PROJECT REPORT

ON

ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM

PREPARED BY
AJENDRA SINGH
DEEPAK CHOUDHARY
POORVA RASTOGI
(0722640032)
SANDEEP KUMAR

(0722640002)
(0722640015)
(0722640044)

DEPARTENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

D.J. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
MODINAGAR-201204(U.P)
U.P TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

JUNE -2011

PROJECT REPORT
ON

ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM

SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF
DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Prepared by:
AJENDRA SINGH
DEEPAK CHOUDHARY
POORVA RASTOGI
SANDEEP KUMAR

(0722640002)
(0722640015)
(0722640032)
(0722640044)

GUIDE NAME

PROJECT INCHARGE

Ms. SEEMA MEHTO

Mr. SULABH PATHAK

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

D.J. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

MODINAGAR-201004
Affiliated to

UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best
of my knowledge and belief, it contain no material previously published
or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has
been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the
university or other institute of higher learning ,except where due
acknowledgment has been made in the text .
Signature:Name: - AJENDRA SINGH
Roll No.:-0722640002
Date:Signature:Name: - DEEPAK CHOUDHARY
Roll No.:-0722640015
Date:Signature:Name: - POORVA RASTOGI
Roll No.:-0722640032
Date:Signature:Name: - SANDEEP KUMAR
Roll No.:-0722640044
Date:-

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Project Report entitled ANTI-LOCK BRAKING
SYSTEM which is submitted by AJENDRA SINGH, DEEPAK
CHOUDHARY, POORVA RASTOGI & SANDEEP KUMAR in the
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree
B.Tech. in Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING of U.P.
Technical University is a record of the candidate own work carried
out by him under my/our supervision .The matter embodied in this
thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any
other degree.

Date

Supervisor

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B.Tech. Final year. We
owe special debt of gratitude to Professor Rajeev Kumar Agrawal, Department of
Mechanical Engineering (D.J College of Technology, Modinagar) for his constant
support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness
and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us .It is only his
cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the day.
We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Mr. Sulabh
Pathak, (project incharge) for his support and assistance during the development of
the project.
I am also thankful to Ms. Seema mehto my mentor for her guidance & helping
me immensely in the successful completion of this project report. We also do not like
to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty members of the
department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our
project.
My acknowledgement would be incomplete without words of thanks and deep
sense of gratitude towards Mr. Yogender Kumar, Mr. Raja Sharma who has been to a
constant source of inspiration and direction for me and without their moral support,
this project could not have been completed successfully. This task would have been
incomplete without the support of my friends. All these people have provided me with
the necessary stimulus without which I would not have accomplished this stage. Last
but not the least we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion
of the project.

LIST OF FIGURES
Snapshot 01:- An ANTI-LOCK braking system works through electricity
Snapshot 02:- HMU
Snapshot 03:- Skidding
Figure 01:- ABS in four wheeler
Figure 02:- Difference between ABS & non-ABS vehicles
Figure 03:- Simple brake system components
Figure 04:- ABS components
Figure 05:- Slip rate
Figure 06:- Design of ABS
Figure 07:- Block Diagram of ABS
Figure 08:- Components of ABS
Figure 09:- Speed sensor
Figure 10:- ECU
Figure 11:- Master cylinder inner view
Figure 12:- Wheel cylinder
Figure 13:- Valves and brakes assembly
Figure 14:- Four wheel channel ABS
Figure 15:- ABS assembly for ATC
Figure 15:- ABS assembly for ASC
Figure 16:- Over-steer & Under-steer

ABSTRACT
An anti-lock brake system is a feedback control system that modulates brake
pressure in response to measured wheel deceleration, preventing the controlled
wheels from becoming fully locked.
Anti-Lock Braking Systems (ABS) are designed to maintain driver control and
stability of the car during emergency braking. Locked wheels will slow a car down
but will not provide steering ability. ABS allows maximum braking to be applied
while retaining the ability to 'steer out of trouble. The operation of ABS can slightly
reduce stopping distance in some cases like on wet road surfaces, but it can increase
the stopping distance in others, as may be the case in deep snow or gravel.
An ABS system monitors four wheel speed sensors to evaluate wheel slippage. Slip
can be determined by calculating the ratio of wheel speed to vehicle speed, which is
continuously calculated from the four individual wheel speeds. During a braking
event, the function of the control system is to maintain maximum possible wheel grip
on the road - without the wheel locking - by adjusting the hydraulic fluid pressure to
each brake by way of electronically controlled solenoid valves.
While ABS offers improved vehicle control in some circumstances, it can also present
disadvantages including increased braking distance on slippery surfaces such as ice,
packed snow, gravel, steel plates and bridges, or anything other than dry pavement.
ABS has also been demonstrated to create a false sense of security in drivers, who
may drive more aggressively as a result.
Since initial widespread use in production cars, anti-lock braking systems have
evolved considerably. Recent versions not only prevent wheel lock under braking, but
also electronically control the front-to-rear brake bias. This function, depending on its
specific capabilities and implementation, is known as electronic brake force
distribution (EBD), traction control system, emergency brake assist, or electronic
stability control.

INDEX
DICLARATION.....I
CERTIFICATE......II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.III
LIST OF FIGURES...IV
ABSTRACT....V

INTRODUCTION

Introduction.....

....11
Traction control........13
Demo model.........................14
Automobile braking system....15
Concept of ABS.......16
Principles of operation of simple hydraulic brakes..17
Principle of ABS......18

ABS COMPONENTS
Hydraulic components..20
Electrical/Electronic components.....22

DESIGN
Design and selection of components...24
Design procedure.....................27
Material selection........28
Block diagram.....30

ABS COMPONENT OVERVIEW..3140

Wheel Speed Sensors...................32
Electronic Control Unit........33
Hydraulic Modulator Unit....34
Master cylinder.....35
Wheel cylinder.....37
Valves and Brakes....38

WORKING PRINCIPLE.40

TYPES OF ABS....41
Four channel four sensor ABS....41
Three channel three sensor ABS.41
One channel one sensor ABS..41

FOUR WHEEL SYSTEM.....42

Operation......42

ADVANCEMENTS IN ABS....44-47
Automatic traction control (ATC)....44
Automatic stability control (ASC)...46
Over-steer & Under-steer.47

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF ABS..48
Advantages...48
Disadvantages...48

FUTURE SCOPE...49

CONCLUSION...50

REFERENCES...51