DISCUSSION

Experiment No. 3 is all about the Characteristics and Operating Response of

DC Motors. A motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. The principle of working of a DC motor is that "when a current
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force".
The working principle of a DC motor is that when armature windings are connected
to DC supply, current sets up in the winding. Magnetic field may be provided by field
winding (electromagnetism) or by using permanent magnets. In this case, current
carrying armature conductors experience force due to the magnetic field, according
to the principle stated above. Commutator is made segmented to achieve
unidirectional torque. Otherwise, the direction of force would have reversed every
time when the direction of movement of conductor is reversed the magnetic field.
DC motors are usually classified of the basis of their excitation configuration,
as follows:
Separately excited (field winding is fed by external source)

Self-excited
Series wound (field winding is connected in series with the armature)

Shunt wound (field winding is connected in parallel with the armature)

Compound wound

Long shunt
Short shunt

In the first part of the experiment, the goal was to be acquainted with the
characteristics of a shunt wound machine. The setup was constructed as shown in
the animation. Then the shaft of the rotor was inserted into the bearing situated in
the stator. We also ensured that the attachment pin of the rotor was inserted into the
socket labeled zero degrees. The next step was to open the DC Motor Control
virtual instrument from the INSTRUMENTS/MOTOR CONTROLS menu. The power
supply was set to 12 volts and then its power button was switched.

Observation:
The motor provided a clockwise rotation. It also run quickly to its rated speed
and maintained it.
The second part of the experiment involves the contactless speed
measurement of the shunt wound machine using a stroboscope. Stroboscope is an
instrument for studying periodic motion or determining speeds of rotation by shining
a momentary bright light at intervals so that a moving object appears stationary.
The setup of the previous part was retained. Then stroboscope was used to
illuminate the rotor with a flash of light but does not make a physical contact with it.
The power supply was then set to 12 volts and then its power button was switched.
Stroboscope virtual instrument was also implemented from the INSTRUMENTS
menu, where the flash rate was set to 30 Hertz. The stroboscopes power button
was also switched on. The procedure was to point the flash bulb at the rotating
machine. The flash rate of the virtual instrument was slowly increased until the
motion appears to stand quite still.

Observation:
The speed reading was 2250 RPM. When the frequency was at 37.5 Hz, the
motion appeared at a stationary state (steady). Also, we also observed that when
the frequency was doubled, it provides a rotation in a counterclockwise direction at a
faster speed. On the other hand, when the frequency was halved, it provides a
rotation in a clockwise direction at a slower speed.

The third part was all about observing the effects of shifting the position of the
carbon brushes in a shunt-wound machine. The setup of the previous part was left
unchanged except for the position of the armature.
The position of the carbon brushes was altered by pulling out the rotor out
slightly, turning it and positioning it differently by pressing the attachment pin down into
one of the other sockets provided.

Observation:
With an angle of 20, the rotation was in a clockwise direction. Also,
with an angle of 10, it also provided a rotation of clockwise direction. But
shifting it to the -20 and -10 position, it provided a counterclockwise
direction.
The speed reading was 2250 RPM. The speed remains this value over an
angular adjustment range of approximately -20 to 20. The speed drops to
approximately zero (0) in the range beyond +/- 60 degrees.

In the fourth part of the experiment, the goal was to be familiar with the
operation of a series wound machine. The manner of arrangement was constructed
as shown in the animation. Then the shaft of the rotor was inserted into the bearing
situated in the stator. The attachment pin of the rotor was guaranteed interpolated
into the socket labeled zero degrees. The next step was to open the DC Motor
Control virtual instrument from the INSTRUMENTS/MOTOR CONTROLS menu.
Before the power button was switched on, the power supply was set to 18 volts.

Observation:
The motor provided a clockwise rotation. It also run quickly to its rated speed
and maintained it.

In the fifth part of the experiment, the goal was to be acquainted with the
operation of a compound wound machine. The setup was constructed as shown in
the animation. Then the shaft of the rotor was inserted into the bearing situated in
the stator. We also ensured that the attachment pin of the rotor was inserted into the
socket labeled zero degrees. The next step was to open the DC Motor Control
virtual instrument from the INSTRUMENTS/MOTOR CONTROLS menu. The power
supply was set to 20 volts and then its power button was switched.

Observation:
The motor provided a clockwise rotation. It also run quickly to its rated speed
and maintained it. Its rotation was in a counterclockwise direction.

CONCLUSION

The purposes of the experiment are for us to be more familiarized with the
operation of a DC motor, and to be acquainted with its types and their different
operations using the UniTrain Trainer. The following points are also concluded:
A DC motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
The shunt wound dc motor falls under the category of self-excited dc
motors, where the field windings are shunted to, or are connected in parallel to the
armature winding of the motor, as its name is suggestive of. And for this reason both
the armature winding and the field winding are exposed to the same supply voltage,
though there are separate branches for the flow of armature current and the field
current.
A series wound dc motor like in the case of shunt wound dc motor falls
under the category of self-excited dc motors, and it gets its name from the fact that
the field winding in this case is connected internally in series to the armature
winding. Thus the field windings are exposed to the entire armature current unlike in
the case of a shunt motor.
A compound wound dc motor or rather a dc compound motor also falls
under the category of self-excited motors, and is made up of both series the field
coils S1 S2 and shunt field coils F1 F2 connected to the armature winding.
Stroboscope is an instrument for studying periodic motion or determining
speeds of rotation by shining a momentary bright light at intervals so that a moving
object appears stationary.
The brush position influences the speed over a specific angular adjustment
range.
The direction of the rotation (clockwise or counterclockwise) is proportional to the
value of the frequency, and to the brush shifting position.
There is a certain value of frequency that will make the motion of the motor
stationary. In this experiment, the value was 37.5 Hertz.

REFERENCES
DC Motor: Retrieved September 3,2015 at
http://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/01/basic-working-of-dc-motor.html
Series Motor: Retrieved September 3,2015 at http://electrical4u.com/serieswound-dc-motor-or-dc-series-motor/
Shunt Motor: Retrieved September 3,2015 at http://electrical4u.com/shuntwound-dc-motor-dc-shunt-motor/
Compound Motor: Retrieved September 3,2015 at
http://www.electrical4u.com/compound-wound-dc-motor-or-dc-compound-motor/