0.37 286.5 361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
56.9
117.4
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
30
0.37
46.9
361.4 450.8
38.4
34.7
1074.5 1068.6 1079.9 110.6 151.4
-61.2
-77.6
0.4
46.9
361.4 450.8
38.4
34.7
1074.5 1068.6 1079.9 110.6 151.4
-61.2
-77.6
Stress ratio
6.1
10.2
13.0
15.6
13.0
18.9
15.4
21.4
16.1
23.8
7.5
9.8

49

Improved Stress Ratio (Arrangement 2)

Figure 4.15 Improved Stress Ratio Curve for Symmetric Laminate Composite

From the improved curve of the Symmetrical arrangement 1, the maximum

value of stress ratio drops dramatically to 23.8. It can be concluded that by using
varying thickness of fiber matrix laminate composite, one able to create and design
plates that are much effective compared to those isotropic material.

50

Stress Distribution 2
0.4
0.35

Thickness mm

0.3
0.25
0.2

0.15
0.1
0.05
0

-100.0

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

Stress MPa

Figure 4.16 Stress Distributions for Symmetry Laminate Arrangement 1

Strain Distribution 2
0.4
0.35

Thickness mm

0.3
0.25

0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Strain mm/mm

Figure 4.17 Strain Distributions for Symmetry Laminate Arrangement 1

51

Showing in Figure 4.16 and Figure 4.17 are the stress and strain distributions
at which maximum stress ratio occur. Similar to the first study, both plots show the
same pattern of shape.

4.6.2.3 Symmetrical Arrangement 2

The symmetrical arrangement 2 has the max-min-min-max arrangement. The

stress and strain data are listed in two tables attached in the appendix. All limitations
and specifications are as discussed in section 4.6.2.1.

Similar to symmetrical arrangement 1, the stress ratio can be improved while

excluding the 0/90 degrees orientations. Showing in Figure 4.18 and Figure 4.19 are
the stress ratio curve of symmetrical arrangement 2 both original and improved.
Stress Ratio (Arrangement 3)
400.0
358.3

350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
121.1

100.0
50.0
6.1

0.0
1

Figure 4.18 Stress Ratio Curve for Symmetrical Laminate Arrangement 2

52

Improved Stress Ratio (Arrangement 3)

Figure 4.19 Improved Stress Ratio Curve for Symmetrical Laminate

Arrangement 2

In the study of the varying thickness laminate with max-min-min-max

arrangement, it is found that the same values of stress ratio curve will be obtained, as
long as the laminates stay symmetrical, with the same predetermined cases of
orientation. Meanwhile, it is observed that for instance case 1 of min-max-max-min
arrangement, maximum stress happened at the plies of 0.05 and 0.07mm. For the
symmetrical arrangement 2 max-min-min-max, the same goes for the 0.05 and
0.07mm plies.

53

Stress Distribution 3
0.4
0.35

Thickness mm

0.3
0.25
0.2

0.15
0.1
0.05
0

-100.0

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

Stress MPa

Figure 4.20 Stress Distributions for Symmetry Laminate Arrangement 2

Strain Distribution 3
0.4
0.35

Thickness mm

0.3
0.25

0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Strain mm/mm

Figure 4.21 Strain Distributions for Symmetry Laminate Arrangement 2

54

Showing in Figure 4.20 and Figure 4.21 are the stress and strain distributions at
which maximum stress ratio occur. Similar to the first study, both plots show the
same pattern of shape.

4.6.2.4 Balanced Arrangement 1

The balanced arrangement 1 has the min-max-max-min arrangement. The

difference of balanced to symmetrical is in terms of fibers orientation. For example
for case 1 with 0.03@45, 0.05 and 0.07@0, the top four layers would be arrange in:
[45/0/0/0], but in the bottom four layers, the orientation would be: [90/90/90/-45].
Two tables of stress and strain data are provided as well. They are in the appendix.
All limitations and specifications are as discussed in section 4.6.2.1. Shows in Figure
4.22 will be the stress ratio curve of balanced arrangement 1.
Stress Ratio (Arrangement 4)
800.0
742.3

700.0
600.0
500.0
400.0
300.0
246.0

200.0
100.0
4.4

0.0
1

Figure 4.22 Stress Ratio Curve for Balanced Laminate Arrangement 1

55

From the curve, the maximum stress ratio is 742.3, which is higher than the
control material. However, the minimum value is 4.4 which is the lowest in the
study so far. It is safe to say that the balanced arrangement of varying thickness
laminates can be formed as a effective design of plates, but it only applies to certain
orientation.

Stress Distribution 4
0.4
0.35

Thickness mm

0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15

0.1
0.05
0
-200.0

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

1000.0

Stress MPa

Figure 4.23 Stress Distributions for Balance Laminate Arrangement 1

56

Strain Distribution 4
0.4
0.35

Thickness mm

0.3
0.25
0.2

0.15
0.1
0.05
0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Strain mm/mm

Figure 4.24 Strain Distribution for Balanced Laminate Arrangement 1

Showing in Figure 4.21 and Figure 4.22 are the stress and strain distributions
at which maximum stress ratio occur. It showed similar pattern as other study of
thickness arrangement.

4.6.2.5 Balanced Arrangement 2

The balanced arrangement 2 will be the max-min-min-max arrangement.

Two tables of stress and strain data are provided as well. They are in the appendix.
All limitations and specifications are as discussed in section 4.6.2.1.
Figure 4.25 will be the stress ratio curve of balanced arrangement 2.

Shows in

57

Stress Ratio (Arrangement 5)

1400.0
1200.0

1180.5

1000.0

800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0

162.3
11.0

0.0
1

Figure 4.25 Stress Ratio Curve for Balanced Laminate Arrangement 2

Unlike symmetrical laminates, balanced laminate with varying thicknesses

does not show any identical result. It can be seen that the maximum stress ratio is
even higher at 1180.5. Thus, it can be concluded that the gap between the max and
the min stress ratio is considerably wide.

58

Stress Distribution 5
0.4
0.35

Thickness mm

0.3
0.25
0.2

0.15
0.1
0.05
0

-400.0 -200.0

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0

Stress MPa

Figure 4.26 Stress Distributions for Balanced Laminate Arrangement 2

Strain Distribution 5
0.4
0.35
0.3
Thickness mm

0.25
0.2
0.15

0.1
0.05
0
-4.0

-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

Strain mm/mm

Figure 4.27 Strain Distributions for Balanced Laminate Arrangement 2

59

Showing in Figure 4.26 and Figure 4.27 are the stress and strain distributions
at which maximum stress ratio occur. It can be observed that it had a similar pattern
to that of the balanced arrangement.

60

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

This research has successfully accomplished its three objectives as the

MATLAB program had been developed successfully, where one is able to obtain the
stiffness matrix and the stress and strain distribution from this program. By using the
MATLAB program, analysis had been run and the conclusions that can be drawn are
as follow:
i.

A programming code for the computation of the Stiffness ABD matrix

and the stress-strain distributions have been written and proven by
validating the results from the literature. The program is able to
calculate any kind of fiber and matrix, with any layers of laminas,
orientation and the thickness of each lamina.

ii.

A varying thickness isotropic material is likely to produce high stress

ratio, which mean the range of minimum and maximum stress would
be very high. This means that some layers would be able to take more
loading while others less, this might ultimately cause the delamination
of the laminate and failure of the material.

iii.

Using fiber and matrix laminate of varying thickness; the stress ratio
could be reduced, whereby it is most significantly shown by the fiber
matrix laminate arranged in a symmetrical order when excluding the
cases of 0/90 degrees orientations.

61

iv.

For varying thickness composite laminate, as long as it is arranged in

symmetrical orders, they would produce the same value of stress and
strain ratios under the same mechanical loading.

v.

For all lamination cases the maximum stress ratio may not necessarily
gets the maximum strain ratio.

5.2 Recommendations

There are several recommendations for future research in terms of the

analysis of the varying thickness of fiber reinforced composite laminate.
i.

The data input for the MATLAB program can be improved. If

possible, implementing the user interfaces where users can have more
freedom when using the program.

ii.

The development of the plotting of stress and strain curves can be

enhanced, as only stress and strains in the x-direction are focused so
far.

iii.

Expand the scope of studies of the research; if possible, try increasing

the number of cases of orientation and layers and thickness so that
users would have clearer views on the behaviors of the varying
thickness composite laminate.

iv.

Expand the findings of the research by exploring others parameters in

varying thickness composite laminate. As only mechanical loading are
studied, parameters such as thermal loading and moisture effect can
be implemented

62

REFERENCES

R. F. Gibson,(1994). Principle of Composite Material Mechanics. U.S.A. McGrawHill.

Jones, R. M., (1975). Mechanics of Composite Materials. Washington : McGrawHill.
Kollar, L. P. and Springer, G. S., (2002). Mechanics of Composite Structure.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hanselman, D. and Littlefield, B. (1997). The Student Edition of MATLAB Version
5 : User Guide. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Hyer, M. W., (1997). Stress Analysis of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials.
United State of America : McGraw-Hill.
M. G. Joshi & S. B. Biggers, Jr. (1995). Composites: Part B 27B (1996) 105114.Thickness Optimization for Maximum buckling loads in Composite
Laminated plates.
P. Khosravi & R. Sedaghati. (2007). Struct Multidisc Optim (2008) 36:159-167.
Design of Laminated Composite Structures for Optimum Fiber Direction and
Layer Thickness, using Optimality Criteria.
T. B. Zineb et al (1998). Composites Science and Technology 58 (1998) 791-799.
Analysis of High Stress Gradients in Composite Plates with Rapidly Varying
Thickness.
J. Wang & B. L. Karihaloo (1995). Composites Structure 32 (1995) 453-466.
Fracture Mechanics and Optimization-A useful Tool for Fiber-Reinforced
Compsite Design.
M. G. Andrews & R. Massabo (2007), Composites: Part B 39 (2008) 139-150.
Delamination in Flat Sheet Geometries with Material Imperfections and
Thickness Variation.

63

APPENDIX A

MATLAB Program Code

%Computation of Stress and Strain Profile of laminate
%The unit in mm and Gpa
clc
clear
Vf =0.6;
%Engineering Properties of the fiber and carbon matrial
E1f=input('Value of fiber longitudinal modulus in GPa? -');
E2f=input('Value of fiber transverse modulus in GPa? -');
G12f=input('Value of fiber axial shear modulus in GPa? -');
nu12f=input('Value of fiber poisson ratio? -');
Em=input('Value of matrix young modulus in GPa? -');
Gm=input('Value of matrix shear modulus in GPa? -');
num=input('Value of matrix poisson ratio? -');
nu21=E2*nu12/E1;
Q11=E1/(1-nu12*nu21);
Q12=nu12*E2/(1-nu12*nu21);
Q22=E2/(1-nu12*nu21);
Q66=G12;
Q=[Q11 Q12 0;Q12 Q22 0;0 0 Q66]
%The number of layers
layer=input('The number of layars in the laminate? -')
%The orientation of each lamina
Ang=input('The orientation(degree) of each lamina,top to bottom ie
[45 -45 45 -45] -')*pi/180;
%The varying thickness of each lamina
Thickness=input('The thickness(mm) of each lamina,top to bottom
ie[0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1] -')
%Computation of the ABD matrix
for k=1:layer;
for i=1:3;
for j=1:3;
A(i,j,k)=sum(QT(i,j,k)*(Z(k+1)-Z(k)));
B(i,j,k)=sum(QT(i,j,k)*((Z(k+1)^2)-(Z(k)^2)))/2;
D(i,j,k)=sum(QT(i,j,k)*((Z(k+1)^3)-(Z(k)^3)))/3;
end;
end;
end;

64

%Unit of force in MPa

lmtFrc=input('The loading(Mpa) acting on laminate, ie[50 0 0 0 0 0]
-')';
MidStrCur=invE*lmtFrc;
Zmid=sum(Thickness)/2;
Z(1)=-Zmid;
for k=2:(layer+1);
for z=1:layer;
%GloStrain
GloStress
%LocalStrain
LocalStress
Thick(1)=Thickness(1);
for k=1:(layer-1);
for i = 1:layer;
Thickness_Z=[X1 X2 X3]'
Y1=[LocStrain(1,1,1) LocStrain(1,2,1)];
Y2=[LocStress(1,1,1) LocStress(1,2,1)];
for i = 2:layer;
Strain_X=Y1'
Stress_X=Y2'
%Stress and Strain Distribution
subplot(1,2,1)
plot(Stress_X,Thickness_Z)
xlabel('Local Stress MPa ')
ylabel('Thickness mm')
subplot(1,2,2)
plot(Strain_X,Thickness_Z)
xlabel('Local Strain mm/mm')
ylabel('Thickness mm')
%Ratio and Strain Ratio
Stress_X= abs(Stress_X);
Min_Local_Stress=min(Stress_X)
Max_Local_Stress=max(Stress_X)
Stress_Ratio=abs(max(Stress_X)/min(Stress_X))
Strain_X= abs(Strain_X);
Min_Local_Strain=min(Strain_X)
Max_Local_Strain=max(Strain_X)
Strain_Ratio=abs(max(Strain_X)/min(Strain_X))

65

APPENDIX B

Data of Local Stress and Local Strain

Local Stresses for Symmetry Laminate Arrangement 1

2: Symmetry arrangement 1
0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@45 0.03@45
0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@45 0.05@0
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@0 0.07@45
m
Thickness case1
case2
case3
case4
case5
30
0
46.9
361.4
450.8
38.4
34.7
0.03
46.9
361.4
450.8
38.4
34.7
50
0.03
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
0.08
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
50
0.08
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
0.13
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
70
0.13
286.5
35.4
450.8
599.8
34.7
0.2
286.5
35.4
450.8
599.8
34.7
70
0.2
286.5
35.4
450.8
599.8
34.7
0.27
286.5
35.4
450.8
599.8
34.7
50
0.27
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
0.32
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
50
0.32
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
0.37
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
450.8
30
0.37
46.9
361.4
450.8
38.4
34.7
0.4
46.9
361.4
450.8
38.4
34.7
Stress ratio
6.1
10.2
13.0
15.6
13.0

0.03@0 0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0

0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@90
0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@0
case6
case7
case8
case9
1074.5
-19.1
371.7
469.6
1074.5
-19.1
371.7
469.6
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
56.9
290.8
-9.8
469.6
56.9
290.8
-9.8
469.6
56.9
290.8
-9.8
469.6
56.9
290.8
-9.8
469.6
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
1074.5
-19.1
371.7
469.6
1074.5
-19.1
371.7
469.6
18.9
15.2
38.0
67.1

0.03@90 0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@0

0.05@90 0.05@0 0.05@90 0.05@45 0.05@90
0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@90 0.07@90 0.07@45
m
Thickness case10
case11
case12
case13
case14
30
0
-5.3
-7.0
1218.2
1068.6
1079.9
0.03
-5.3
-7.0
1218.2
1068.6
1079.9
50
0.03
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
-50.5
0.08
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
-50.5
50
0.08
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
-50.5
0.13
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
-50.5
70
0.13
637.5
-7.0
-3.4
-69.5
159.5
0.2
637.5
-7.0
-3.4
-69.5
159.5
70
0.2
637.5
-7.0
-3.4
-69.5
159.5
0.27
637.5
-7.0
-3.4
-69.5
159.5
50
0.27
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
-50.5
0.32
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
-50.5
50
0.32
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
-50.5
0.37
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
-50.5
30
0.37
-5.3
-7.0
1218.2
1068.6
1079.9
0.4
-5.3
-7.0
1218.2
1068.6
1079.9
Stress ratio
121.1
67.1
358.3
15.4
21.4

0.03@45 0.03@45 0.03@90 0.03@90

0.05@0 0.05@90 0.05@0 0.05@45
0.07@90 0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0
case15
case16
case17
case18
110.6
151.4
-61.2
-77.6
110.6
151.4
-61.2
-77.6
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
-28.3
609.0
60.1
596.1
-28.3
609.0
60.1
596.1
-28.3
609.0
60.1
596.1
-28.3
609.0
60.1
596.1
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
110.6
151.4
-61.2
-77.6
110.6
151.4
-61.2
-77.6
16.1
23.8
7.5
9.8

66

Local Strains for Symmetry Laminate Arrangement 1

2: Symmetry arrangement 1
0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@45 0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0
0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@90
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@0
m
Thickness case1
case2
case3
case4
case5
case6
case7
case8
case9
30
0
0.0
2.6
3.2
-1.0
-0.6
7.7
-0.2
2.7
3.3
0.03
0.0
2.6
3.2
-1.0
-0.6
7.7
-0.2
2.7
3.3
50
0.03
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
0.08
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
50
0.08
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
0.13
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
70
0.13
2.1
-0.3
3.2
4.3
-0.6
-2.1
2.1
-0.1
3.3
0.2
2.1
-0.3
3.2
4.3
-0.6
-2.1
2.1
-0.1
3.3
70
0.2
2.1
-0.3
3.2
4.3
-0.6
-2.1
2.1
-0.1
3.3
0.27
2.1
-0.3
3.2
4.3
-0.6
-2.1
2.1
-0.1
3.3
50
0.27
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
0.32
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
50
0.32
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
0.37
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
30
0.37
0.0
2.6
3.2
-1.0
-0.6
7.7
-0.2
2.7
3.3
0.4
0.0
2.6
3.2
-1.0
-0.6
7.7
-0.2
2.7
3.3
Strain ratio
622.7
7.6
5.4
4.4
5.4
3.7
12.1
23.1
31.4

0.03@90 0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@0

0.05@90 0.05@0 0.05@90 0.05@45 0.05@90
0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@90 0.07@90 0.07@45
m
Thickness case10
case11
case12 case13 case14
30
0
-0.1
-0.1
8.7
7.6
7.7
0.03
-0.1
-0.1
8.7
7.6
7.7
50
0.03
-0.1
3.3
-0.2
-2.0
-0.5
0.08
-0.1
3.3
-0.2
-2.0
-0.5
50
0.08
-0.1
3.3
-0.2
-2.0
-0.5
0.13
-0.1
3.3
-0.2
-2.0
-0.5
70
0.13
4.5
-0.1
-0.2
-0.6
-1.5
0.2
4.5
-0.1
-0.2
-0.6
-1.5
70
0.2
4.5
-0.1
-0.2
-0.6
-1.5
0.27
4.5
-0.1
-0.2
-0.6
-1.5
50
0.27
-0.1
3.3
-0.2
-2.0
-0.5
0.32
-0.1
3.3
-0.2
-2.0
-0.5
50
0.32
-0.1
3.3
-0.2
-2.0
-0.5
0.37
-0.1
3.3
-0.2
-2.0
-0.5
30
0.37
-0.1
-0.1
8.7
7.6
7.7
0.4
-0.1
-0.1
8.7
7.6
7.7
Strain ratio
39.7
31.4
50.7
12.2
15.7

0.03@45
0.05@0
0.07@90
case15
0.0
0.0
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
0.0
0.0
415.5

0.03@45
0.05@90
0.07@0
case16
0.0
0.0
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
0.0
0.0
406.0

0.03@90
0.05@0
0.07@45
case17
-0.5
-0.5
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
-0.5
-0.5
6.5

0.03@90
0.05@45
0.07@0
case18
-0.6
-0.6
-1.1
-1.1
-1.1
-1.1
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
-1.1
-1.1
-1.1
-1.1
-0.6
-0.6
6.8

67

Local Stresses for Symmetry Laminate Arrangement 2

3: Symmetry arrangement 2
0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@45
0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@45
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@0
m
Thickness case1
case2
case3
case4
70
0
286.5
35.4
450.8
599.8
0.07
286.5
35.4
450.8
599.8
50
0.07
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
0.12
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
50
0.12
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
0.17
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
30
0.17
46.9
361.4
450.8
38.4
0.2
46.9
361.4
450.8
38.4
30
0.2
46.9
361.4
450.8
38.4
0.23
46.9
361.4
450.8
38.4
50
0.23
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
0.28
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
50
0.28
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
0.33
286.5
361.4
34.7
38.4
70
0.33
286.5
35.4
450.8
599.8
0.4
286.5
35.4
450.8
599.8
Stress ratio
6.1
10.2
13.0
15.6

0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0

0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@90
0.07@45 0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@0
case5
case6
case7
case8
case9
34.7
56.9
290.8
-9.8
469.6
34.7
56.9
290.8
-9.8
469.6
450.8
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
450.8
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
450.8
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
450.8
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
34.7
1074.5
-19.1
371.7
469.6
34.7
1074.5
-19.1
371.7
469.6
34.7
1074.5
-19.1
371.7
469.6
34.7
1074.5
-19.1
371.7
469.6
450.8
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
450.8
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
450.8
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
450.8
56.9
290.8
371.7
-7.0
34.7
56.9
290.8
-9.8
469.6
34.7
56.9
290.8
-9.8
469.6
13.0
18.9
15.2
38.0
67.1

0.03@90 0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0

0.05@90 0.05@0 0.05@90 0.05@45
0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@90 0.07@90
m
Thickness case10
case11
case12
case13
70
0
637.5
-7.0
-3.4
-69.5
0.07
637.5
-7.0
-3.4
-69.5
50
0.07
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
0.12
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
50
0.12
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
0.17
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
30
0.17
-5.3
-7.0
1218.2
1068.6
0.2
-5.3
-7.0
1218.2
1068.6
30
0.2
-5.3
-7.0
1218.2
1068.6
0.23
-5.3
-7.0
1218.2
1068.6
50
0.23
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
0.28
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
50
0.28
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
0.33
-5.3
469.6
-3.4
117.4
70
0.33
637.5
-7.0
-3.4
-69.5
0.4
637.5
-7.0
-3.4
-69.5
Stress ratio
121.1
67.1
358.3
15.4

0.03@0 0.03@45 0.03@45 0.03@90 0.03@90

0.05@90 0.05@0 0.05@90 0.05@0 0.05@45
0.07@45 0.07@90 0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0
case14
case15
case16
case17
case18
159.5
-28.3
609.0
60.1
596.1
159.5
-28.3
609.0
60.1
596.1
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
1079.9
110.6
151.4
-61.2
-77.6
1079.9
110.6
151.4
-61.2
-77.6
1079.9
110.6
151.4
-61.2
-77.6
1079.9
110.6
151.4
-61.2
-77.6
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
-50.5
454.2
-25.6
449.1
60.9
159.5
-28.3
609.0
60.1
596.1
159.5
-28.3
609.0
60.1
596.1
21.4
16.1
23.8
7.5
9.8

68

Local Strains for Symmetry Laminate Arrangement 2

3: Symmetry arrangement 2
0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@45 0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0
0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@90
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@0
m
Thickness case1
case2
case3
case4
case5
case6
case7
case8
case9
70
0
2.1
-0.3
3.2
4.3
-0.6
-2.1
2.1
-0.1
3.3
0.07
2.1
-0.3
3.2
4.3
-0.6
-2.1
2.1
-0.1
3.3
50
0.07
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
0.12
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
50
0.12
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
0.17
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
30
0.17
0.0
2.6
3.2
-1.0
-0.6
7.7
-0.2
2.7
3.3
0.2
0.0
2.6
3.2
-1.0
-0.6
7.7
-0.2
2.7
3.3
30
0.2
0.0
2.6
3.2
-1.0
-0.6
7.7
-0.2
2.7
3.3
0.23
0.0
2.6
3.2
-1.0
-0.6
7.7
-0.2
2.7
3.3
50
0.23
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
0.28
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
50
0.28
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
0.33
2.1
2.6
-0.6
-1.0
3.2
-2.1
2.1
2.7
-0.1
70
0.33
2.1
-0.3
3.2
4.3
-0.6
-2.1
2.1
-0.1
3.3
0.4
2.1
-0.3
3.2
4.3
-0.6
-2.1
2.1
-0.1
3.3
Strain ratio
622.7
7.6
5.4
4.4
5.4
3.7
12.1
23.1
31.4

0.03@90
0.05@90
0.07@0
m
Thickness case10
70
0
4.5
0.07
4.5
50
0.07
-0.1
0.12
-0.1
50
0.12
-0.1
0.17
-0.1
30
0.17
-0.1
0.2
-0.1
30
0.2
-0.1
0.23
-0.1
50
0.23
-0.1
0.28
-0.1
50
0.28
-0.1
0.33
-0.1
70
0.33
4.5
0.4
4.5
Strain ratio
39.7

0.03@90
0.05@0
0.07@90
case11
-0.1
-0.1
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
-0.1
-0.1
31.4

0.03@0
0.05@90
0.07@90
case12
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
50.7

0.03@0
0.05@45
0.07@90
case13
-0.6
-0.6
-2.0
-2.0
-2.0
-2.0
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
-2.0
-2.0
-2.0
-2.0
-0.6
-0.6
12.2

0.03@0
0.05@90
0.07@45
case14
-1.5
-1.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-1.5
-1.5
15.7

0.03@45
0.05@0
0.07@90
case15
-0.3
-0.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
-0.3
-0.3
415.5

0.03@45
0.05@90
0.07@0
case16
4.3
4.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
4.3
4.3
406.0

0.03@90
0.05@0
0.07@45
case17
-0.6
-0.6
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
-0.6
-0.6
6.5

0.03@90
0.05@45
0.07@0
case18
4.3
4.3
-1.1
-1.1
-1.1
-1.1
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-0.6
-1.1
-1.1
-1.1
-1.1
4.3
4.3
6.8

69

Local Stresses for Balanced Laminate Arrangement 1

4: Balance arrangement 1
0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@0
0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@45
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0
m
Thickness case1
case2
case3
30
0
-176.9
-267.6
223.0
0.03
-38.9
-11.9
307.4
50
0.03
-88.7
-11.9
22.6
0.08
223.6
414.3
107.9
50
0.08
223.6
414.3
146.3
0.13
535.9
840.5
194.4
70
0.13
535.9
64.2
588.5
0.2
973.2
609.5
785.2
70
0.2
41.2
334.1
-210.6
0.27
-24.6
586.9
-220.4
50
0.27
-24.6
-292.2
432.4
0.32
-71.6
-148.4
517.8
50
0.32
-71.6
-148.4
377.3
0.37
-118.5
-4.5
425.4
30
0.37
391.3
-4.5
-234.5
0.4
412.5
81.8
-238.8
Stress ratio
39.6
185.2
34.8

0.03@45 0.03@45 0.03@0

0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@45
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@45
case4
case5
case6
113.6
-258.3
712.2
134.9
-156.1
803.5
204.8
185.0
-131.6
214.6
431.2
1.5
170.2
431.2
59.6
205.6
677.4
126.9
685.7
156.8
134.5
793.7
295.1
320.9
-300.7
422.8
221.2
-345.6
661.1
315.4
251.5
-272.3
507.2
261.2
-249.5
640.2
340.0
-249.5
382.7
375.3
-226.6
450.0
271.0
631.1
-615.2
276.8
690.4
-586.3
7.0
4.4
548.5

0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0

0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@90
0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@0
m
Thickness case7
case8
case9
30
0
-13.2
64.9
607.3
0.03
-12.4
131.1
588.3
50
0.03
266.1
131.1
-5.3
0.08
343.8
241.4
-5.9
50
0.08
343.8
241.4
-5.9
0.13
421.5
351.7
-6.4
70
0.13
421.5
351.7
525.0
0.2
530.3
506.1
480.7
70
0.2
-7.9
-19.0
-7.2
0.27
-6.1
-10.7
-7.9
50
0.27
-6.1
660.6
436.4
0.32
-4.7
770.9
404.7
50
0.32
-4.7
-4.8
404.7
0.37
-3.4
1.0
373.1
30
0.37
794.4
1.0
-9.0
0.4
841.0
4.6
-9.3
Stress ratio
246.0
742.3
113.8

0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@45

0.05@45 0.05@90 0.05@0
0.07@90 0.07@45 0.07@90
case10
case11
case12
483.3
908.6
-63.7
511.0
867.2
11.5
121.2
-72.4
186.7
159.0
-84.3
325.8
217.1
-84.3
325.8
223.7
-96.1
464.8
-182.8
216.4
11.3
-185.4
240.4
-7.6
668.0
279.5
659.5
732.6
142.3
854.2
302.7
535.9
-26.6
340.5
466.9
-40.1
248.5
466.9
-40.1
255.0
397.9
-53.7
-191.7
-153.0
215.0
-192.8
-160.1
215.1
6.0
12.5
111.8

70

Local Strains for Balanced Laminate Arrangement 1

4: Balance arrangement 1
0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@45 0.03@45 0.03@0
0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@45
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@45
m Thickness case1
case2
case3
case4
case5
case6
30
0
-2.4
-1.8
1.6
0.5
-2.4
5.2
0.03
-1.0
0.0
2.2
0.7
-1.5
5.8
50
0.03
-0.7
0.0
-0.1
1.7
1.4
-1.4
0.08
1.6
3.1
0.6
1.7
3.1
-0.2
50
0.08
1.6
3.1
1.2
1.0
3.1
0.6
0.13
3.8
6.1
1.4
1.4
4.9
0.9
70
0.13
3.8
0.4
4.2
4.9
1.0
1.0
0.2
6.9
5.3
5.6
5.7
1.6
2.6
70
0.2
0.2
1.3
-1.6
-2.2
3.4
1.2
0.27
-0.3
2.0
-1.7
-2.6
5.5
1.5
50
0.27
-0.3
-2.3
3.4
1.6
-2.1
4.3
0.32
-0.7
-1.4
4.2
1.5
-2.0
5.5
50
0.32
-0.7
-1.4
2.1
2.7
-2.0
1.7
0.37
-1.1
-0.4
2.3
3.0
-1.8
1.9
30
0.37
-1.5
-0.4
-1.8
1.5
3.0
-4.6
0.4
-1.8
0.2
-1.9
1.5
3.3
-4.4
Strain ratio
39.4
179.7
45.0
11.9
5.5
28.1

0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@0

0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@90 0.05@45 0.05@90
0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@45
m Thickness case7
case8
case9
case10 case11
30
0
-0.1
0.5
4.3
3.5
6.5
0.03
-0.1
0.9
4.2
3.7
6.2
50
0.03
1.9
0.9
-0.1
0.5
-0.6
0.08
2.5
1.7
-0.1
0.9
-0.7
50
0.08
2.5
1.7
-0.1
1.7
-0.7
0.13
3.0
2.5
-0.1
1.7
-0.8
70
0.13
3.0
2.5
3.7
-1.4
0.8
0.2
3.8
3.6
3.4
-1.4
1.5
70
0.2
-0.1
-0.2
-0.1
4.8
2.1
0.27
-0.1
-0.2
-0.1
5.2
0.5
50
0.27
-0.1
4.7
3.1
2.3
3.8
0.32
-0.1
5.5
2.9
2.7
3.3
50
0.32
-0.1
-0.1
2.9
1.4
3.3
0.37
-0.1
-0.1
2.7
1.3
2.9
30
0.37
5.7
-0.1
-0.1
-1.5
-1.1
0.4
6.0
-0.1
-0.1
-1.5
-1.2
Strain ratio
49.8
66.9
39.6
10.2
12.0

0.03@45
0.05@0
0.07@90
case12
-1.5
-0.7
1.3
2.3
2.3
3.3
0.0
-0.1
4.7
6.1
-0.3
-0.4
-0.4
-0.5
-0.9
-1.2
250.7

71

Local Stresses for Balanced Laminate Arrangement 2

5: Balance arrangement 2
0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@0
0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@45
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0
m
Thickness case1
case2
case3
70
0
-367.8
-190.9
120.4
0.07
204.8
136.0
424.0
50
0.07
204.8
189.7
-59.1
0.12
613.7
480.2
109.3
50
0.12
613.7
480.2
122.1
0.17
1022.7
770.7
219.1
30
0.17
395.2
770.7
857.7
0.2
555.6
945.0
987.9
30
0.2
486.0
25.9
-331.8
0.23
615.1
-12.7
-302.7
50
0.23
-182.4
-12.7
479.8
0.28
-108.9
-76.9
648.3
50
0.28
-108.9
-76.9
432.4
0.33
-35.4
-141.1
529.4
70
0.33
-35.4
209.0
-205.7
0.4
67.5
198.9
-137.7
Stress ratio
28.9
74.7
16.7

0.03@45 0.03@45 0.03@0

0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@45
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@45
case4
case5
case6
217.9
-217.3
83.0
591.1
75.5
148.4
-199.7
314.4
338.7
28.0
572.7
307.0
22.6
572.7
195.1
167.7
831.0
241.8
255.6
266.0
1123.5
392.2
265.5
1135.9
254.8
619.2
-609.8
341.8
744.6
-613.2
528.8
-131.3
237.2
756.5
-181.4
205.5
487.0
-181.4
344.6
632.1
-231.5
391.3
-361.2
263.2
173.7
-212.6
262.0
129.3
33.5
11.0
13.7

0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0

0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@90
0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@0
m
Thickness case7
case8
case9
70
0
-255.8
-5.4
354.1
0.07
181.3
-6.0
398.4
50
0.07
181.3
539.4
-8.6
0.12
493.5
515.1
-8.0
50
0.12
493.5
515.1
-8.0
0.17
805.8
490.8
-7.5
30
0.17
-18.0
490.8
461.7
0.2
-14.8
476.2
480.7
30
0.2
993.1
-7.1
-7.2
0.23
1180.5
-7.3
-6.8
50
0.23
-11.6
-7.3
499.7
0.28
-6.3
-7.8
531.3
50
0.28
-6.3
-7.8
531.3
0.33
-1.0
-8.2
563.0
70
0.33
-1.0
413.0
-5.8
0.4
6.4
379.0
-5.0
Stress ratio
1180.5
99.0
112.3

0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@45

0.05@45 0.05@90 0.05@0
0.07@90 0.07@45 0.07@90
case10
case11
case12
-140.0
166.2
-32.9
-195.2
185.2
-36.5
473.7
-117.9
593.7
394.4
-70.1
563.5
589.3
-70.1
563.5
442.3
-22.4
533.4
1031.4
1006.4
236.5
919.2
864.5
233.7
-297.6
6.2
238.4
-321.3
34.9
221.5
219.9
722.6
-44.6
140.6
486.1
-47.2
118.8
486.1
-47.2
-28.2
249.5
-49.8
433.1
124.3
436.8
171.4
-159.0
394.6
36.6
162.3
18.1

72

Local Strains for Balanced Laminate Arrangement 2

5: Balance arrangement 2
0.03@45 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@45 0.03@45 0.03@0
0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@45 0.05@45 0.05@0 0.05@45
0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@0 0.07@0 0.07@45 0.07@45
m Thickness case1
case2
case3
case4
case5
case6
70
0
-2.6
-3.0
0.9
1.7
-3.3
-0.5
0.07
1.5
0.5
3.1
4.3
-0.2
0.3
50
0.07
1.5
1.3
-0.7
-1.7
2.2
3.1
0.12
4.4
3.4
0.7
0.2
4.1
2.6
50
0.12
4.4
3.4
0.9
0.1
4.1
0.9
0.17
7.3
5.5
1.3
0.8
5.9
1.6
30
0.17
2.9
5.5
6.2
2.1
1.0
8.1
0.2
4.2
6.7
7.1
3.3
0.5
8.2
30
0.2
3.1
0.1
-2.5
1.3
5.7
-4.5
0.23
3.9
-0.2
-2.3
1.7
7.0
-4.5
50
0.23
-1.5
-0.2
3.9
4.4
-1.1
1.4
0.28
-1.0
-0.7
5.4
6.3
-1.5
0.9
50
0.28
-1.0
-0.7
2.2
2.4
-1.5
2.9
0.33
-0.5
-1.2
2.6
3.1
-1.9
3.6
70
0.33
-0.5
-2.8
-1.7
-2.8
-1.5
0.4
0.4
0.1
-4.1
-1.2
-1.8
-2.6
-0.3
Strain ratio
56.3
95.9
9.9
45.8
36.6
25.5

0.03@90 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@0 0.03@0

0.05@0 0.05@0 0.05@90 0.05@45 0.05@90
0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@0 0.07@90 0.07@45
m Thickness case7
case8
case9
case10 case11
70
0
-1.8
-0.1
2.5
-1.2
-3.7
0.07
1.3
-0.1
2.8
-1.6
-2.4
50
0.07
1.3
3.8
-0.1
2.3
-1.0
0.12
3.5
3.7
-0.1
2.0
-0.7
50
0.12
3.5
3.7
-0.1
4.9
-0.7
0.17
5.7
3.5
-0.1
3.6
-0.3
30
0.17
-0.2
3.5
3.3
7.4
7.2
0.2
-0.2
3.4
3.4
6.6
6.2
30
0.2
7.1
-0.1
-0.1
-2.2
-0.1
0.23
8.4
-0.1
-0.1
-2.4
0.2
50
0.23
-0.2
-0.1
3.6
1.4
5.1
0.28
-0.2
-0.1
3.8
1.1
3.5
50
0.28
-0.2
-0.1
3.8
0.8
3.5
0.33
-0.2
-0.1
4.0
-0.5
1.8
70
0.33
-0.2
2.9
-0.1
3.1
0.4
0.4
-0.2
2.7
-0.1
1.3
-2.7
Strain ratio
37.3
35.5
36.8
13.9
119.6

0.03@45
0.05@0
0.07@90
case12
-0.3
-0.3
4.2
4.0
4.0
3.8
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.5
-0.4
-0.4
-0.4
-0.4
3.1
2.8
13.6