AMITY UNIVERSITY RAJASTHAN

JAIPUR

ASSIGNMNET:BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE - VII

SUBMITTED TO:-

SUBMITTED BY:-

Dr.Amra Ahsan

Shailesh Kumar
B.Tech-(Chemical) 7TH Sem.

Role of heredity in personality

As for heredity (genetics), it represents the preparations that govern the soul
if left in its natural course, but the external factors, the parenting style and
experience, interfere in the formation of the personality, so it weakens the
influence of heredity, limits it, and does not allow it to control all the
consciousness of the human, the mental and emotional ones. Thus, those
preparations do not appear but only in case this conscience becomes weak
every now and then.
Hence, I say that the way by which you raise kids suppress heredity, but I am
not saying that it completely abolish it. It only prevents its mobility in ones
soul, except in the presence of weakness, which controls humans from time
to time.
On the other hand, I do not imagine that the nature predominantly
overcomes nurture, but the nurture if it was subject to a long contractual
plan, it creates a second nature. In this case it would not be nurture, but
would turn into a new nature that removes the original nature and replaces it
or covers it in a way that makes that old nature lacking any effect on the
personality.
We understand from this saying: Bred in the bone will come out in the
flesh, and from other similar sayings, as: For the maternal uncle is one of
the two pillars (the largest trainer) your offspring, that heredity has a big
role in giving natural capabilities that might get a child ready, positively or
negatively, but it neither paralyzes his/her action, nor abolishes the role of
the parenting style, which is supposed to absorb these capabilities.
In response to the opinion, which says that the heredity traits represent an
excuse for a human being that would save him from Gods punishment in the
event of his/her failure to comply with His orders and prohibitions, we say
that we must notice this issue i.e. the size of the parenting style used and its
strength. If the parenting style was adopting a normal approach that
depends on the type of shallow effects, such as the methods of counsel,
advice and social conditions, then the nature of the heredity in this case
would overcome the parenting style. This is what we see among many of
those who live religion in a superficial way; once they are present in an
environment that is consistent with their inherited tendencies to decompose
the religious commitment those tendencies overwhelm, arise, and
significantly affect them.
If we assume that the parenting style have had a profound influence in the

soul, then it would be very difficult to remove it. For example, we find that
the parenting style in many cases overcomes the environment, as we find
that the environment often stands as a barrier in front of the strong effect of
the parenting style.
As a conclusion, heredity is not a unilateral factor controlling the formulation
of the human personality, as fate and destiny, but it is rather one part of the
total internal and external factors that interfere in the formation of the
personality of any individual. Here, the heredity factor might overcome other
factors when being strong, otherwise it might not

Some Basic Concepts in Behavioral Genetics

-

Heredity: your parents, bloodline, etc.

Genes: sequences of DNA that provide the blueprint for individuals

traits and characteristics.
-

Genes can act singly or it may take multiple genes to produce a

particular trait or characteristics
Genotype: all the possible ways in which multiple genes can combined
and expressed. How genes are combined will influence how much of a
particular trait is expressed and will produce variations that we can
observe.
Phenotype: actual, observable variations in some trait or
characteristic. Phenotypes are caused by genes (genotype) and
environment, that is
Phenotype = effects of genes + environment

Heritability: how much of the variability in phenotype is due to

genotype.
Heritability = Genes / (Genes + Environment)
Ranges from 0 (only caused by environment) to 1.0 (only caused by
genes

Approaches to Determining the Heritability of Personality Traits

 Selective Breeding (with animals)

Adoption Research Studies
Twin Study Method
Adoption Studies with Twins Raised Together and Apart
These research designs try to determine how much of the variation in a
personality trait (phenotype) is due to genetics and how much is due to
environment.
Selective Breeding Studies
-

Animal breeding demonstrates that animals temperament (i.e. their

aggressiveness, sociability, etc.) can be influenced by breeding.

Adoption Research
- Compares the similarity of children and their parents (adoptive or biological) on
specific particular personality traits
- High similarity between biological parents and their children could indicate an
effect of
-

either genes or family environment when raised with the biological

parents

- only genes when raised with adoptive parents

High similarity between adoptive parents and their adopted children indicates
only an effect of family environment

ENVIRONMENT IN PERSONALITY
The environmental factors that exert pressure on our personality formation
are the culture in which we are raised, our early conditioning, the norms
among our family, friends and social groups, and other influences that we
experience. The environment to which we are exposed plays a substantial
role in shaping our personalities.

Most of us believe that we are like our parents because of some combination
of genes and, more important, of nurture--that parents, to a large extent,
raise us in their own image. But if that is the case, if nurture matters so
much, then why did the adopted kids not resemble their adopted parents at
all? The Colorado study isn't saying that genes explain everything and that
environment doesn't matter. On the contrary, all of the results strongly
suggest that our environment plays as big--if not bigger--a role as heredity in
shaping personality and intelligence. What it is saying is that whatever that
environmental influence is, it doesn't have a lot to do with parents

These new conceptualizations of the role of genetic contributions as

constraining environmental influences have implications for preventing
unwanted personality traits or temperaments and even psychological
disorders. That is, it seems that environmental manipulations,
particularly early in life, may do much to override the genetically
influenced tendency to develop undesirable behavioral and emotional
reactions. Although current research suggests that the influence of
everything in our environment, such as peer groups and schools, in its
totality affects this genetic expression, the strongest evidence exists
for the effects of early parenting influences and other early
experiences (Cameron et al., 2005; Collins, Maccoby, Steinberg,
Hetherington & Bornstein, 2000).
The general environmental model that I have suggested (Lewis, 1997)
holds that children's behavior always is a function of the environment
in which the behavior occurs, because the task of the individual is to
adapt to its current environment. As long as the environment appears
consistent, the child's behavior will be consistent; if the environment
changes, so, too, will the child's behavior. It is the case that
maladaptive environments produce both normal and abnormal
behavior. From a developmental point of view, I would hold that

maladaptive behavior is caused by maladaptive environments; if we

change those environments, we may be able to alter the behavior.

Fundamental Rights
Fundamental rights are rights and freedoms guaranteed by constitutions of some countries of the
world to their citizens. These rights have a legal sanction and can be challenged by affected
individuals in a court of law. Among these rights are the right to life, liberty (of freedom, free
will and personal), pursuit of happiness, and so on. These rights are considered to be the most
basic rights and are provided to all citizens of the country without any discrimination. There are
other fundamental rights such as the right to profess faith, right to movement across the country,
right to freedom of speech and belief, and so on.
The nine fundamental rights recognized by the Indian constitution are:1. Right to equality: Which includes equality before law, prohibition of discrimination on
grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth, and equality of opportunity in
matters of employment, abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles.
2. Right to freedom: Which includes speech and expression, assembly, association or union
or cooperatives, movement, residence, and right to practice any profession or occupation
(some of these rights are subject to security of the State, friendly relations with foreign
countries, public order, decency or morality), right to life and liberty, right to education,
protection in respect to conviction in offences and protection against arrest and detention
in certain cases.
3. Right against exploitation: Which prohibits all forms of forced Labour, child Labour
and traffic of human beings
4. Right to freedom of religion: Which includes freedom of conscience and free
profession, practice, and propagation of religion, freedom to manage religious affairs,
freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational
institutes.
5. Cultural and Educational rights: Preserve the right of any section of citizens to
conserve their culture, language or script, and right of minorities to establish and
administer educational institutions of their choice.

6. Right to constitutional remedies: Which is present for enforcement of Fundamental

Rights.
7. Right to life: Which gives the right to live with human dignity. This includes rights such
as right to education, health, shelter and basic amenities that the state shall provide.
8. Right to education: It is the latest addition to the fundamental rights.
9. Right to Information: RTI stands for Right to Information and has been given the status
of a fundamental right under Article 19(1) of the Constitution.

Human Rights
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our
nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion,
language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights
without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and
indivisible.
Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the
forms of treaties, customary international law, general principles and other
sources of international law. International human rights law lays down
obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain
acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental
freedoms of individuals or groups.
Human
rights are moral principles
or norms, that
describe
certain
standards of human behavior, and are regularly protected as legal
rights in municipal and international law. They are commonly understood as
inalienable fundamental rights " to which a person is inherently entitled
simply because she or he is a human being, and which are " inherent in all
human beings" regardless of their nation, location, language, religion, ethnic
origin or any other status. They are applicable everywhere and at every time
in the sense of being universal, and they are egalitarian in the sense of being
the same for everyone. They require empathy and the rule of law and
impose an obligation on persons to respect the human rights of others. They
should not be taken away except as a result of due process based on specific
circumstances;
for example, human rights may include freedom
from unlawful imprisonment, torture, and execution.

What is the difference between Human Rights and Fundamental Rights?

Fundamental rights are similar to human rights but are different in the sense
that they have legal sanction and are enforceable in a court of law whereas
human rights do not have such sanctity and are not enforceable in courts.
Then there is difference of universal appeal because fundamental rights are
country specific that have been made keeping in mind the history and
culture of a country whereas human rights are designed in such a way that
they are of even more basic nature and apply to all human beings across the
world without any discrimination. The right to a dignified human life is one
such human right which cannot be questioned whether you are in US or in a
poor African country.
In brief:Human rights are relatively new concept while fundamental rights are
protected by constitutions of various countries is older.
While there is no consensus on universal human rights, fundamental rights
are specific and have legal sanction.
Human rights are more basic in nature than fundamental rights.
Human rights are applicable to all human beings on the earth whereas
fundamental rights are country specified.

2. Implantation of holy
(it is said that a sadhu, when asked about his family, replied thusly ):truth is my

mother , and my father is spiritual knowledge; righteous conduct is my

mother, and mercy is my friend, inner peace is my wife, and forgiveness is
my son: these six are my kinsmen.
Writer: -Sri Chanakya Niti - Sastra
Book: - The Political Wisdom of Chanakya Pandit
Chapter:- 12