11/3/2015

POLICIES AND GUIDELINES

IN THE CLASSROOM
Prayer. Each class begins and ends with a prayer.
Greeting. Students greet the teacher Good morning, Sir/Maam/Sister. Praised be Jesus and
Mary! before the beginning of the class.
Attendance. Only for valid reasons can students be excused from class.
Identification Card. A validated student identification card must always be worn by all students.
Promptness. Students are expected to come to class on time. More than 3 minutes is considered
late.
Participation. As much as possible, students are to participate in class discussions and activities.
Intellectual Integrity. Cheating is strictly prohibited. Any form of dishonesty shall be dealt with
accordingly. Honesty is the best policy.
Use of Cellular phones. All cellular phones are put in silent mode inside the classroom. Texting and
answering calls are to be done at designated areas in the campus. If caught, phone(s) will be
confiscated and will return after 3 hours from the end of the class.
Energy Conservation. Lights and fans are put off by the one nearest the switch after every class.
Submission of Requirements. Haste makes waste. Class requirements are to be submitted on time.
Courtesy. Respect for others is practiced at all times and in all places.

GRADING SYSTEM
A. LECTURE:
PERIODICAL EXAM
30%
STUDENTS DAILY PREPARATION
70%
QUIZZES 40%
CLASS PARTICIPATION/BOARDWORK 15%
PLATES/ASSIGNEMTS/SEATWORKS 15%
TOTAL 100%
B. LABORATORY:
PRACTICAL EXAM
30%
PERFORMACE/EXERCISES
70%
TOTAL 100%
GRADE: 75% LEC + 25% LAB
BASE 40

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TRAVERSE
ADJUSTMENT

WHAT IS A
TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT?
The procedure of computing the
linear error of closure and applying
corrections to the individual latitudes
and departures for the purpose of
providing a mathematically closed
figure.

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LINEAR ERROR
OF CLOSURE

MATHEMATICALLY
CLOSED FIGURE

There are different rules and methods

used in adjusting a traverse.

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COMPASS RULE

The Compass or Bowditch rule is a very

popular rule for adjusting a closed traverse.
The compass rule is based on the
assumption that all lengths were measured with
equal care and all angles taken with
approximately the same precision. It is also
assumed that the errors in the measurement are
accidental and that the total error in any side of
the traverse is directly proportional to the total
length of the traverse.

COMPASS RULE
The compass rule may be stated as
follows:
The correction to be applied to the
latitude (or departure) of any course is
equal to the total closure in latitude (or
departure) multiplied by the ratio of the
length of the course to the total length or
perimeter of the traverse.

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COMPASS RULE

These corrections are given by the

following equations:

=
=

Where:
cl = correction to be applied to the latitude of any course
cd = correction to be applied to the departure of any course
CL = total closure in latitude or the algebraic sum of the north
and south latitudes (NL + SL)
CD = total closure in departure or the algebraic sum of the east
and west departures (ED + WD)
d = length of any course
D = total length or perimeter of the traverse

TAKE NOTE!

All computed corrections should be

added to check whether their respective
sums equal the closures in latitude and
departure.

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How can we adjust the latitude

and departure of any course?
To determine the adjusted latitude
(departure) of any course, the latitude
(departure) correction is either added to or
subtracted from the computed latitude
(departure) of the course.

A simple rule to remember is:

If the sum of the north latitudes exceeds the
sum of the south latitudes, latitude corrections
are subtracted from north latitudes and added to
corresponding south latitudes. However, if the
sum of the south latitudes exceeds the sum of the
north latitudes, the corrections are applied in the
opposite manner. A similar procedure is used
when adjusting the departures.

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After the latitudes and departures of the courses of a

closed traverse have been so adjusted, the bearings (or
azimuths) of the courses and their lengths should also be
adjusted to correspond to the adjusted latitudes and
departures. The following are the equations used for this
purpose:

( ) +( )

Where:
L = adjusted length of a course
Lat = adjusted latitude of a course
Dep = adjusted departure of a course
= adjusted horizontal angle between the reference
meridian and a course

SUMMARY
1. Compute the latitude and departure of each course.
Latitude = (Distance)(cos )
Departure = (Distance)(sin )

Note:
For Bearing and Azimuth from North, + for North and East; - for
South and West
For Azimuth from South, - for North and East; + for South and West
2. Determine the total closure in latitude and departure.
CL = NL + SL
CD = ED + WD
3. Determine the corrections for latitude and departure.

All computed corrections should be added to check whether their

respective sums equal the closures in latitude and departure

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SUMMARY
4. Adjust the latitudes and departures. Note: if the sum of north
latitudes exceeds the sum of south latitudes, latitude corrections are
subtracted from the corresponding north latitudes and added to
corresponding south latitudes. Vice versa if the sum of south
latitudes exceeds the sum of the north latitudes. A similar procedure
is used when adjusting the departures.
Solution check for adjusted latitudes and departures, the algebraic
sum of the adjusted latitudes or departures is equal to zero.
5. Adjust the length and bearing of each course.

( ) +( )

Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for

a traverse obtained from a transit-tape survey. Determine the
latitudes and departures of each course and balance these quantities
by employing compass rule. Also determine the linear error of
closure, bearing of the side of error, and the relative error of closure.
Tabulate tables accordingly.
COURSE

DISTANCE

BEARING

AB

495.85 m

N 0530 E

BC

850.62

N 4602 E

CD

855.45

S 6738 E

DE

1020.87

S 1225 E

EF

1117.26

S 8344 W

FA

660.08

N 5509 W

11/3/2015

Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for

a traverse obtained from a transit-tape survey. Determine the
latitudes and departures of each course and balance these quantities
by employing compass rule. Also determine the linear error of
closure, bearing of the side of error, and the relative error of closure.
Tabulate tables accordingly.
COURSE

DISTANCE

AZIMUTH FROM
NORTH

AB

229.70 m

8212

BC

130.55

13148

CD

161.46

22820

DE

180.49

26743

EA

171.83

35201

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TRANSIT RULE
The method of adjusting a traverse by the transit
rule is similar to the method using the compass rule.
The main difference is that with the transit rule the
latitude and departure corrections depend on the length
of the latitude and departure of the course respectively
instead of both depending on the length of the course.
It is not commonly used as the compass rule,
however, it is best suited for surveys where the sides of
the traverse are measured by the stadia or subtense bar
method.

TRANSIT RULE

The rule is based on the assumption that the

angular measurements are more precise than the linear
measurements and that the errors in traversing are
accidental. Since it is merely a rule of thumb it may not
be applicable in some instances.
The transit rule may be stated as follows:
The correction to be applied to the latitude (or
departure) of any course is equal to the latitude (or
departure) of the course multiplied by the ratio of the
total closure in latitude (or departure) to the
arithmetical sum of all the latitudes (or departures) of
the traverse.

10

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TRANSIT RULE

These corrections are given by the following equations:

( )

( )

Where:
cl = correction to be applied to the latitude of any course
cd = correction to be applied to the departure of any course
CL = total closure in latitude or the algebraic sum of the north and
south latitudes (NL + SL)
CD = total closure in departure or the algebraic sum of the east and
west departures (ED + WD)
NL = summation of north latitudes
SL = summation of south latitudes
ED = summation of east departures
WD = summation of west departures

TRANSIT RULE

Latitude and departure corrections are applied in

a manner similar to that described for the compass rule.
However, before any corrections are applied it is
important to first check if the sum of the computed
corrections for the latitudes (or departures) equal the
closure in latitude (or departure). A perfect closure will
always be assured if this is done.
After the latitudes and departures of the courses of
a closed traverse have been so adjusted, the bearings
(or azimuths) of the courses and their lengths should
also be adjusted to correspond to the adjusted latitudes
and departures. The procedure is the same to the
compass rule.

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SUMMARY

1. Compute the latitude and departure of each course.

Latitude = (Distance)(cos )
Departure = (Distance)(sin )
Note:
For Bearing and Azimuth from North, + for North and East; - for
South and West
For Azimuth from South, - for North and East; + for South and West
2. Determine the total closure in latitude and departure.
CL = NL + SL
CD = ED + WD
3. Determine the corrections for latitude and departure.
( )
( )
=
=


All computed corrections should be added to check whether their
respective sums equal the closures in latitude and departure

SUMMARY
4. Adjust the latitudes and departures. Note: if the sum of north
latitudes exceeds the sum of south latitudes, latitude corrections are
subtracted from the corresponding north latitudes and added to
corresponding south latitudes. Vice versa if the sum of south
latitudes exceeds the sum of the north latitudes. A similar procedure
is used when adjusting the departures.
Solution check for adjusted latitudes and departures, the algebraic
sum of the adjusted latitudes or departures is equal to zero.
5. Adjust the length and bearing of each course.

( ) +( )

12

11/3/2015

Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for

a traverse obtained from a transit-tape survey. Determine the
latitudes and departures of each course and balance these quantities
by employing transit rule.Tabulate tables accordingly.
COURSE

DISTANCE

BEARING

AB

495.85 m

N 0530 E

BC

850.62

N 4602 E

CD

855.45

S 6738 E

DE

1020.87

S 1225 E

EF

1117.26

S 8344 W

FA

660.08

N 5509 W

Given in the accompanying tabulation are the observed data for

a traverse obtained from a transit-tape survey. Determine the
latitudes and departures of each course and balance these quantities
by employing transit rule.Tabulate tables accordingly.
COURSE

DISTANCE

AZIMUTH FROM
NORTH

AB

229.70 m

8212

BC

130.55

13148

CD

161.46

22820

DE

180.49

26743

EA

171.83

35201

13

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GRAPHICAL METHOD
The graphical method is essentially an
application of the compass rule. It provides a
simple graphical means of making traverse
adjustments. In this method each traverse point
is moved in a direction parallel to the error of
closure by an amount proportional to the
distance along the traverse from the initial point
to the given point.

RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
The two horizontal distances measured to a point from a
pair of mutually perpendicular axes are referred to as the
rectangular coordinates of a point. All coordinate values are
computed from an origin fixed by the intersection of an x-axis
and a y-axis. The x-axis is a reference line which runs along an
east-west direction and the y-axis runs along a north-south
direction.
Coordinate locations are given by two quantities, the X and
Y coordinates. The X coordinate of a point is the perpendicular
distance from the y-axis and its Y coordinate is the perpendicular
distance from the x-axis. Thus, when the rectangular coordinates
of a number of points are known, their relative positions are
explicitly defined.

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Given in the accompanying tabulation are the adjusted

latitudes and adjusted departures of a closed traverse. Calculate the
coordinates of each station along the traverse if the coordinates of
station A are X = 3,000.00 m and Y = 4,000.00 m. Tabulate tables
accordingly.
LINE

ADJ. LATITUDES
+N

AB

405.50

BC

218.13

CD
DE

-S

ADJ. DEPARTURES
+E

-W

202.25
175.64
71.08

325.67

415.36
355.62

EF

389.70

58.51

FA

488.52

739.08

SUMS

949.30

949.30

973.23

973.23

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