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Risk Factor
RISK FACTOR
Many factors contribute to the changes in cells that result
in cancer.
These risk factors may be intrinsic to an individual, such
as sex, age, or genes.
But most are external, in the individus general
environment
The interplay between the intrinsic and external factors is
the major determinant of an individual cancer risk
Stomach Cancer
100
100
70
50
5
0
7
0
Japan
Japanese
families
in U.S.
U.S.
Japan
Japanese
families
in U.S.
U.S.
This suggests that the risk of developing the two kinds of cancer is not determined
primarily by heredity. The change in risk for cancer for Japanese families could
involve cultural, behavioral, or environmental factors predominant in one location and
not in the other.
Some chemicals
Radiation
Heredity
Diet
Hormones
TOBACCO USE
UNHEALTHY DIET
INFECTIOUS AGENTS
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
TOBACCO USE
Tobacco use is the main cause of cancers of the lung,
larynx, oral cavity, and esophagus, and a major cause of
bladder and pancreas cancers.
UNHEALTHY DIET
Tobacco
3000 chemicals are present in tobacco smoke, 60 of which
recognize as carcinogen : nitrosamines and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons either in initiation or promotion
Become carcinogen when activated by specific enzymes
found in many tissues in the body
The
compounds
can
become
part
of
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules and possible interfere
with the normal growth of cells
Diseases associated
with cigarette smoking
Lag Time
20-Year Lag Time Between
Smoking and Lung Cancer
Cigarette
consumption (men)
4000
Cigarettes
Smoked
per Person
per Year
3000
Lung
cancer
(men)
150
100
2000
50
1000
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
Year
Lung Cancer
Deaths (per
100,000 people)
Tobacco
Pancreas
Kidney
Cervix ( uterine )
Breast
Avoid Tobacco
Lung Cancer Risk Increases with
Cigarette Consumption
15x
10x
Lung
Cancer
Risk
5x
Non-smoker
15
Cigarettes Smoked per Day
30
Alcoholic Drinks
Consumed per Day
AND
Packs of Cigarettes
Consumed per Day
Number of Cases
(per 100,000
people)
30
20
10
80
100
200
300
INFECTIOUS AGENTS
Infectious agents account for 18% of cancers worldwide.
Human papilloma virus, hepatitis B virus, and the Helicobacter
Pylori bacterium account for the largest number of cancers
due to infections.
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Sunlight is the major source of UV radiation, which causes
several types of skin cancers, the most common malignancy
in humans
PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of colon cancers,
and may increase the risk for other types of cancer. Its
effects are closely related to an individuals nutrition
Viruses
Virus inserts
and changes
genes for
cell growth
Cancer-linked virus
HIV infection
Depressed
immune
system
KSHV infection
Kaposis
sarcoma
Cervical
Cancer
Risk
Low
Noninfected
women
Women
infected
with HPV
Patients
tissue sample
H. pylori
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Physical Inactivity
PROPORTION OF CANCERS
CAUSED BY MAJOR RISK FACTORS
ALCOHOL USE
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
OBESITY
FOOD CONTAMINANTS
IONIZING RADIATION
ALCOHOL USE
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
Some cancers occur more often in people with a higher socioeconomic status ( SES ); others are more common in lower-SES
populations. SES is most likely a marker for lifestyle and other
risk factors described in this section.
Alcohol
Mechanisms of
Alcohol-Related Cancers
Oncogenes
Preliminary studies show that alcohol may affect cancer
development at the genetic level by affecting oncogenes at
the initiation and promotion stages of cancer
Acetaldehyde, a product of alcohol metabolism, impairs a
cells natural ability to repair its DNA resulting in a greater
likelihood that mutations causing cancer initiation will occur
Occupation
Type of cancer
Occupational Exposures
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
OBESITY
Obesity is an important risk factor for endometrial, kidney,
gallbladder and breast cancers.
FOOD CONTAMINANTS
IONIZING RADIATION
Industrial Pollution
Incidence of
Most Cancers
1930
1970
1950
Year
1990
obesity
BMI Category
Aflatoxins
FOOD
CONTAMINANT
Nitrosamine
benzopyrine
Corn
Peanuts
Cottonseed
IONIZING
RADIATION
cancer
AGEING
ETHNICITY OR RACE
HEREDITY
SEX
AGEING
The risk of most types of cancer increases with age. The
highest cancer rates occur among the elderly.
ETHNICITY OR RACE
The risk of many types of cancer varies between racial
and ethnic populations. Some of these differences are
attributable to genetic differences, but most are due to
differences in lifestyle and exposures to cancer causing
agents.
HEREDITY
Inherited cancer genes may cause 4% of all cancers.
Other genes affect our susceptibility to cancer risk factors.
SEX
Certain cancers occur in only one sex due to different
anatomy, eg prostate, uterus. Others occur in both sexes,
but at markedly different rates, eg bladder, breast.
400
3000
Breast
Number of
Cancer Cases
(per 100,000
people))
2000
1000
20
40
60
Age of Person (in years)
80
Ethnicity
Inherited factor(s)
Other
factor(s)
Name of condition
Type of cancer
Genetic makeup
Genetic Testing
Sex
SEX DIFFERENCES
New cancers cases by sex
2002
Sexual activity
Possible carcinogen or co-carcinogens
(e.g. certain viruses ) may be
venereal transmitted
In the female reproductive tract, the uterine cervix has the
highest association with malignant diseases and its
precursor.
The cervix shows an increased vulnerability to
neoplasia after exposure to infection, particularly
H(uman) P(apilloma) V(irus) infection
Since squamous cervical neoplasia begins in the
squamocolumnar junction, hyperplasia in this area
that results from the irritation of infection may be one
cause.
REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
MEDICINAL DRUGS
REPRODUCTIVE FACTORS
Female hormones, menstrual history, and childbearing
affect the risks of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Certain viruses that suppress the immune system increase
the risk of lymphoma and kaposi sarcoma.
MEDICINAL DRUGS
Some hormonal drugs can cause cancers, while others
reduce the risk. Rarely, anti cancer drugs have caused
another cancer years later.
Reproductive system
Immunosuppresion
HIV infection
Depressed
immune
system
KSHV infection
Kaposis
sarcoma
Risk Factor
Lung Cancer
Tobacco smoke
Radon
Asbestos and other substances
Air pollution
Breast
Radiation
Genetic changes (Inherited mutation)
Colorectal
Cancer polyp
Genetic alteration
Diet
Cigarette smoking
Ulcerative colitis or chon's disease
Prostate
Diet
Certain prostate changes
Race Africans Americans
Risk Factor
Liver
Pancreas
Smoking
Diabetes
Being male
Chronic pancreatitis
Kidney
Tobacco smoking
High blood pressure
Von-Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL)
Leukemia
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Certain disease (Down syndrome)
Human T cell leukemia virus
Myelodysplatic syndrome
Risk Factor
Bladder
Occupation
Certain infection
Tobacco smoking
Race Twice as often as Africans Americans
Treatment with cyclophosphamide or arsenic
Uterine
Endometrial hyperplasia
Race Africans Americans
Hormonal replacement therapy
Obesity
Melanoma
Dysplastic nevi
Fai skin
Weakened immune system
Sever blistering/Sunburn
UV irradiation
Source:http://ishwaryatechnosolutions.com/cancer.aspx
Microorganism
Cancer
Cervical cancer
Helicobacter pylori
Stomach cancer
Liver cancer
Epstein-Barr virus
Lymphoma
Kaposi's sarcoma
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