Grammar series -1

Learn to read and write

sasktam
uccraam
and
devangari lipi

A compilation
By
Swamini Svatmabodhananda Saraswati
student and disciple of
Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Arsha Vidya Gurukulam

For a hard copy or the soft copy of this compilation please contact:
Swamini Svatmabodhananda Saraswati
2B, Kubera Sampat
5/2, 18th Cross Road
Malleshwaram
Bangalore 560 055
Email: svatmabodha@yahoo.co.in

Any part of the mannual may be reproduced or copied, stored in retrieval

system,

or

transmitted

by

any

means

electronic,

mechanical,

photocopying, recording or otherwise with or without the permission of

the compiler and used for teaching and self-learning.
Guru purnima
July 22nd, 2013


r uh-mS-uYrj-a-m-xumh |
uc liri m qk Su xUxui ||
y vara-pada-vkyrtha-gadya-padya-svarpi |
vci nartayatu kipra medh dev sarasvat ||

Dedicated
to all my cryas
who taught me
sasktam


With the blessings of Pujya Swami Dayananda Saraswati

Contents

Why this compilation?

Section 1
Opening prayers
Mhevara stri
ik, Phonetics
Section 2
Sanskrit Alphabets varaml
Writing practice of letters
Vowels
Consonants
Writing practice of cosonants with vowels-
Reading exercises
Section 3
Conjucnt consonants
Section 4
Sanskrit numerals
Word list- more reading practice
Inspirations

Why this compilation?

This Sanskrit teaching tool has been designed to teach Sanskrit for beginners it is
meant to be a teaching manual for the tecahers and self-learning manual as well for
beginners. With two decades of exposure to teaching the English speaking people
and the non-resident Indians I found that it is easy to learn Sanskrit by people who
have been exposed to thinking in any one of the Indian languages but not so with
the others who have no exposure. The teaching of the Sanskrit language involves a
systematic approach. The structure of the language and its nuances has to be
taught systematically for a beginner. So this compilation would be helpful for
teaching the English speaking people and online teaching. The aim is to make the
learner familiar with the sounds, articulation and the script. By the end of the
study, the student will be able to read and write words and simple sentences. Since
the intention is to teach reading and writing, the meanings of words are not given.
This is a class room material which was created for the pupose of online teaching
through skype covering 60 hours of teaching sessions.
Your feed back is welcome for the improvisation of the book.
Swamini Svatmabodhananda saraswati

Section 1

mjl zsM
Opening prayers
lq zoSoiql lOUeUer lq |
O nama rabdabramtmane r narjarjya nama |
lq zoSu xqmSr Mipr lq qWSpr lq apr |
O nama rabdavidy sapradya kartbhyo namo mahadbhyo
namo gurubhya |
uajuu xqm uajmimr |
vgarthviva sapktau vgarthapratipattaye
eai miU ulS muimUqU ||
jagata pitarau vande prvatparamevarau ||1||
rlUxqqlrq Akaqr qWUi |
yenkara-samnyam adhigamya mahevart
Mixl urMUh m ixq mhlr lq ||
ktsna vykaraa prokta tasmai pinaye nama ||2||
rl ki aU mx uqs zoSuUp |
yena dhaut gira pus vimalai abdavribhi |
iqle p ixq mhlr lq ||
tamacjnaja bhinna tasmai pinaye nama ||3||
uYrMU uUc pwrMU migesq |
vkayakra vararuci bhyakra patajalim |
mhl xMUgc mhixq qlrq ||
pini strakraca praatosmi munitrayam ||4||

qWU xh mhevara stras

lq mhl-Mirrl-migespr qlpr qWSpr apr |
O nama pini-ktyyana-patajalibhyo munibhyo mahadbhyo
gurubhya |

A C E h | a i u |
G I M |

k|

L A X |

eo|

L A c |

ai au c |

W r u U O | ha ya va ra |
s h |

la |

g q X h l q | a ma a a na m |
f p g |

jha bha |

b R k w |

gha ha dha |

e o a Q S z | ja ba ga a da |
Z T N P j c O i u |
M m r |

ka pa y |

z w x U |

a a sa r |

W s |

ha l |

kha pha cha ha tha ca a ta v |

Ci qWUh xh | iti mhevari stri |

mhevara stri

The alphabet, it will be seen, is divided into 14 sections

by Paini. They are called ivastri or mhevara stri or

the stras revealed by Lord iva.

Each stra ends with an indicatory consonant letter

called Ci it vara - e.g. h, , M, k, X, , which is not to be

counted among the letters of the alphabet as a part of the
stras.

They are indicatory letters introduced with a definite

purpose. As soon as this is achieved they are dropped when

actually enumerating the group. The purpose is that they
enable the grammarians to express several letters or groups of
letters in a very convenient and condensed form.

For any letter, with the following Ci it added to it is

not only expressive of itself but of all letters that intervene

between it and this Ciit. E.g. Ah a means A a C i E u;

CM ik means C i E u G I in the stras.

Each of these significant terms is technically called

pratyhra. The main purpose of the stra has been in forming

the pratyhra indicating briefly groups of letters for specific
rules of grammar and for ease of pronunciation of the stra.

z - ik, Phonetics
This is a compilation from various talks on Upaniads by Pujya Sri
Swami Dayananda Sarasvati _ Mkya and Taittirya.
ik, is veda aga, is phonetics, an ancillary study for the understanding of
the Vedas. Phonetics is important because it deals with the science of
pronunciation of varas, letters. A lipi, script is different from sound. A
letter that is called script, which is purely a drawing a is a drawing. It
has nothing to do with what you pronounce. abda, sound, a word is
purely what is heard, while what is written is only a symbol for that sound.
The sound is vara, letter. A vara is not what is written; it is what is
spoken. Language is spoken and not what is written. The script is a symbol
on which you superimpose the sound, which is why the script can be
different. Different alphabetical scripts are used for particular sound in
different languages. Sanskrit is bha, a language and the script is
Devangari lipi.
In Sanskrit once you have learnt how to pronounce a vara, a letter, an
akara, a syllable, and then you can read and write. You spell the word
exactly as you pronounce it. They are phonetically correct. Pronunciation
is very important in the study of the Veda or Sanskrit language; if it is not
proper the meaning will become different.
In English you require to learn two skills one is how to write a word and
the other how to pronounce that word. There is a double responsibility,
which is why many people have spelling problem or pronunciation
problem. You spell the word differently from the way you pronounce it. In
all languages you find they write one thing and say something else. That is

why English is every persons language. Each one has got his own or her
own English.
Sanskrit language is connected to Veda. ik means ikyate anay iti, by
this method it is pronounced and it is taught; vara uccraa lakaam - the
definition of the pronunciation of letters. How? akuhavisarjanyn
kaa. We have these sentences in Sanskrit grammar. The whole
language is based upon this system of all the nuances in phonetics. All the
fine tuning is done to produce a given vara, a letter. How do all the letters
originate and come to manifest outside? The whole human voice acoustics
called phonetics is covered by ik. It is just human voice; open your
mouth and make a sound A a. Close your mouth and make a sound m
every thing is between a and m - am. Veda recognises this.
How the mapping of the human voice has been found out is amazing.
There is nothing more to add. It is thorough. Learning the uccraam is
ik. This learning itself can straighten our thinking. Something happens
because of the language. It builds up confidence. It brings about
brahmavarcas. Cant say what it is. If you see the person you can understand
brahmavarcas; a glow of the Vedic uccraam influence. Brahma is Veda.
Gayatri mantra is connected to Veda. That is why it said that those who
learn Veda and those who repeat the mantras gayatri and so on and
recitation, they have a varcas a glow discernable even by wayside vendor.
As we keep chanting something plus comes, something happens. That is
called brahma varcas; vedena varcas, Veda adhyayant varcas, Veda mantra
uccrat varcas. Saskrita bh jnam itself brings about a varcas because
it is phonetic. Besides all other reasons is devatas etc, every vara has got
a devata. If one goes into the detail, can be lost in it for ever; it is true.
Everything is vara means you cannot utter a letter without varas grace.

abda is varas manifestation; because it is order. That is why we do not

look upon akaras as ordinary. It is vara.
Phonetics is always to be taught orally. You can never learn language
without being orally taught. Ears become so important for language. If you
write a you wont know what to read. You have to tell the person what it
is. It is all adhyropa, deliberate adhyropa, superimpoistion. You write
something

you

superimpose

upon

it

sound; it

is

deliberate

superimposition of sounds upon a script. There is no rule that this is how it

should be. In Sanskrit, the phonetics are all oral. Therefore they used to
write on their own. We have got Brmi letters, Devanagari letters,
Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali and Oriya scripts. Tamil people
have evolved a script called grantha. Sanskrit can be written in any script
but should be learnt phonetically right, exactly as it should be read. There
cannot be any difference in pronunciation. We have Sanskrit text in all
these scripts in manuscripts in the libraries. Sanskrit is an international
language, universal language. Why? Because it has no script; everybody
can write in his own script. It has no script of its own. It is oral; that is why
phonetics has become so important. The thoroughness of study, the Vedic
study is just impeccable. There is a way to study called Vara lakaam. It is
committed to memory. What is the lakaa of a letter? One word is taken
and lakaam, definition is analysed.
What is being presented here is not a detailed study of phonetics. We are
just going into some strokes to point out the importance of phonetics. The
importance of phonetics can be talked about only when the language is
based on human voice acoustics, phonetics. There is fidelity, you write and
read. There is 100% fidelity.

ik deals with the pronunciation of the xuU, svar, vowels, urgel

vyajana, consonants, xuUr AU svarayukta akara, consonant with a vowel
and xr AU sayukta akara, conjunct consonants. Pronunciation of the
vowels involves knowledge of the accents anudtta, the lower note, udtta,
the middle note, svarita, the upper note and dhrgha svarita, the extended
upper note. This is has to be understood for chanting the Vedas;
knowledge of length of pronunciation of the vowels hrsva, a short vowel,
dhrga, long vowel, and pluta, an elongated vowel which is used in the
Vedas.
Once you have learnt phonetically how to pronounce a letter, a vowel and
a diphthong that is also a vowel; svarayukta akara, the consonants with a
vowel, proceeding, succeeding; samyukta akara conjunct consonants,
visarga following the jihvmlya, upadhmnya and then you dont require
anything more to read. You can read and anybody reads is the same.
Anybody anywhere has to read exactly the same way. That is phonetics.
The Veda itself points out the discipline of ik. It was there even before the
grammarian Pini. Pini and others presented it systematically. For
Pini to have written his text, Adhyyi, there must have been an
audience even before him. Therefore, it is a tradition. Panini does not make
the language. Panini is only giving a rule. It is a descriptive stra. The
facility of expression is manifest in all the rules. That is why it is 100%
phonetic language. As though this is how a language should be. The whole
Veda is nothing but words. Naturally, knowledge of ik becomes a
prerequisite to the study of the Vedas.
The Veda is chanted, the Bhagavad Gt is recited and other stotras, hymns
can be recited or sung using melody.

The definition of ik in the Taittarya Upaniad is as follows:

ik vykysyma | vara svara | mtr balam | sma santna |
Here is the exposition of ik, Phonetics.
Vara akara or letters, alphabets vowels and consonants
Svara the accent or intonation or tone of voice. This applies only to
vowels. These are classified into three. The vowels may be pronounced
in a high tone (udtta), a low tone (anudtta) or a combination of the two,
the circumflex (svarita).
mtr the time required or duration of pronunciation of vowels and the
actual position in the mouth where it originates syam.
balam prayatnam, effort in the uccraam
sma - is very important in Veda chanting. Every letter while chanting has
only that kind of length of pronunciation. The words are not clumsily
uttered by pushing them. Letters cannot be pushed. Neither can it be
lengthened extraordinarily nor can be compressed while chanting. Sama samat is evenness.
Santna sandhi (euphonic combination) - two words have to naturally
blend while articulating.
Then how do you produce the difference in uccraam of varas?
Because of sthnam, prayatna, pra, ghoa, aghoa etc.
sthnam place of origin of letters; prayatna effort; praa the breath
used

Savaram means vara of the same class. How to determine a letter of the
same class? By sya and prayatna.
sya - the place of origin in the mouth; prayatna - effort, the internal or
external effort.
All these we shall study in detail as we proceed.

**********************

Section 2

uhqs Varaml
Sanskrit akara, alphabet
Saskta bh is a refined and a very structured language, is the
language of the devas or the celestials. The written form of the
alphabets is called Devangari lipi or script.
Sanskrit Alphabet is called Varaml, means a garland of letters.
The alphabets are classified into four groups which will be
covered in detail in the course of our study:

xuU

svar

urgell

Vowels

vyajanni

xuUr urgell

Consonants

svarayukta vyajanni Consonants with

vowels

xr urgell

xXZr

sayukta vyajanni Conjunct consonants

sakhy - Sanskrit numerals

The Sanskrit alphabets and the Devangari script consists of

- letters called varas
- Svaras or vowels that which can be pronounced without the help
of any letter
-

Consonants or vyajanas is that which can be pronounced with

the help of a vowel.

- Consonants with inherent vowel sounds

- Innumerable combinations of conjunct consonants
- These letters express almost all the gradation of sounds in the
language.
- Every letter stands for a particular sound and it is invariable.
- Each sound is unique to the letter
- The sounds are superimposed on the letters like - a particular
picture to a particular sound.
- Every letter in Sasktam has to be articulated and pronounced.
There are no silent letters like in the English language. Example
knowledge. The letter k is silent.
- When the letters are pronounced there is no assumption.
- The word kra is added as affix to denote a particular letter; for
e.g. akra for the letter A a; kakra for the letter ka and so on.

Basic letters 48
|
Vowels - 15
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
|
Short
Long
Dipthong
yogavha
|
5
4
4
2
|
|
Consonants 33
Grouped or class Consonants
|
25
|
|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
|
|
Guttural Palatal
Cerebral Dental
Labial
|
5
5
5
5
5
|
|
__________________________
|
Ungrouped Consonants
8
|
---------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
Semi-vowels
Sibilants
Aspirate
4
3
1

Reading Devangar script using diacritics:

We have adopted the international transliteration code using
special notation on Roman letters called diacritics. The diacritics
consist of marks written above or below a letter of the alphabet.
They indicate variations in the sound associated with the letter.
Dictionaries also follow this method to help the reader identify
the manner in which the word should be pronounced since
Sanskrit is a highly phonetic language and emphasis is on proper
articulation of sounds
The Sanskrit alphabets chart gives the list of Romanised Sanskrit
alphabets.
Example for illustrating diacritics notation scheme:

xi a
Mzu:
uwh
a
xger
st guru keava viu gag sajaya

uh The Sanskrit Alphabets

xuU svar Vowels

A a A C i D E u F G H I L e L ai
A o A au A a A a
urgell vyajanni Consonants

M ka Z kha a ga b gha X a
c ca N cha e ja f jha g a
O a P ha Q a R ha h a
i ta j tha S da k dha l na
m pa T pha o ba p bha q ma
Alixj antasth Semivowels

r ya U ra s la u va
Fwqh ma Sibilants

z a w a x sa
qWmh mahpra Aspirate

W ha

About writing alphabets

In order to developing a good writing style and skill follow this rule
carefully and consistently:
- write each part or each letter from left to right
- all vertical lines from top to bottom
- the horizontal line on top of the word is drawn from left to
right
- All Sanskrit letters and words are joined by a horizontal line
on the top to indicate the grouping of letters to coin a word.
- For example: writing the letter va

->

->

- writing the letter ca

c
-

->

->

writing the letter tha

->

->

writing the letter ha

->

->

j
s

uh sZl Aprx

- Writing practice of Alphabets

Learning to write xuU - Vowels

A a .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

A .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

C i .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

D .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

E u .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

F .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

G .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

H .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

I .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

L e .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

L ai .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

A o .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

A au.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

A a

.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

A a

.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

Learning to write urgell Consonants

M ka .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

Z kha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

a ga .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

b gha .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

X a .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

c ca .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

N cha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

e ja .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

f jha

.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

g a .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

O a .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

P ha .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

Q a .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

R ha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

h a....

.... .... ....

.... .... .... .... .... .... ....

bu
i ta .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

j tha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

S da .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

k dha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

l na .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

m pa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

T pha.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

o ba .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

p bha

.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

q ma.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

.... .... ....

r ya .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

U ra .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

s la .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

u va .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

z a .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

w a .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

x sa .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

W ha .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ....

Notable Features in Sanskrit Alphabets which differs from

English:
- Sanskrit is a structured and systematic language matching the human
voice acoustics perfectly
- Phonetic arrangement of the script
- Pronunciation remains unaffected by the style of writing
- Each consonant has a generic form in which its pronunciation will
not have any vowel sound associated with it.
-

Inherent A a in the consonants

- Consonant letters carry an inherent vowel which can be altered or

muted by means of diacritics or mtra.
- Consonants require a preceding or succeeding vowel for a complete
and clear articulation.
- Vowels can be written as independent letters, or by using a variety of
diacritical marks which are written above, below, middle, before or
after the consonant they are abbreviated with.
- The anusvra and visarga are unique to Sanskrit.
- The existence of the retroflex or cerebral class
- Aspiration and non-aspiration
- Hard and soft consonants
- The different articulation of the nasals
-

When consonants occur together in clusters, special conjunct letters

are used.

- The order of the letters is based on ualSr vgindriyas organs of

speech, human acoustics, articulation and phonetics

ualSrh - vgindriyi the organs of Speech.

Eimxjlq utpattisthnam - The place of origin of letters
The letters are classified according to the organs used for pronunciation
based on the human acoustics, phonetics - the tongue coming in contact with
organs of utterance. They are specific to each letter and cannot originate it
from elsewhere.

MhPxjlr kahasthnya - MhP kaha-

1. For the

the throat -

Guttural (Velar) - Using the back of the tongue against the soft palate
2. For the

isxjlr

tlusthnya

- is tlu -

the palate - Palatal -

Using the flat of the tongue against the back of the hard palate.
3. For the

qkl mrdhan - qkl mrdhan -

the roof of the palate -

Cerebral (Retroflex) - Using the tip of the tongue curled against the roof of the
hard palate.
4. For the

Slir dantya - Sli danta -

the teeth - Dental - Using the tip

of the tongue against the top front teeth.

5. For the

Aw ohya- A oha-

requires co-ordination of lips.

the lips - Labial - Using the lips,

To know the utpattisthnam manifestation of sounds, we study Paninis

k. vara uccraa lakaam - the definition of the pronunciation of letters.
We have these sentences in Sanskrit grammar, which define them.
All these are sthnas, place of origin are in the mouth and hence covered by
the word mukha, mouth. But there are some letters which require the nsika
nose in addition to mukha. They are called anunsika.
The varas, letters are classified according to their place of utterance as
follows in the book Pinis k -

This stra was written by Bhattoji Dikshita in his work on

Grammar Siddhanta Kaumudi
A-M-W-uxelrlq MhP |

a-ku-ha-visarjanyn kaha

C-c-rzl is |

i-cu-yan tlu

G-O-Uwh qk |

-u-ra mrdh

I-i-sxl Sli |

-tu-lasn dant

E-m-Emkqlrlq A | u-pu-upadhmnyn ohau

g-q-X-h-ll lxM c |

a-ma-a-a-nn nsik ca

LSi MhPis |

e-daito kaha-tl

ASi MhPq |

o-dauto kahoham

uMUxr Sliq |

vakrasya dantoham

eqsrxr eqsq |
lxMlxuUxr |

jihvmlyasya jihvmlam

nsik-anusvrasya

A-M-W-uxelrlq MhP |
a-ku-ha-visarjanyn kaha
1. A - refers to A A vowel
2. M - refers to M ua - M Z a b X
3. W - refers to Aspirate
4. uxelr - refers to visarga :
C-c-rzl is |
i-cu-yan tlu
1. C - refers to C D vowel
2. c - refers to c ua - c N e f g

The throat
MhP
These are
called
Gutturals
/velar
The palate
is
palatals

3. r - refers to r semi-vowel
4. z - refers to z sibilant
G-O-Uwh qk |
-u-ra mrdh
1. G - refers to G H vowel
2. O - refers to C O ua - O P Q R h
3. U - refers to U semi-vowel
4. w - refers to w sibilant
I-i-sxl Sli |
-tu-lasn dant
1. I - refers to I vowel
2. i - refers to i ua - i j S k l
3. s - refers to s semi-vowel
4. x - refers to x sibilant

The roof of
the hard
palate
qk
Cerebrals /
Retroflex
The teeth
Sli
Dentals

E-m-Emkqlrlq A |
u-pu-upadhmnyn oau
1. E - refers to E F vowel
2. m - refers to m ua - m T o p q

The lips
A
Labials

3. Emkqlr - refers to ardha-visarga half

visarga (:) before m T
g-q-X-h-ll lxM c |
a-ma-a-a-nn nsik ca
g-q-X-h-l refers to all the nasals anunsik

In the nose
lxM
Nasals

g- palatal + nasal,
q- labilal + nasal
X- guttural + nasal,
h- cerebral + nasal
l- dental + nasal
LSi MhPis | (Li+Li= LSi)
e-daito kaha-tl (diphthong)
1. Li et - refers to L e
2. Li ait - refers to L ai

In the throat
and the
palate
MhPis
(Diphthong)

ASi MhPq | (Ai+Ai= ASi)

o-dauto kahoham
1. Ai ot - refers to A o

In the throat
and lips
MhPq

2. Ai aut - refers to A au

(Diphthong)

uMUxr Sliq |
vakrasya dantoham
u - refers to u semi-vowel

The teeth
and lips
Sliq

eqsrxr eqsq |

The root of
the tongue
eqsq

jihvmlyasya jihvmlam
eqsr - refers to ardha-visarga half visarga
(:) before M ka Z kha

aspirate

lxMlxuUxr
nsik-anusvrasya
AlxuU - refers to the symbol with a dot
above the line (

The nose
lxM
nasal

How to differentiate the nasal sounds in articulation?

{Initial stages of learning pronunciation and for identification of difference in
the pronuctiation of nasal sounds}
Guttural - X - a - Close the ears and open the mouth and produce a nasal
sound
Palatal - g - a - Close the nostrils with the fingers and widen the mouth
and produce a nasal sound
Cerebral - h - a - Curl the tongue inside the mouth and touch the roof
of the palate and produce a nasal sound
Dental - l - na - The tip of the tongue is placed at the back of the upper
teeth and produce a nasal sound

Labial - q - ma - Using the lips produce a nasal sound

xuU svar- Vowels

Classification of vowels
Simple Vowels are classified into short and long vowels according to the
unit length of time taken for pronunciation, EUhq, uccraam. This
unit length of time is called mtra. Mtra is only for a vowel. The length of a
syllable is measured by a mtra. Each svara is well defined. Mtras are
defined hrasva, drgha, pluta for the vowels.

xu xuU hrsva svar Short vowels: one mtra one unit of time for
pronunciation.

A a C i Eu G I

Sb xuU drgha svar Long vowels: two mtras two units of time
for pronunciation.

A D F H
A + A = A a + a =
C+ C= D

i+i=

E +E= F

u+u=

G+G+H

+ =

msi pluta is three or more units of time for pronunciation when it is

lengthened, prolated. These are not commonly to be met with in
classical Sanskrit. This is used in the Vedas.

q xuU mira svar Mixed vowels - Diphthongs are long vowels

because they are a combination of two different vowels. Two mtras
two units of time for pronunciation.

L e (A+C)(a+i)

L ai (A+D)(+)

A o (A+E)(a+u)

A au(A+F)(+)

ES, udtta AlS, anudtta xuUi svarita - practically only

three tones are are recognised by Sanskrit. udtta,(high tone) that
which proceeds form the upper part of the vocal organs,
anudtta,(low tone) that which proceeds from the lower part while
svarita (circumflex) arises out of the mixture or the combination of
these two. These accents or tone of pronunciation of vowels are
marked only in the Vedic hymns and used in the Veda chanting.
Udtta is left unmarked; the anudtta is marked with ahorizontal line
underneath () ; svarita is a perpendicular stroke above ()

and

dhrgha-svarita has two perpendicular lines above (). Accentuations

are confined to the Vedas. The marking is only on vowels
Note - In common pronunciation the tone or intonation of vowels in
all Sanskrit words is equal.

AllxM, AlllxM -

anunsika (with nasal sound) and

ananunsika (without nasal sound) - vowels may be pronounced by

making use of the vocal chords in the ordinary way or may be
uttered with a nasal twang (anunsika). This is also in use in the

chanting of the Vedic hymns. This is marked by this symbol

above

the letter.
Therefore, when any of the vowels is referred to simply as A a etc, it
is to be taken to include all its varieties hrasva, drgha, pluta, udtta
anudtta, svarita, and anunsika, ananunsika.

ArauW ayogavhau

is called

- A

A a

am

AlxuU anusvra

is uxa visarga

ayogahavhau
o They add specific sounds to the syllables they are appended
o The articulation of these signs depends on the inherent preceding
vowel in the consonant they follow.
o They are not used independently like other vowels
More about anusvra
- The anusvra is a modified form of the nasal consonants q in the
generic form.
- They can be used at the end or middle of the word.
- The forms of writing differ with the context.

- The two forms of writing are (

) and q m Uq Uqq

rmam

q m halant form, the generic form

rma,

- Is used in a sentence at the end of a word and followed by a

word beginning with a vowel.

Eg., AWq Alb | aham anagha.

- At the end of a sentence. Eg., pe Uqq | bhaja rmam.

( )

the nasal sound marked by a dot above the line at the

end of the word always belongs to the preceding vowel

- Is used in a sentence at the end of a word followed by a word
beginning with a consonant.
Eg. AW

M MUq? aha ki karomi?

q ma the nasal consonant

- The full consonant q + A = q ( + a = ma) can come
anywhere in a word.
Eg., p Uq x qq qi | bho rma s mama mt.
Vowel + anusvara
Vowel
+
Anusvra

A A C D E

Sound

F G H L

I u E ai

A A
o

Au

Consonant +Vowel + anusvra

Example chosen is the consonant M ka

M M M M

ka k ki k

M M

ku k k k ke kai ko Kau

The two forms of writing anusvra

M + A = M / Mq

M + G = M / Mq

M + A = M / Mq

M + H = M / Mq

M + C = M / Mq

M + L = M / Mq

M + D = M / Mq

M + L = M / Mq

M + E = M / Mq

M + A = M / Mq

M + F = M / Mq

M + A = M / Mq

More about visargaIt is a sort of hard breathing also called as visarjanya by Sanskrit
grammarians.
Is a hard Aspirate pronounced like the sound ha
It follows the sound of the preceding consonant and vowel.
The visarga is not an original character but only a substitute for a
final s or r
It is always used at the end of the word marked by two vertical
dots (:) placed after the letter after which it is to be
pronounced. Eg. - Ae aja.
It can also be used in the middle of the word - SZq dukham
Vowel + visarga
Vowel
+
Visarga

A A C

F G H L

Sound

ai o

A A
Au

Consonanat + Vowel + visarga

Example chosen is the consonant M ka

M M M M M

ka

k k

ki

k ku

M M M
k

ke

M M

kai ko

Kau

Consonant + Vowel+ visarga

M + A = M

M + G = M

M + A = M

M + H = M

M + C = M

M + L = M

M + D = M

M + L = M

M + E = M

M + A = M

M + F = M

M + A = M

urgell vyajanni - Consonants

Classification of consonants
How to produce the difference in pronunciation, uccraam of varas?
By identifying the sthnam, place of origin; prayatna, the effort required to
articulate or the manner; pra, the aspiration or the breath for articulation, a
voiced and unvoiced; based on these we have the following classification of
consonants:

uar urgell vargya vyajanni /class consonanats, grouped

- The group of letters that refers to the same class. Complete contact of
the tongue with organs of utterance called mutes or spara

Auar urgell avargya vyajanni / not grouped

- The group of letters not form part of the class. The contact is not
complete

MPU urgell

qS urgell

kahora vyajanni - Hard consonants - surds

mudu vyajanni - Soft consonants - sonants

AllxMl anunsikni- Nasal consonants

uar urgell vargya vyajanni grouped or Class consonants

They use the same points of pronunciation so they are called class
consonants spar, touch.

M Z a b X - M ua

ka varga

c N e f g - c ua

ca varga

- c

O P Q R h

- O ua

a varga

- O

i j S k l

- i ua

ta varga

- i

tu

m T o p q - m ua

pa varga

- m

pu

Auar

urgell

avargya

symbolic name

ku

cu

vyajanni

Ungrouped

consonants which include Semivowels, Sibilants, and Aspirate

i.

Alixj

antasth - Semivowels

r U s u

the contact of the

tongue is not complete

ii.

Fwqh

ma

iii. qWmh mahpra

MPU

Sibilants

z w x

- Aspirate W

urgell

Uttered with a hissing sound

Uttered with a broad breath

kahora vyajanni Hard Consonants - The first

two letters of each class consonant and the sibilants are called hard
consonants. They are unvoiced. Abw, aghoa.

M Z c N O P i j m T

and

z w x

 qS urgell

mudu vyajanni Soft Consonants - The rest of the

three letters from each class which includes nasals, the semivowels
and the aspirate are called Soft Consonants. They are voiced,

bw,

ghoa.

a b X e f g Q R h S k l o p q
r U s u W

AllxMl

anunsikni Nasal Consonants the last letter of each

of the class consonant are called nasals - A letter pronounced in the

nose along with the mouth. Each nasal sound has distinct difference
in articulation.

X g h l q
mrq prayatnam, effort is of two types

- o mrq

bhya prayatnam external effort

- AprliU mrq bhyantara prayatnam -

internal effort

How to determine a letter of the same class, savaram? By sya, place of

origin and prayatna, effort.

xuh savara- homogeneous for those letters whose place of

pronunciation in the mouth and the effort are the same or equal
Axuh asvara heterogeneous - those letters which are not
savara.

The effort is of two types. bhya praytnam external effort and bhyantara
prayatnam, internal effort.

mrq
AprliU

mrq

bhyantara

prayatnam - internal effort

1. xm spha (touched)
2. DwSxm
adspha
(slightly touched)
3. DwSuui advivta (slightly
open)
4. uui vivta (open)
5. xui savta (contracted)

prayatnam, effort

o mrq

bhya prayatnam - external

effort
1. uuU vivra (expansion)
2. xuU savra (contraction)
3. x vsa (sighing)
4. lS nda (sounding)
5. bw
ghoa (low preparatory
mumur/voiced)
6. Abw aghoa (absence of such
murmur/unvoiced)
7.
Asmmh
alpapra
(nonaspirate/slight aspiration)
8.
qWmh
mahpra
(strong
aspiration/aspirate)
9. ES udtta (acute)
10. AlS unudtta (grave) for all the
vowels
11. xuUi svarita (circumflex) vowels

The effort is termed internal because it takes place inside the mouth and
immediately precedes the manifestation of the varas. The difference in the
letters is obviously due to the difference in the praytna which consists of the
touch, spara of the particular part of the mouth with the tongue.

Classification based upon the nature of the internal effort

bhyantara prayatna
ad
Spha

Organs

Spha

Guttural

M ua M Z a b X
c ua c N e f g
O ua O P Q R h
i ua i j S k l
m ua
m T o p q

Palatal

Cerebral

Dental

Labial

Throat and
palate
Throat and
lips

xm

ad
Vivta

Vivta

A A
--

CD

GH

--

EF

--

--

L L

--

--

A A

Savta
Only hrsva
A while
in usage

spha (touched) all the varas vargya vyajanas beginning with

and ending with

q -

there is a complete contact of the tongue with organs

of utterance.

DwSxm

adspha (slightly touched) the semi-vowels the contact of the

tongue with organs of utterance is not complete.

DwSuui

advivta (slightly open) the Sibilants the vocal chords open out

slightly at the time of utterance.

uui

vivta (open) and the Vowels the vocal chords open out at the time of

utterance.

xui

savta (contracted) while uttering the vowel a the vocal chords

contract at the time of utterance

Classification based upon the nature of the external effort bhya

prayatna
There are varieties of external effort because they function after the
production of the varas. The other operations are also external with refrence
to vara.

Organ

Guttural
Palatal
Cerebral
Dental
Labial

Vivra, vsa,
Savra, nda, ghoa
aghoa
Alpa
Mah Alpa
Mah Alpa
Alpa
Mah
pra pra pra pra pra pra pra
Nasal

M
c
O
i
m

Z
N
P
j
T

a
e
Q
S
o

b
f
R
k
p

X
g
h
l
q

r
U
s
u

W
z
w
x
--

Similar looking shapes of varas, letters

C i - Q a - W ha
I - s l

o ba - u va

b gha - k dha

p bha - q ma

X a - Q a

m pa - r ya

c ca - e ja

m pa - w a

i ta - l na

r ya - j tha

R ha - S da

Z kha - Uu ( ) rava
(2 separate letters)

The differences in the articulation of :

G H U ra both are cerebral sounds. But the place of articulation is
slightly different. For G , H the tip of the tongue is placed on the ridge of
the upper gum. For U ra, the tongue touches the roof of the palate

I s la - both are dental sounds. But the place of articulation is slightly

different. For I , the tip of the tongue is placed on the ridge of the upper
gum. For s la, the tongue touches the teeth.

 svara yukta vyajanni

Consonants with their inherent vowels

Consonants in their generic form:
In Sanskrit each consonant has a generic form in which its
pronunciation will not have any vowel sound associated with it. A
generic consonant is linguistically defined to be one without any
vowel inherent to it. Consonants can be meaningful in practice only
when uttered along with a vowel. So a is added for the sake of
pronunciation.
Consonants depend upon the vowels. Either vowel precedes or
vowel succeeds. Can say ik or ki; if i is removed the k gets
literally in the throat akuhavisarjnyn kaha.
The writing system in Devangari lipi or script has a representation
for the generic form of a consonant through the use of a special
mark

written

at

the

bottom

of

the

consonants

familiar

representation. This mark is known as the nether stroke or the

halant or consonantal stop.
Consonants in their generic form look like this.

Consonants with the abbreviated form of the vowel a when

added are written like this + = k+a=ka
Consonants without the nether stroke means vowel a is
inherent in the consonant. They look like this -

Producing a consonant sound in its generic form requires no vowel

sound to be added to the generic consonant sound.
Ancient linguistic scholars referred to vowels as life giving pra
akaras while the consonants were likened to the physical body.
Sanskrit Vowel signs or abbreviated signs
Vowels

Sign

Sound

a i u e ai o au a a
The forms which the vowel signs assume when added to the
consonants and the changes the letters undergo when combined are
given below.

ka

ki

ku

ke

kai ko kau ka ka

In the place of the consonant ka any other consonant can be

replaced and consonant-vowel combinations can be created.
Let us look at the forms of the letter ka and the various vowel
signs added to it.
The generic form of ka is k. The nether stroke is attached
below the letter . When this is sounded with the vowels the
nether stroke is deleted.
+ =

+ =

k + a = ka

k + = k

+ =
k + = k
+ =
k + i = ki
+ =
k + = k
+ =

+ =
k + e = ke
+ =
k + ai = kai
+ =
k + o = ko

k + u = ku

+ =

+ =

k + au = kau

k + = k
+ =
k + = k
+ =
k + = k

+ =
k + a = ka
+ =
k + a = ka

Writing practice see the example and fill in the blanks

consonant-vowel combination.
+ =

+ =

k + a = ka

. + a =

p + a = ...

+ .... =

+ =

.... +..... =

. + a = ha

. + a = pha

.... + =

+ .... =

. + a = a

. + a = ba

+ =

+ =

+ = ....

gh + a = gha

. + a = ha

. + a = bha

.... + =

+ = ....

+ = ....

kh + .... = kha

+ = ....
g + a = ....

..... + a = a

+ = ....

. + a = a

. + .... = ma

+ =

.... + =

. + a = ta

. + a = ya

+ = ....

.... + =

+ =

ch + a = .

. + a = tha

. + a = ....

.... + =

+ ... =

. + a = ja

da + .... = da

+ .... =

+ =

+ =

.... + =

jh +. = jha

. + a = dha

. + a = va

.... + =

+ = ....

+ = ....

. + a = a

. + a = .

+ a = ....

+ .... = .....

.... + .... =

.... + =

+ .... =
c + .... = ca

+ .... = ....

. + .... = sa

l + a = ....

. + a = ....

Writing practice of consonants with vowels

Note: All the vowel combinations are not possible for all
consonants. So they have been left out.
The Gutturals

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
X

combines with an other consonant for pronunciation. So it does

not have these combinations.

The Palatals

c c c c c c c c c c c c c
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
N N N N N N N N N N N N N
... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
f f f f f f f f f f f f f
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
g

combines with an other consonant for pronunciation. So it does

not have these combinations.

The Cerebrals

O O O O O O O O O O O O O
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

P P P P P P P P P P P P P
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

R R R R R R R R R R R R R
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

h h h h h h h h h h h h
... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

...

... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

...

... ... ...

The Dentals

i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
j j j j j j j j j j j j j
... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

S S S S S S S S S S S S S

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
The Labials

m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

T T T T T T T T T T T T T
... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

o o o o o o o

o o o o

o o

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

q q q q q q q q q q q q q q
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
The Semivowels

r r r r r r r r r r r r
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
U

U U U

U U U

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

s s s s s s s s s s s s s
... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

... ...

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

... ...

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

... ...

u u u u u u u u u

u u u u u

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ...

The Sibilants

z z z z z z z z z z z z z z
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

...

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

...

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

...

... ... ...

w w w w w w w

w w w w

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
...

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

...

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

...

... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

The Aspirate

W W W W W W W W W W W W W
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

Reading practice words with short vowel A a

CW iha

cms capala

Ux rasa

csl calana

pu bhava

Aj atha

lUM naraka

ESU udara

pe bhaja

zUh araa

mS pada

Arl ayana

l na

qq mama

pa bhaga

uSl vadana

c ca

iu tava

chM caaka

su lava

Lu eva

er jaya

pUi bharata

zq ama

LM eka

WU hara

mhu paava

Sq dama

kl dhana

lu nava

mul pavana

xql samana

os bala

Amer apajaya

ahM gaaka

sr laya

qll manana

mU para

Ts phala

rq yama

ul vana

AmU apara

Ae aja

uU vara

lpx nabhasa

xW saha

AM aka

usr valaya

lU nara

aal gagana

zrl ayana

LMmS ekapada

aqr gamaya

xMs sakala

MqP kamaha

cUh caraa

Msz kalaa

ph bhaa

lOuU naavara

vamana

xUs sarala

xos sabala

CiU itara

Reading practice words with short vowel a and ending

with generic consonants.
osq balam

imx tapas

qWi mahat

Uex rajas

rzx yaas

xUx saras

suhq lavaam

rix yatas

pui bhavat

wO a

qrO maya

ssi lalat

SSi dadat

CSq idam

Ezlx uanas

xi sat

qbul maghavan

Arq ayam

Axi asat

ziq atam

ri yat

Wsq halam

iS tad

mUq param

ulq vanam

AWq aham

prq bhayam

xl san

iqx tamas

xUO sara

Uxlq rasanam

lz na

xl san

Mqsq kamalam

Alx anas

zq am

Ueiq rajatam

xq sam

uwO vaa

qlx manas

lpx nabhas

Ujq ratham

Akx adhas

klq dhanam

Disjoin the letters into consonants and vowels as shown in the

example:

AWq
Msz
Uxlq
aqr
uwO
SSi
cUh
Ezlx
qbul
CiU
suhq
Akx
qWi
qll
xW
Ujq
mhu

A + W + A + q
M + A + s + A + z + A

Example:

k with abbreviated long vowel

M + A = M k + = k
M Z a b X c N e f g O P Q R h
i j S k l m T o p q r U s u z w x W

Reading practice words with long vowel

paul bhagavn

cqU cmara

rj yath

si lat

qs ml

WsWs hlhala

Aaq gama

lUrh nryaa

eOkU jadhara

qlx mnas

Mwr kya

qr my

zxM jsaka

Ms kla

Am pa

kUh dhra

pul bhvan

aell gajnana

klq dhnam

qku mdhava

xaU sgara

Uk rdh

Dzl na

msr playa

MM kka

Uuh rvaa

Uqrhq rmyaam

isis taltala

Ue rj

mUrhq pryaam

lUS nrada

ll nn

Ubu rghava

Example: k with abbreviated short vowel i

M + C = M k + i = ki
M Z a b X c N e f g O P Q R h
i j S k l m T o p q r U s u z w x W

Reading practice words with short vowel i

zu iva

uMO vikaa

paui bhagavati

Eqmi umpati

Mms kapila

Mmsl kaplin

xSzu sadiva

ulrM vinyaka

ri yati

uwr viaya

lqq nammi

AkM adhika

Als anila

lk nidhi

lkl nidhana

WU hari

Mu kavi

xqk samdhi

qh mai

lsr nilay

peq bhajmi

qi mati

pui bhavati

eOs jaila

Uu ravi

qsl malina

MsSxklidsa

UxM rasik

aUe girij

MU kiri

ahmi gaapati

Wi hita

zzU iira

Example: k with abbreviated long vowel

M + D = M k + = k
M Z a b X c N e f g O P Q R h
i j S k l m T o p q r U s u z w x W

Reading practice words with long vowel

lU nr

kUh dhara

a g

ss ll

zUUq sharram

lS nad

qUc mrca

ai gt

luliq navantam

SmUkl dprdhan

kql dhmn

iQa tag

Sl dna

eulq jvanam

mis ptala

pq bhma

kU dhra

oeq bjam

pul bhavn

Ua rg

ql mna

lUelq nrjanam

zz a

McM kcaka

pUir bhratya

uUW vrh

zis tal

lul navna

ls nl

iSr tadya

sWU lahar

OM k

uUhx vras

Reading practice words with short and long vowel i

Ui rti

upwh vibhaa

euM jvik

lUzq niram

qsl mlin

QMl kin

cUl crin

AlMl ankin

Aei ajti

MUO kirta

SsUq dilram

fUM jhirk

qUcM marcik

umUi viparta

mQi pita

qWw mahi

qlw man

Mri kiyat

mmsM piplik

Ssm dlpa

MsM klik

xqclq samcnam

pal bhagin

esMl jlakin

WUh hari

MUh kari

eul jvin

aUz girsha

eaw jig

uWl vhin

pi bhti

Ski ddhiti

Skc dadhci

apUM gabhrik

pql bhmin

Aki adhti

ail gtin

uiUal vtargin

AiQlq atinam

lsl nalin

lsq nlim

mUhi parita

uelW vijnhi

Azi ati

Apli abhinta

Aqqwi ammiat

pwi bhita

AsMl alkin

uli vinta

uj vthi

uhl vin

iOl tain

Example: k with abbreviated short vowel u

M + E = M k + u = ku
M Z a b X c N e f g O P Q R h
i j S k m T o p q r s u z w x W
Note: ru the uis added in the side in the middle of the letter
Reading practice words with short vowel u
xZq sukham

zz iu

Mh karu

SZq dukham

qi marut

qMsq mukulam

xqZ sumukha

mUil purtana

ile tanuj

AxU asura

kUh dhura

uxk vasudh

M kuru

lMs nakula

AllxM anunsika

ruUe yuvarja

rrkl yuyudhna

lWw nahua

mUh pura

uS vidu

coM cubuka

a guru

qjU mathur

is tlu

qSiuSl muditavadana

qkUq madhuram

iUa turaga

pulq bhuvanam

uxM vsuki

klx dhanus

SUi durita

uh varua

ki dhtu

Example: k with abbreviated long vowel

M + F = M k + = k
M Z b X c N e f g O P R h
i j S k l m T o p q r s u z w x W
Note:

r the is added in the side in the middle of the letter

Reading practice words with long vowel

lil ntana

qR mha

ciM ctaka

cQqh cmai

lmhq nirpaam

SUq dram

qsq mlam

mUri prayit

Mm kpa

qrU mayra

AWi hti

mil ptan

qwM maka

mwl pan

pU bhri

Wlql hanmn

Axr asy

Amm appa

pwh bhaa

uk vadh

xcM scaka

me pj

kqui dhmavat

xqW samha

kmq dhpam

isMq tlakam

ujl varthin

zU ra

p bh

Reading practice words with short and long vowel u and

xl snu
cm crurp
AlMs anukla
lmUq npuram
MiWs kuthala
Alpr anubhya
pxU bhsura
Alm anurpa
zcpiq ucibhtam
xqSR samudha
mUux purravas
WWxi hhsuta
qkxSl madhusdana
Fc cu
ASSwi adduat

Example: k with abbreviated short vowel

M + G = M k + = k
M Z a b c N e f O P Q R i j S k l
m T o p q s u z w x W

Note: for the letter U

r the vowel

G has been left out because it

is impossible to pronounce.
Reading practice words with short vowel
qw m

mj pthu

xSR sudh

MmMU kpkara

pi bhta

Mmh kpaa

Miraq ktayugam

Aki adhta

biq ghtam

aWq gham

oWi bhat

Wi hta

WSrq hdayam

ihq tam

lxi nista

iir tty

ppi bhbht

qhsl mlin

qa mga

SWi duhit

pa bhgu

xMi sakt

Aqiq amtam

uj vth

zh u

lm npa

uwp vabha

Example: k with abbreviated long vowel

M + H = M k + = k
M Z a b c N e f O P i j S k l
m o p q s u z w x W

Reading practice words with long vowel

There are not many words available. In the words that are given as
example as single consonants which are called dhtus or roots in
Sanskrit Grammar which form the basis for the entire gamut of the
Sanskrit language.
M k

dh

Example: k with abbreviated long vowel e

M + L = M k + e = ke
M Z a b X c N e f g O P Q R h
i j S k l m T o p q r U s u z w x W

Reading practice words with long vowel e

xWSu sahadeva

sZl lekhan

q meru

Mzu keava

uh ve

AlM aneka

uxSu vsudeva

uhalq veugnam

mzs peala

Su dev

xi setu

elqer janamejaya

uS ved

xqk sumedh

MoU kubera

SuUO devar

Eqz umea

auw gavea

uzw viea

mUz parea

iex tejas

xMz suke

qWz mahea

lcMi nciketa

qb megha

pe bhaje

Mi ketu

qw mea

Uui revat

luSlq nivedanam

cix cetas

NSM chedaka

Wql heman

Example: k with abbreviated long vowel ai

M + L = M k + ai = kai
M Z a b X c N e f g O P Q R h
i j S k l m T o p q r U s u z w x W

Reading practice words with long vowel ai

isl tailin

csq cailam

Msx kailsa

eur jaiveya

qjs maithil

eql jaimini

u vai

Wqui haimavat

MMr kaikey

zs aila

WWr haihaya

iex taijasa

uSM vaidika

AkSuMq dhidaivikam

uis vaitla

MzMq kaiikam

Sui daivata

qkMOp madhukaitabha

zl anai

uUq vairam

Example: k with abbreviated long vowel o

M + A = M k + o = ko
M Z a b X c N e f g O P Q R h
i j S k l m T o p q r U s u z w x W
Reading practice words with long vowel o
rzS yaod

Mqsq komalam

paq bhogam

Ab ogha

qlWUq manoharam

Ua roga

AUm ropa

AzMulq aokavanam

qWl mohana

imsM tapoloka

MMs tkokil

bhxi ghosuta

AUWh rohaa

sW loha

Awk oadhi

jQlq thoanam

AusMlq avalokanam

mUiw paritoa

iUklq tirodhnam

AmW apoha

xql soman

is tola

Emra upayoga

xUuU sarovara

cSl codana

Wq homa

cMU cakora

cwhq coaam

ok bodha

zp obh

ams gopla

bw ghoa

MPU kaora

Example: k with abbreviated long vowel au

M + A = M k + au = kau

M Z a b X c N e f g O P Q R h
i j S k l m T o p q r U s u z w x W

Reading practice words with long vowel au

rulq yauvanam

lM nauk

sMMq laukikam

MOM kautika

aiq gautama

aQSzq gauadeam

qlq maunam

ah gaua

MqSM kaumodak

RMlq haukanam

iwU taura

elb janaugha

Awkq auadham

MUu kaurava

Mzsq kaualam

xSql saudmin

aUuq gauravam

xUp saurabha

a gau

qs mauli

MqS kaumud

aU gaur

Mml kaupna

MiMq kautukam

ki dhauta

AmcUM aupacrika

AkpiMq dhibhautikam

SuMx divaukasa

Example: k with

anusvra

M + A = M k + a = ka
M Z a b c N e f O P Q R h
i j S k l m T o p q r U s u z w x W
Reading practice words with anusvra a

xra | xuS | xzr | AWx | Wx | xWM |

Uqrh qWpUiq CiWx mUh c mP |
mlUm ell mlUm qUh mlUm ell ePU zrlq |
zu zuMU xxU lzMU xSzuq AW lqq |
AiSlq Cq mUmsr qq |
iu esq Aqs rl lmi mUqmS Zs il aWiq |
Ua zM im mm WU q paui Mqi Msmq |
AUaiq ASwi xxWi Emi |
xUS xZS ahz ahz peq |
qWSuSu qWSupu qWSuos pe sMmsq |
qWz Msz xUz mUz lUz aUz qWzq AW pe |

Example: k with

visarga

M + A = M k + a = ka
M Z a b X c N e f g O P Q R h
i j S k l m T o p q r U s u z w x W

Reading practice words with visarga a

Ae , si , Uu , sZl , Qq , uk , qh , zl , a
MM MM mM mM |
Wqsr Uqhr |
Mmsr lq |
Uq Ueqh: ueri |
Uu sM xZq |
a r Mj mUhw mOi, i Lu x Mjri |
Ub mi Ssm l sZl SSi |

Disjoin the letters into consonants and vowels as shown in the

example:
vowel Word

Letters split

A
A
A
A
C
D
CD
E
F
EF
G
H
L
L
A
A
A
A

l + A + r + A + l + q
U + A + a + A + u + A

lrlq
Ubu
aal
pxMlq
WqaU
xis
MUO
xqZ
mUux
Alpr
Aqiq
lhq
Suz
WWr
pelq
Awkq
xxU
Uqh

Pick up words from the reading practice word list and write
them in the columns as shown in the example:
vowel Signs Words

A
A
C
D
CD
E
F
EF
G
H
L
L
A
A
A
A

words

words

words

Section 3

xrY AUh sayukta akari

Conjunct Consonants
In this chapter we are learning to recognise the forms of conjunct
consonants, meaning - when two consonants are placed next to
each other.
How to pronounce and write when letters are compounded?
They are written in the order in which they are pronounced.
The combination is always
Consonant + consonant + vowel.

M + l + A K + n + a = kna /
The first consonant is always written in the generic form before
compounding. The last consonant is always a svarayuktta akara,
the abbreviated form of the vowel is appended or combined.
Varnm atyanta smpyam (when the letters are placed next to
each other) is called sahita in the Veda. In Paninian language
also it is used in the same thinking sahitym.
What happens to the letters when there is atyanta smpyam, placed
close to each other?
They either remain as they are or they undergo some change in the
form and there is phonetic change too. This is samhita. The
preceding letters generally lose their nether stroke and the
perpendicular strokes when compounded.

Rules for writing conjunct letters:

1. If there is a vertical line in the first consonant, remove the vertical
line and the nether stroke and add the second letter with a vowel.
e.g xir satya x + i + r + A is written as x i r = xir

Aqo ab A + q + o + A is written as A q o = Aqo

2. If there is no clear vertical line in the first consonant, there are
three possible ways of writing these forms:
a. The first letter can be written in the generic form
e.g. Ms kla = M + s + A k + l + a
b. Truncate the first letter and write the second
e.g. Ys kla = M + s + A k + l + a
c. Write the second letter under the first letter
e.g.

kla = M + s + A k + l + a

3. There are three ways of writing the consonant U r

a. If U r or the vowel G is the first letter of the conjuct letter,
it will be

written as a hook

on top of the second letter. It is

necessarily called UT repha.

e.g. M rka = U + M + A r + k + a

b. If U ris the second letter of the conjunct letter, it will be

written as a stroke in the left side beginning from the middle
of the first consonant.
e.g. kra = M + U + A k + r + a
c. For the letters which have a rounded shape, when U r is the
second letter it will appear like a carrot symbol

below the

letters.
e.g. ++=N chra ++=O ra ===P ha
++=Q ra ++=R hra
4. Regarding Nasals
The class consonants or the vargya consonants take the nasal of its
class while coining a word.
The difference in the pronunciation is identetified by the form.

X g h l n q
Mua = X = XM XZ Xa Xb written as (stacked)
cua = g = gc gN ge gf written as gc gN ge gf
Oua = h = hO hP hQ hR hh written as hO hP hQ hR hh
iua = l n = li lj lS lk ll written as li lj lS lk
mua = q = qm qT qo qp qq written as qm qT qo qp qq

5. If z is the first letter, it optionally gets a special form

z + c = ca
z + U = ra
z + u = va
+ + na
6. Special conjuct characters

M + w = ka
M + i + i = Yi / kta
i + i = tta
i + U = tra
S + S = dda
S + r = dya
e + g = ja
7. Reverse pronunciation
Pronunciation of

W + h = should be reversed while pronouncing as h + W

W + l = should be reversed while pronouncing as l + W
W + q = should be reversed while pronouncing as q + W

xr uh sayukta var combinations

urgelq + urgelq + xuU = xr AUh
vyajanam + vyajanam +svara = sayukta akar
Consonant + consonant + vowel = conjunct Consonant
The possible combinations of conjucts with M K as the second letter
1. --- + M + A

M + M + A = kka
X + M + A = ka
c + M + A = cM cka
O + M + A = OM ka
i + M + A = iM tka
U + M + A = M rka
s + M + A = sM lka
w + M + A = wM ka
x + M + A = xM ska
2. --- + Z

M K as the second letter

M O - kukkua
AU - akura
xcM - scka
wOM - aka
iiMsM - ttklika
AM - arka
zsMq - ulkam
lwMq - nikma
xxMU - samskra
Z Kh as the second letter

X + Z + A = kha zq - akham
i + Z + A = iZ tkha EiZllq - utkhananam
x + Z + A = xZ skha xZslq - skhalanam

3. --- + a

a g as the second letter

a + a + A = aa gga
X + a + A = ga
Q + a + A = ga
S + a + A = dga
U + a + A = a rga
s + a + A = sa lga

aaas - guggula
a - gag
Zq - khadgam
qs - mudgala
aa - garga
Tsal - phlguna

3. --- + b

b gh as the second letter

X + b + A = gha
S + b + A = Sb dgha
U + b + A = b rgha
5. --- + c

c + c + A = cca
g + c + A = gc ca
U + c + A = c rca
z + c + A = ca
6. --- + N

c + N + A = cN ccha
g + N + A = gN cha
U + N + A = N rcha

slq - laghanam
ESbOlq- udghanam
Ab - argha
c c as the second letter

E - uccai
mgc - paca
Acl - arcan
mi - pact
N ch as the second letter

CcN - icch
ugN - vch
qN - mrch

7. --- + e

e + e + A = jja
g + e + A = ge ja
Q + e + A = Qe ja
o + e + A = oe bja
U + e + A = e rja
8. --- + f

e + f + A = ef jjha
g + f + A = gf jha
U + f + A = f rjha
9. --- + g
c + g + A = cg ca
e + g + A = ja
10. --- + O

O + O + A = a
h + O + A = hO a
m + O + A = mO pa
w + O + A = a
11. --- + P

P + P + A = hha
h + P + A = hP ha
w + P + A = ha

e j as the second letter

El - ujjaini
xger - sajaya
wQe - aja
Aoe - abja
Ael - arjuna
f jh as the second letter

fsefs - jhalajjhala
fgflq - jhajhanam
ffU - jharjhara
g as the second letter

rcg - yc
lq - jnam
O as the second letter

Ol - aan
bhO - gha
AmO - pe
Aq - aama
P h as the second letter

us - vihhala
uMhP - vaikuha
Mq - kham

12. --- + Q

Q + Q + A = a
h + Q + A = hQ da
13. --- + R

Q + R + A = h
h + R + A = hR ha
14. --- + h

h + h + A = hh a
U + h + A = h ra
w + h + A = wh a
15. --- + i

i + i + A = tta
l + i + A = li nta
m + i + A = mi pta
U + i + A = i rta
x + i + A = xi sta
16. --- + j

i + j + A = ij ttha
l + j + A = lj ntha
U + j + A = j rtha
x + j + A = xj stha

Q as the second letter

Ez - ua
mhQu - pdava
R h as the second letter

zh - ih
whR - aha
h as the second letter

uwhh - viaa
Mh - kara
Mwh - ka
i t as the second letter

Eq - uttama
Sli - danta
Ami - pta
ai - garta
Wxi - hasta
j th as the second letter

Eijlq - utthnam
mlj - panth
Aj - artha
xjlq - sthnam

17. --- + S

S + S + A = dda
l + S + A = lS nda
o + S + A = oS bda
U + S + A = S rda
18. --- + k
a + k + A = ak gdha
S + k + A = ddha
l + k + A = lk ndha
o + k + A = ok bdha
U + k + A = k rdha
1 9. --- + l
M + l + A = Yl kna
Z + l + A = Zl khna
a + l + A = al gna
b + l + A = bl ghna
i + l + A = tna
k + l + A =kl dhna
l + l + A = nna
m + l + A = ml pna
q + l + A = ql mna
z + l + A = zl na
x + l + A = xl sna
W + l + A = hna

S d as the second letter

EsM - uddlaka
llSam - nandagopa
zoSq - abdam
aSp - gardabha
k dh as the second letter

Sakq - dugdham
zq - uddham
olklq - bandhanam
sokq - labdham
AklU - ardhanr
l n as the second letter

zYli - aknoti
cZli - cakhnatu
sal - lagna
ublq - vighnam
Uq - ratnam
okli - badhnti
Aq - annam
Amli - pnoti
lql - nmn
Azli - anute
xllq - snnam
cq - cinham

20. --- + m

m p as the second letter

O + m + A = Om pa
i + m + A = im tpa
m + m + A = mm ppa
q + m + A = qm mpa
U + m + A = m rpa
s + m + A = sm lpa
w + m + A = wm pa
x + m + A = xm spa
21. --- + T
i + T + A = iT tpha
q + T + A = qT mpha
s + T + A = sT lpha
x + T + A = xT spha
22. --- + o

wOmS - apada
iimSq - tatpadam
mmms - pippal
mUqmU - parampar
xm - sarpa
Asmq - alpam
mwmq - pupam
xmW - sph

q + o + A = qo mba
U + o + A = o rba
s + o + A = so lba
23. --- + p
S + p + A = bha
q + p + A = qp mbha
U + p + A = p rbha
s + p + A = sp lbha

sqoSU - labodara
Sos - durbala
Esohq - ulbaam

Tph as thesecond letter

EiTh - utphaa
aqT - gumpha
asT - gulpha
xTOMq - sphaikam
o b as second letter

p bh as second letter

xul - sadbhvan
zqp - ambho
ApM - arbhaka
asp galbha

2 4. --- + q

M + q + A = Yq kma
X + q + A = Xq ma
c + q + A = cq cma
i + q + A = iq tma
S + q + A = dma
k + q + A = kq dhma
l + q + A = lq nma
m + q + A = mq pma
q + q + A = qq mma
U + q + A = q rma
s + q + A = sq lma
z + q + A = zq ma
w + q + A = wq ma
x + q + A = xq sma
W + q + A = hma
25. --- + r
M + r + A = Yr kya
Z + r + A = Zr khya
a + r + A = ar gya
b + r + A = br ghya
c + r + A = cr cya
e + r + A = er jya
O + r + A = ya

q m as second letter

Yqh - rukmi
urq - vmayam
ucq - vacmi
Aiq - tm
mui - padmvat
Skq - dadhmau
qlqj - manmatha
mmq - ppm
qqqO - mammaa
kq - dharma
asq - gulma
Azql - aman
Fwqh - ma
xqUhq - smaraam
e - jimha
r y as the second letter

uYrq - vkyam
AZrlq - khynam
parq - bhgyam
qbrq - maughyam
crulq - cyavanam
Uerq - rjyam
zrlq - yyanam

R + r + A = hya
h + r + A = hr ya
i + r + A = ir tya
j + r + A = jr thya
S + r + A = dya
k + r + A = kr dhya
l + r + A = lr nya
m + r + A = mr pya
o + r + A = or bya
p + r + A = pr bhya
q + r + A = qr mya
r + r + A = rr yya
U + r + A = r rya
s + r + A = sr lya
u + r + A = ur vya
z + r + A = zr ya
w + r + A = wr ya
x + r + A = xr sya
W + r + A = hya
26. --- + U
M + U + A = kra
a + U + A = a gra
b + U + A = b ghra
e + U + A = e jra

qq - mauhyam
mhrq - puyam
xirq - satyam
mjrq - pathyam
aq - gadyam
krlq - dhynam
Mlr - kany
xqmrq - smpyam
zor - aibya
AUpr - rabhya
xqr - saumy
zrr - aiyy
Ar - rya
osrq - blyam
urMUhq - vykaraam
zrqs - ymal
mwr - puya
xxr - sasya
aq - guhyam
U r as the second letter
uq - vikrama
aq - grma
bh - ghra
ueq - vajram

i + U + A = tra
S + U + A = S dra
k + U + A = k dhra
m + U + A = m pra
o + U + A = o bra
p + U + A = p bhra
q + U + A = q mra
u + U + A = u vra
z + U + A = ra
x + U + A = x sra
W + U + A = hra
27. --- + s
M + s + A = Ys kla
a + s + A = as gla
m + s + A = ms pla
q + s + A = qs mla
s + s + A = ss lla
z + s + A = zs la
W + s + A = hla
28. --- + u
M + u + A = Yu kva
a + u + A = au gva
e + u + A = eu jva
i + u + A = iu tva
S + u + A = dva

m - putra
xpS: - saubhadra
Ulk: - randhra
mMz - praka
Aoui - abravt
pqhq - bhramaam
Aqq - ram
uil - vratin
uhq - ravaam
xWxq - sahasram
S hrada
s l as the second letter

zYs - ukla
asl - glni
msua - plavaga
qsl - mlni
ussM - vallak
zsblq - lghanam
ASM - hldaka
u v as the second letter

mYuq - pakvam
GauS gveda, gvla
euslq - jvalanam
iuq - tvam
Uq - dvram

k + u + A = ku dhva
l + u + A = lu nva
U + u + A = u rva
s + u + A = su lva
z + u + A = va
w + u + A = wu va
x + u + A = xu sva
W + u + A = hva
29. --- + z
U + z + A = z ra
30. --- + w
M + w + A = ka
O + w + A = Ow a
U + w + A = w ra
31. --- + x
M + x + A = Yx ksa
i + x + A = ix tsa
m + x + A = mx psa
x + x + A = xx ssa
32. --- + W

U + W + A = W rha
s + W + A = sW lha

kul - dhvani
xklu - sudhanv
EuMq - urvrukam
osu - bilva
DU - vara
Mwu - kuruva
xurq - svayam
e jihv
z as second letter

mUqz - parmara
w as second letter

q - moka
wOw - aati
Aw ra
x s as second letter

uYxU - vksra
uixs - vatsal
AmxU - apsar
SxxW - dussaha
W h as second letter

AW - arha
usWh - vilhaa

Conjunct consonanat with three or more letters

M + i + i + A =
M + s + r + A = Msr
M + w + h + A = h
M + w + q + A = q
M + w + r + A = r
M + w + u + A = u
a + k + r + A = akr
a + p + r + A = apr
a + U + r + A = ar
X + M + U + A = X

ktta
klya
ka
kma
kya
kva
gdhya
gbhya
grya
kra

p bhaktta
zMsrq auklya
xSh sudk
sqh lakmaa
srq lakya
CuM ikvku
qakrq maugdhya
Saprq digbhym
Aarq agryam
xXqhq
sakramaam

X
X
X
c
h
h

+
+
+
+
+
+

M + w + A = X
a + r + A = Xar
b + r + A = Xbr
N + U + A = cN
P + r + A = h
Q + U + A = hQ

h + Q + r + A = h
i
i
i
i
i
i
S

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

i + u + A = u
l + r + A = ilr
q + r + A = iqr
U + r + A = r
x + l + A = ixl
x + r + A = ixr
k + r + A = Skr

ka
gya
ghya
cchra
hya
ra
ya

AMX kk
AsXar ligya
EssXbr ullaghya
McNq kcchram
Mh kahy
mhQ paura
qhq mauyam

ttva
tnya
tmya
trya
tsna
tsya
ddhya

iuq tattvam
mr patny
Aiqr tmya
rqoM tryambaka
Mixlq ktsnam
qixr matsya
oSkr buddhy

S + p + r + A = Spr
S + U + r + A =
l + i + r + A = lire
l + i + U + A = l
l + i + u + A = lieu
l + S + r + A = l
l + S + U + A = lS
l + k + r + A = lkr
l + l + r + A = r
o + k + u + A = oku
q + m + r + A = qmr
q + o + r + A = qor
U + b + r + A = br
U + X + a + A =
U + i + r + A = ir
U + k + l + A = kl
U + q + r + A = qr
U + k + u + A = ku
U + w + h + A = wh
s + M + r + A = sYr
z + c + r + A = r
w + O + r + A = w
w + O + U + A =
w + O + u + A = wOu
w + P + r + A = w
x + i + r + A = xir
x + i + U + A = x

dbhya
drya
ntya
ntra
ntva
ndya
ndra
ndhya
nnya
bdhva
mpya
mbya
rghya
rga
rtya
rdhna
rmya
rdhva
ra
lkya
cya
ya
ra
va
hya
stya
stra

mSprq padbhym
SUq dridryam
Slir danty
qlq mantram
xliulq sntvanam
Apul abhivandya
ClS indra
xlkr sandhy
xrx sannysa
soku labdhv
mMqmr prakampya
Asqor lambya
Abrq arghyam
zq rgam
kirq dhaurtyam
qkl mrdhni
Wqrq harmyam
Fku rdhva
Mwh: kri
rusYr yjvalkya
ri cyuta
uw veya
F ra
CwOu iv
Aw ohya
Aaxir agastya
zxq stram

Section 4

xXZr Numerals
1

10

10

xpwil

zzl c lz lzr c zz
zzl lzr c upi lp |
mrx Mqs Mqsl mr
mrx Mqsl upi xU ||

Word list from Vedanta

Aiq
Mwh
xq
ol
uhq
mwj
kq
uq
lkkrxlq
mw
krlq
Aq
elq
luMsm
lU
zUUq
DU
ah
AllS
xi
Au
eu
r

zU
Ael
Akur
q
xgciMq
pY
Aq
Aj
zxq
LMq
Aal
xXZr

mrx
xrx
ulmxj
lwMq
mgcpi
pul
iexu
ocU
ci
rx

Alpuq
uS
GM
Mq
qWU
qllq

Mq
ai
paul
Fhlp
Arq
eU
MqTsq
xuMsm
xjs
xqk
iUr
eai
xum
Uex
xuq
xu

mhrq
rex
qlq
q
kUh
aWxj
oh
qir
EmlwS
Mrq
Am
qUhq
ra
mju
xq
MUhq
Awk
sh
ulxmir
qr
iqx
Uu
rzx

mUq
xurgeri
em

uUarq
xqmSr
msr
ulqr
mhqr
MOxj
m
Ysz
AUq
uh
ClS
qW
qS

AmU
mUrhq
im
zq
uuM
xa
xwmi
qlqr
AllSqr
iOxj
lq
Sw
urq
clS
ui
sp

AlS
Akrrlq
ii
Sq
lq
xji
xuml
mgcMz
Aqr
xum
hM
r
Uxm
xr
xxU
k
xqmi

lkl
cz
EmUi
xqklq
urMUhq
sr
eai
Auxjr
xaq
lUMq
Aprx
SUi
zMUeiq
iUq
xZq
SZq

Pick up the words from the word list and write them in the boxes
given below

A
A
C
D
E
F
G
L
L
A
A
M
Z
a
b
X
c
N
e
f
g
O

P
Q
R
h
i
j
S
k
l
r
U
s
u
z
w
x
W

Inspirations
Munakopaniad, Part 1 by Pujya Swami Dayananda Saraswati
Taittiriya Bhashya Talks 2012, Anaikatty, Coimbatore by Pujya
Swami Dayananda Saraswati
Higher Sanskrit grammar by Shri M R Kale.
High School Sanskrit Grammar by Vidvan Srinivasa Deshikachar
and Mrs. Prabha Sridhar
Teach Yourself Sanskrit, Varaml, Rashtriya Samskrita samsthan,
New Delhi
Sanskrit Level 1 - Published by Sanskrit Academy Bangalore
My Skype students from Portugal - Joana, Mafalda Megre, Mafalda
Souza, Catia, Innes and Claudia for whom these lessons were
created.

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