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SESSION 1& 2
AIM
Basic definitions and their explanations
BASIC DEFINITIONS AND THEIR EXPLANATIONS
Distance: The actual path length of the particle from initial to final
positions of journey.
Symbol: S SI unit: m The distance travelled by the particle is
independent of direction of motion and it is scalar quantity.
Displacement: The shortest distance between initial and final
positions of journey.
Displacement is a vector quantity and its magnitude is the shortest
distance between the initial and final positions of journey.
Displacement and distance can be evaluated not only between
initial and final positions but also between any two points of
journey.
Consider A and B are two positions of particle in its journey.
y
=
=
=
B
3
ms1 = 10ms1;
ms1;
Velocity = =
ms1 (from A to B)
Average Speed ( ) =
.
.
.
Average Speed ( ) =
Average Speed ( ) =
If t1 = t2 = t3...........tn= then
Average Speed ( ) =
Instantaneous velocity:
The term instantaneous is used to explain an event happening in a
very smallinterval of time. Usually instantaneous time is denoted as
dt. The numerical value of dt is nota definite constant, but we
can say that it less than one and close to zero i.e. about 0.01s or
0.001s. (Let us not assign a fixed value for it. Its depends on the
context of explanation).
Let us consider a situation of a particle moving along a straight line
from A to B. At a time t = 0 (usually called initial time) the particle is
at A and at a time t = 10s. Let AB = 100m. As the particle crosses the
point C, can we guess time taken to cross this point. The answer is
simple. Impossible. If we consider two nearest points, one point D
just before reaching C and another point E just after crossing C. The
CLASS EXERCISE :
1] A circular park has a radius of 1 km. A man standing from the
center of park, walking towards East and going along the
circumference of the park reaches the North gate. What is his
displacement?
2]
a)2 km
b) 1.57 km c) 1 km
d) 2.57 km
If a cyclist takes one minute to complete half revolution on a
circular path 120m radius, what is the average velocity?
a) 1 m/s
3]
4]
5]
b) 2 m/s
c) 3 m/s
d) 4 m/s
A car covers the 1st half of the distance between two places at
a speed of 40 km/hr and the second half at 60 km/hr. The
average speed of the car is
a) 100 km/hr
b) 48 km/hr
c) 50 km/hr
d) 25 km/hr
An aeroplane moves 400m towards north, 300m towards west
and then 1200m vertically upwards. Then its displacement
from the initial position is
a) 1300m
b) 1400m
c) 1500m
d) 1600m
An ant starts from one corner of a cube of side length 3m and
reaches the diagonally opposite corner. The displacement is
SESSION-3, 4 & 5
AIM
Definition of acceleration, explanation of equations of motion.
Definition of acceleration, explanation of equations of motion.
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity is acceleration.
The direction of acceleration is the direction of change in velocity
There is misconception that direction of acceleration is either along
the direction of motion or opposite to direction of motion. It need
not be parallel to direction of motion.
=
; 1 and 2 need not be in the same direction 2 1need
not be either in the direction of 1 or 2.
For a particle moving along a straight line, direction of acceleration
is either in the direction of motion (in case of increasing velocity) or
in the opposite to direction of motion (in case of decreasing
velocity)
Uniform acceleration: The body is said possess uniform
acceleration if it executes equal change in velocity in equal intervals
of time, however small the intervals are.
There are two possible paths for this type of motion (i) straight line
(ii) parabolic
Non-uniform acceleration: The body is said to possess nonuniform acceleration, if it executes unequal change in velocity in
equal intervals of time, however small the intervals are.
Instantaneous = = lim
You know that the definitions might be boring but simple but
applications are always interesting. Therefore, let's come to
application
For Motion in One Dimension you have already learnt Equations of
Motion in One Dimension
v=u+at s = ut + at2 vz = uz + 2as
We can not only establish same set of equation without graphs but
we can derive any result if we use Calculus Technique.
Calculus Techniques:- The Equations of Motion in One Dimension
are consistent to constant acceleration only. Therefore to start with
consider constant acceleration.
i.e. = constant t Therefore by definition For 2nd Equation we can
use =
d = dt = . [ ] = [ ]
= = ( 0) = +
Therefore you got your 1st Equation = + t or v = u + at because
for Motion in One Dimension only +ve & -ve sign are more than
sufficient to rep represent direction. "+ve" means away from Origin
i.e. towards Right or Upwards and "-ve" means towards the Origin
i.e. towards left or Downwards. = + t Sufficient for any type of
motion with Constant Acceleration.
= ( + ).
[ ] = . +
.
= . + .
Where = (Displacement)
= (+ )
[ ] = . + .
= . + .
Where = (Displacement)
= =
= .
. .d
= . [ ]
10
Example:
(i) A car travels for six seconds. The last second of travel is 6th
second. (Interval of last second is one second)
(ii) A vertical travel for 6.1 seconds. The last second of travel has an
interval of one second. i.e. from 5.1 s to 6.1 s
(iii) A cyclist travels for 0.95 seconds. There is no last second,
because the travel time is less
than one second.
To calculate displacement from t1 to t2 seconds, use
s = ut + at2 i.e. s1 = ut1 + a and s2 = ut2+ a (s2-s1)
= u (t2 -t1) + a ( -
11
EXERCISE (A)
1]
2]
3]
4]
5]
c) 5
d) 4
12
6]
7]
8]
d) V =
a)
(
(
)
)
b)
c)
d)
13
SESSION - 6
AIM
Motion with Variable Acceleration
Motion with Variable Acceleration
(i) If acceleration is a function of time then a = f (t) then v = u
+ ( ) and s = ut +( ( ) )
(ii) If acceleration is a function of distance a = f(x) then
v2=u2+2 ( )
(iii) If acceleration is a function of velocity a = f (v) then t =
and x = x0 +
( )
( )
ILLUSTRATION:
Problem1. An electron starting from rest has a velocity that
increases linearly with the time that is v = kt where k = 2
m/sec2. The distance travelled in the first 3 seconds will be
a) 9 m
b) 16 m
c) 27 m
d) 36 m
Sol: (a) x =
= 2
=2
= 9m
14
= ( )
v2 v1=
S=
=a
=8a
b)
c)
d)
Sol: (a) Let they meet after timet. Distance covered by body A
Distance covered by body B= vt and
=
=
15
=50 +
90 =
5 + 5 = 52
v1
2 5m / s
90o
1 5 m / s
16
= 52 Average acceleration =
/ toward north-
(4
2 ) = 12
= 12
2for
(2) (10)
12
=
= 3 /
4
4
17
s2 = 4s1 = 4 x 12 = 24m
(2 x 5 -1)
(231)
(231) 9 a1 =
18
=0.02 m/s2.
......... (i)
........ (ii)
19
S2 =
-S1 = 75
S1 + S2 + S3 = a (15)2 =
S3 =
-S2 - S1 =
Thus Clearly S1 = S2 = S3
Problem15. If a body having initial velocity zero is moving with
uniform acceleration the distance travelled by it in fifth second
will be
a) 36 metres b) 40 metres c) 100 metres d) Zero
Sol: (a) sn= u + a (2n - 1) = 0 + (8) [2 x 5 - 1] = 36 metres
Problem16. The engine of car produces acceleration 4m/sec2 in
the car, if this car pulls another car of same mass, what will be
the acceleration produced
a) 8 m/s2
b) 2 m/s2
c) 4 m/s2
d) m/s2
Sol: (b) F = ma a if F = constant. Since the force is same and the
effective mass of system becomes double
a2=
=2m/s2
20
d) k log (k ut)
21
6]
7]
22
SESSION 7, 8 & 9
AIM
Graphical Representation of motion
Motion of Body under Gravity (Free Fall).
The force of attraction of earth on bodies is called force of gravity.
Acceleration produced in the body by the force of gravity, is called
acceleration due to gravity. It is represented by the symbol g.
In the absence of air resistance, it is found that all bodies
(irrespective of the size, weight or composition) fall with the same
acceleration near the surface of the earth. This motion of a body
falling towards the earth from a small altitude (h << R) is called free
fall.
An ideal one-dimensional motion under gravity in which air
resistance and the small changes in acceleration with height are
neglected.
(1) If a body dropped from some height (initial velocity zero)
(i) Equation of motion: Taking initial position as origin and
direction of motion (i.e., downward direction) as a
positive, here we have
u=0
2h
v
g
2 gh
2g
23
u=0
a = +g
a
g
tan = g
2h
u
g
u
u
2 gh
2g
h = ut gt2
= u22gh
hn= u (2n 1)
(u2/2g)
v
+
O
(u/g)
(u/g)
(2u/g)
t1
t2
u=0
t=
26
= ( )
t2=
)(
t1 1
1m
t2 2 1
1m
t3 3 2
1m
t4 4 3
1,(21),(11).(4 3),.
27
CLASS EXERCISE :
1]
30
A
20
B
C
D
10
1
3]
E
4
a) 60m
b) 45m
c) 55m
d) 50m
In the given v-t graph, the distance travelled by the body in 5
second will be
a) 20 m
b) 40 m
c) 80 m
d) 100 m
For the displacement- time graph shown in fig. the ratio of the
magnitudes of the speeds during the first two second and the
next four second is
displacement
2]
a) 1: 1
b) 2 : 1
20m
0s
2s
Time
6s
c) 1 : 2
d) 3 : 2
28
1.5 1
V (m /s -1 )
4]
1.5
a) 2.5m
b) 1m
0
1
1
4 5
t(ins)
c) 2m
d) 3m
29
O x
32
O = u sin T- gT2
T=
+
33
=
+(
)
If direction of motion makes an angle
tan = =
=
with horizontal
Resultant velocity v =
;v =
Note that this is the velocity that a particle would have at height h if
it is projected vertically from ground with u.
SOME IMPORTATN POINTS REGARDING PROJECTILE MOTION
OVER A HORIZONTAL PLANE
i) For a given velocity of projection, the range of horizontal plane
will be maximum when angle of projection is 450.
We have range of projectile. R =
Therefore if we keep on increasing range will increase and then
decrease. Its value will be maximum when sin2 is maximum i.e.,
= 450
Also, maximum range Rmax =
ii) For a given range and given initial speed of projection, there are
two possible angle of projection which are complementary angle
i.e., if one is other will be (900- ).
34
2]
3]
In the last second of free fall, a body covered 3/4 of its total
path. Then the height from which the body is released will be
a) 4.9m
b) 9.8m
c) 19.6m
d) 39.2m
A freely falling body travels a distance X in the nth second. In
the next second if it travels a distance, Y. Then
a) X+Y=g
b) X Y=g
c) Y X =g
d) X = Y/g
A body is released from height h above the ground which takes
t seconds to reach the ground. The position of the body after
t/2 seconds is
a) above the ground
b)
5]
6]
d) 350ms-1
35
7]
8]
A stone falls from the top of a tower in 8s. How much time will
it take to cover the first quarter of distance starting from top?
a) 2s
b) 3s
c) 4s
d) 8s
2]
3]
Two bodies one held 10m vertically above the other are
released simultaneously. After falling freely for 3 seconds
under gravity, their relative separation is
a) 10m
b) 5m
c) 1m
d) none
After falling through the first h metres, a freely falling body
acquires velocity V. After falling through the next h metres,
velocity acquired by it would be
a) 2 V
b) 2
c) V/2
d) 4 V
A body is released from height h above the ground. Exactly at
the midway if g vanishes suddenly, its total time of fall is
a)
4]
b) 2
c)
d)
5]
6]
7]
b)
c)
d)
37
3]
4]
5]
6]
7]
8]
9]
38
2]
3]
4]
5]
d) T = (
39
6]
b)
c)2
d) 4
40
4]
5]
6]
7]
8]
9]
b)
c)
d)
41
42
O x
Motion in x- direction:
Motion in x - direction is motion with uniform velocity.
At t = 0, x0 = 0 and ux = u cos
Position after time t, x = x0 + uxt
x = (u cos ) t
Velocity of any time t, vx = ux
vx= u cos
Motion in y-direction:
Motion in y-direction is motion with uniformly acceleration
When, t = 0, y0 = 0, uy = u sin and ay = -g
After timet, vy = uy + ay t
vy = u sin - gt
y = y0 + uyt + ayt2 y = uyt + ayt2
y = (u sin ) t Also,
=
+ 2ayy
= u2 sin2 - 2 gy
Time of Flight :
Time of flight is the time during which particle moves from O to O
i.e., when t = T, y = 0
From equation (iv)
O = u sin T- gT2
T=
Range of projectile (R):
44
=
+(
)
If direction of motion makes an angle
tan = =
=
with horizontal
45
Resultant velocity v =
;v =
Note that this is the velocity that a particle would have at height h if
it is projected vertically from ground with u.
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS REGARDING PROJECTILE MOTION
OVER A HORIZONTAL PLANE
i]
ii]
tan = 3 = 60
46
or y = 16x 1
47
48
Sol: (b) At half of the time of flight, the position of the projectile will
be at the highest point of the parabola and at that position
particle possess horizontal component of velocity only.
Given uvertical =usin = 80 =
= 160 /
horizontal= ucos = 160cos 30 = 803 /
Problem 9. A particle is projected from point O with velocity u in a
direction making an angle with the horizontal. At any instant
its position is at point P at right angles to the initial direction of
projection. Its velocity at point P is
90o
P
v
a) u tan
b) u cot
c) u cosec
d) u sec
Sol: (b) Horizontal velocity at point O = ucos
90o
v sin
90o
u sin
u cos
49
u2
30o
Q
a)
=
b)
=2
c)
=
d)
=4
Sol: (b) Both particle collide at the highest point it means the
vertical distance travelled by both the particle will be equal, i.e.
the vertical component of velocity of both particle will be equal
30 = =
= 2
Problem 11.Two seconds after projection a projectile is travelling
in a direction inclined at 30o to the horizontal after one more
sec, it is travelling horizontally, and the magnitude and
direction of its velocity are
a) 220 / , 60
b) 203 / , 60
c) 640 / , 30
d) 406 / , 30
Sol: (b) Let in 2 sec body reaches upto point A and after one more
sec upto point B. Total time of ascent
v
A
30
u cos
50
=3
= 10 3 = 30 .. (i)
Horizontal component of velocity remains always constant
ucos =
30 ......... (ii)
For vertical upward motion between point O and A
30 =
2[
= ]
30 = 30 20[
= 30] = 20 /
Substituting this value in equation (ii)
ucos = 20 30 = 103.. (iii)
From equation (i) and (iii) and u =203 = 60
Problem12: A body is projected up a smooth inclined plane (length
=202m) with velocity u from the point M as shown in the
figure. The angle of inclination is 45o and the top is connected
to a well of diameter 40 m. If the body just manages to cross
the well, what is the value of .
45o
M
40 m
a) 40ms1
b) 402 ms1 c) 20 ms1
d) 202 ms1
Sol: (d) At point N angle of projection of the body will be 45. Let
velocity of projection at this point is v. If the body just manages
to cross the well then
51
v
N
R
45o
u
M
= 40 [as
40 m
= 45 ]
= 400 v = 20 m/s
But we have to calculate the velocity (u) of the body at point M.
For motion along the inclined plane (from M to N) Final
velocity (v) = 20 m/s, acceleration (a) = - g sin = - g sin 45o,
distance of inclined plane =
202(20)
. 202[Using v2 = u2 + 2as]
= 20 +
400 =
.
Problem 13: A projectile is fired with velocity u making angle with
the horizontal. What is the change in velocity when it is at the
highest point?
a) ucos
b) u
c) u sin
d) (u cos - u)
Sol: (c) Since horizontal component of velocity remain always
constant therefore only vertical component of velocity
changes. Initially vertical component usin .Finally it becomes
zero. So change in velocity = u sin
Problem14: A body of mass 0.5 kg is projected under gravity with
a speed of 98 m/s at an angle of 30o with the horizontal. The
change in momentum (in magnitude) of the body is
a) 24.5 N-s b) 49.0 N-s c) 98.0 N-s d) 50.0 N-s
52
mv cos
53
.
.
= 1sec
x1+x2=
30 +
60 =
= /
Sol: (b) When body projected with initial velocity by making angle
with the horizontal. Then after time t, (at point P) its
direction is perpendicular to.
u sin
90
v cos
(90 )
v
u cos
1+ 1+
So we can
55
1+ 1+
.
( )
=6.33 sec
and T =
56
Percentage decrease = 9%
Problem25: A boy playing on the roof of a 10m high building
throws a ball with a speed of 10 m/s at an angle of 30o with
the horizontal. How far from the throwing point will the ball be
at the height of 10 m from the ground (g = 10 m/s2, sin 30o =
sin 30o = )
a) 8.66 m
b) 5.20 m
c) 4.33 m
d) 2.60 m
Sol: (a) Simply we have to calculate the range of projectile
u
30o
10 m
R=
10 m
R=5 3
57
SESSION 16 & 17
Aim:
Projection on Inclined Plane.
Horizontal projection
PROJECTION ON INCLINED PLANE.
A particle is projected from a point A on an inclined plane, which is
inclined at an angle
to the horizon with a velocity
at an
elevation. The direction of projection lines in the vertical plane
through AB, the line of the greatest slope of the plane.
Let the particle strike the plane at B so that AB is the range on the
inclined plane.
B
C
A
The initial velocity of projection u can be resolved into a component
u cos ( - ) along the plane and a component u sin ( - )
perpendicular to the plane. The acceleration due to gravity g which
acts vertically down can be resolved into components g sin up the
plane and g cos perpendicular to the plane. By the principle of
physical independence of forces the motion along the plane may be
considered independent of the motion perpendicular to the plane.
Let T be the time, which the particle takes to go from A to B. Then in
this time the distance traversed by the projectile perpendicular to
the plane is zero.
0 = u sin ( - ) T - g cos T2
T=
58
by AC = u cos T =
R=
[sin (2 - ) - sin ]
)=1
(1- sin );
Rm =
For a given velocity of projection, it can be shown that there are two
directions of projection which are equally inclined to the direction
of maximum range.
Now R =
[sin (2 - ) - sin ]
the angle between the two angles of projection that can give a
particular range.
The initial component of velocity perpendicular to PQ is u sin
( ) and the acceleration in this direction is (-g cos ) .If T is the
time the particle takes to go from P to Q then in time T the
displacement described in a direction perpendicular to PQ is zero.
0 = u sin ( ). T- gcos .T2
If the direction of motion at the instant when the particle hits the
plane be perpendicular to the plane, then the velocity at that instant
parallel to the plane must be zero.
u cos ( ) - g sin T = 0
(
)
(
)
=T=
cot = 2 tan (
Horizontal projection:
Consider a body projected horizontally with a velocity
.
O
at a height
Vel=u
th
Pa
of
dy
bo
Ground
60
Components
Along x-axis
Initial Velocity
ux = u cos 0 = u
Acceleration
ax = 0
Displacement
x
Velocity at time
Vx = ux = u cos 0 = u
displacement after x = ux t + axt2
t seconds
x = ut
Velocity at time
V= u+2axx
Components
Along y - axis
uy = u sin 0 = O
ay = + g
y
Vy = uy + ayt
y = uyt +ayt2
y = gt2
V= u+ 2ay
after a
displacement
V = 2gy
Vx = ux
Resultant velocity = V =
=
=
+
=
+( +2 )
=
+2
Time of descent (td): As the body reaches ground (Point B) from
point of projection (Point O), the time taken is tA.The vertical
displacement is OA
y = uyt + ayt2 = g
td =
61
90
P
a) Tv Sin
b) Tv Cos
c) Tv Sec
d) Tv Tan
2]
3]
Two bodies are projected from the same point with equal
speeds in such directions that they both strike the same point
on a plane whose inclination is . If be the angle of projection
of the first body with the horizontal find the ratio of their times
of flight
62
63
SESSION 18 & 19
AIM:
RELATIVE MOTION
RELATIVE MOTION
Motion is a combined property of the object under study and the
observer. Motion is always relative, there is no such term like
absolute motion or absolute rest. Motion is always defined with
respect to an observer or reference frame.
Reference frame:
Reference frame is an axis system from which motion is observed. A
clock is attached to measure time. Reference frame can be
stationary or moving. There are two types of reference frame:
i)
64
RELATIVE VELOCITY
Definition: Relative velocity of a particle (object) A with respect to B
is defined as the velocity with which A appears to move is B if
considered to be at rest. In other words, it is the velocity with
which A appears to move as seen by the B considering itself to be
at rest.
vA =
, vB =
=
= = 0(
)
Note:
velocity of an object w.r.t. itself is always zero.
Velocity of Approach
It is the rate at which a separation between two moving particles
decreases.
If separation decreases velocity of approach is positive,
Velocity of approach = 22 m/s
Velocity of approach = 15 m/s
65
=0
Illustration:
A and B are thrown vertically upward with velocity, 5 m/s and 10
m/s respectively (g = 10 m/s2. Find separation between them after
one second
Sol. SA = ut gt2
= 5t 10 t2
= 5 1 5 12
=55
=0
SB = ut gt2.
= 10 1 10 12
= 10 5
=5
SB SA = separation = 5m.
66
Alter:
By relative =
= (10) (10) = 0
Also = = 10 5
= 5 m/s
(in 1 sec) = t = 5 1 = 5 m
Distance between A and B after 1 sec = 5 m.
Illustration:
A ball is thrown downwards with a speed of 20 m/s from top of a
building 150 m high and simultaneously another ball is thrown
vertically upwards with a speed of 30 m/s from the foot of the
building. Find the time when both the balls will meet. (g = 10 m/s2)
Sol. (I) S1 = 20 t + 5 t2
+ S2 = 30 t 5 t2
____________________
150 = 50 t
t = 3 s.
(II) Relative acceleration of both is zero since both have
acceleration in downward
Direction
=
=g g = 0
67
== 30 (20) = 50
sBA = vBA t
t=
=3s
Sol. By relative
= = 0 a = (a)
= = 12 10 = 2 m/s.
So by relativity we want the car to stop.
v2 u2 = 2as.
0 22 = 2 a 200 a =
m/s2
= 0.1 m/s2 = 1 cm/s2.
Minimum acceleration needed by car C2 = 1 cm/s2
RELATIVE MOTION IN LIFT:
Illustration:
A lift is moving up with acceleration a. A person inside the lift
throws the ball upwards with a velocity u relative to hand.
(a) What is the time of flight of the ball?
(b) What is the maximum height reached by the ball in the lift?
68
Sol. (a)
= = (g + a) downwards
= t + t2
T=(
0= uT (g + a)T2
(b) v2 u2 = 2 as
H=
0 u2 = 2(g + a) H
5)
Range =
69
( )
( )
( )
( )
=
Note: These formulae are not applicable for light.
Illustration:
Object A and B has velocities 10 m/s. A is moving along East while B
is moving towards North from the same point as shown. Find
velocity of A relative to B ( )
Sol. =
= 102
70
Note:
Illustration:
Two particles A and B are projected in air. A is thrown horizontally,
B is thrown vertically up. What is the separation between them
after 1 sec?
Sol. = = 0
= 10 10 = 102
t = (102) t = 102 m
71
Ex:
1]
2]
3]
Sol:
Find out motion of tree, bird and old man as seen by boy.
Find out motion of tree, bird, boy as seen by old man
Find out motion of tree, boy and old man as seen by bird.
(1) With respect to boy:
vtree
= 16 m/s ()
vbird
= 12 m/s ()
vold man = 18 m/s ()
(2) With respect to old man:
vBoy
= 18 m/s ()
vTree
= 2 m/s ()
vBird
= 18 m/s () and 12 m/s ()
(3) With respect to Bird:
vTree
= 12 m/s () and 16 m/s ()
vold man = 18 m/s () and 12 m/s ().
vBoy
= 12 m/s ().
72
Illustration:
A swimmer capable of swimming with velocity v relative to water
jumps in a flowing river having velocity u. The man swims a
distance d downstream and returns back to the original position.
Find out the time taken in complete motion.
Sol. t = tdown + tup
=
CROSSING RIVER:
A boat or man in a river always moves in the direction of resultant
velocity of velocity of boat (or man) and velocity of river flow.
74
1]
Shortest Time:
The person swims perpendicular to the river flow crossing a
river: consider a river having flow velocity and swimmer
jump into the river from a point A, from one bank of the river,
in a direction perpendicular to the direction of river current.
Due to the flow velocity of river the swimmer is drifted along
the river by a distance BC and the net velocity of the swimmer
will be along the direction AC.
If we find the components of velocity of swimmer along and
perpendicular to the flow these are.
y
B
drift = x
vr
vmR
vm
flow).
Velocity of vy is used only in crossing the river, time taken to
cross the river is
t= =
.
75
x=
Illustration:
A river 400 m wide is flowing at a rate of 2.0 m/s. A boat is sailing at
a velocity of 10 m/s with respect to the water, in a direction
perpendicular to the river.
(a) Find the time taken by the boat to reach the opposite bank.
(b) How far from the point directly opposite to the starting point
does the boat reach the opposite bank.
(c) In what direction does the boat actually move.
Sol:
76
2] SHORTEST PATH:
When the person crosses the river perpendicularly (along the
shortest path). It should swim upstream making an angle
with AB such that the resultant velocity, of man must be
perpendicular to the flow of river along AB.
If we find the components of velocity of swimmer along and
perpendicular to the flow, these are, velocity along the river,
vx = 0 and velocity perpendicular to river vy =
at an angle of 90
or
= sin1
Ans.
(b) Resultant velocity will be vm =
= 5 3
= 4 km/hr
78
C'
C
d
u
+2
tan =
(v sin ) t = d
t=
x = (u + v cos ) t = (u + v cos )
79
Sol: In this problem, one thing should be are fully meted that the
velocity of boat is less than the river flow velocity. In such a
case, boat cannot reach the point directly opposite to its
starting point. i.e. drift can never be zero. Thus, to minimize the
drift, boat starts at an angle from the normal direction up
stream as shown.
x=
sec
d tan
80
81
SESSION 20
AIM
To study Rain Problems
To find the Shortest Distance
To Solve problems related to relative velocity
RAIN PROBLEMS:
If rain is falling vertically with a velocity and on observer is moving
horizontally with velocity, the velocity of rain relative to observer
will be:
=
or =
+
and direction = tan1
with the vertical as shown in figure.
Illustration:
Rain is falling vertically and a man is moving with velocity 6 m/s.
Find the angle with which umbrella should be hold by man to avoid
getting wet.
Sol:
=6
= 10
Velocity of rain with respect to man = = 10 6
tan =
= tan1
Where
Illustration:
A man moving with 5m/s observes rain falling vertically at the rate
of 10 m/s. Find the speed and direction of the rain with respect to
ground.
= 55
tan = , = tan1
Illustration:
A man standing, observes rain falling with velocity of 20 m/s at an
angle of 30 with the vertical.
1] Find out velocity of man so that rain appears to fall vertically.
2] Find out velocity of man so that rain again appears to fall at 30
with the vertical.
Sol: (1) = v (let)
= 10 103
= (10 v) 103
(10 v) = 0 (for vertical fall, horizontal component
must be zero)
or v = 10 m/s
83
Ans.
(2) = 10 103
= vx
= (10 vx) 103
Angle with the vertical = 30
tan 30 =
vx = 20 m/s
WIND AIRPLANE:
This is very similar to boat river flow problems the only difference
is that boat is replaced by also plane and river is replaced by wind.
Thus, velocity of aeroplane with respect to wind
= or = +
Where, = absolute velocity of aeroplane
and, = velocity of wind.
84
Illustration:
An aeroplane flies along a straight path A to B and returns back
again. The distance between A and B is
and the aeroplane
maintains the constant speed v. There is a steady wind with a
speed u at an angle with line AB. Determine the expression for the
total time of the trip.
Sol: A to B:
Velocity of plane along AB = v cos ucos , and for no-drift
from line
AB: v sin = usin sin =
time taken from A to B :
tAB =
B to A:
velocity of plane along BA = v cos + u cos
and for no drift from line AB : v sin = usin
sin =
time taken from B to A:
tBA =
total time taken = tAB + tBA
=
85
86
approach velocity = v + =
Since, the rate of approach is constant, the time taken in
reducing the separation BC from a to zero is t = =
Illustration:
Two cars A and B are moving west to east and south to north
respectively along crossroads. A moves with a speed of 72 kmh1
and is 500 m away from point of intersection of cross roads and B
moves with a speed of 54 kmh1 and is 400 m away from point of
intersection of cross roads. Find the shortest distance between
them?
Sol:
87
88
A & B be are the initial positions and A,B be the final positions after
time t.
B is moving with a speed of 15 m/sec so it will travel a distance of
BB = 15t during time t.
A is moving with a speed of 20 m/sec so it will travel a distance of
AA = 20t during time t.
So
OA =500 20 t
OB = 400 15 t
AB2 = OA2 + OB2 = (500 20t)2 + (400 15t)2 ........ (i)
For AB to be minimum AB2 should also be minimum
=
=0
= 2(400 15t) (15) + 2(500 20t) (20) = 0
= 1200 + 45t = 2000 80 t
125 t = 3200
89
t=
s.
s.
Now
comes out to be positive hence it is a minima.
On substituting the value of t in equation (i) we get
AB2 = 400 15
= 16 + (12) = 20 m
+ 500 20
Minimum distance AB = 20 m.
t=
90
CLASS EXERCISE:
Qus.Two ships are 10 km apart on a line running south to north.
The one farther north is steaming west at 20 km h1. The other
is steaming north at 20 km h1. What is their distance of
closest approach? How long do they take to reach it?
Ans. 52 km/h; 1/4 h = 15 min consider the situation shown in
figure for the two particle A and B.
91
2.
3.
4.
5.
92
6.
7.
8.
9.
Shown in the figure are the velocity time graphs of the two
particles P1 and P2. Which of the following statements about
their relative motion is true?
Their relative velocity:
(A) is zero
(B) is non-zero but constant
(C) continuously decreases
(D) continuously increases
Two particles P1 and P2 are moving with velocities v1 and v2
respectively. Which of the statement about their relative
velocity vr 12 is true?
(A) vr 12> (v1 + v2)
(B) vr 12 cannot be greater than v1 v2
(C) vr 12 cannot be greater than v1 + v2
(D) vr 12< (v1 + v2)
Two identical trains take 3 sec to pass one another when going
in the opposite direction but only 2.5 sec if the speed of one is
increased by 50 %. The time one would take to pass the other
when going in the same direction at theiroriginal speed is:
(A) 10 sec (B) 12 sec
(C) 15 sec
(D) 18 sec
Two billiard balls are rolling on a flat table. One has velocity
components vx = 1m/s, vy =3 m/s and the other has
components vx = 2m/s and vy = 2 m/s. If both the balls start
moving from the same point, the angle between their path is (A) 60
(B) 45
(C) 22.5
(D) 15
93
95
96
97
KEY
SESSION 1 & 2
CLASS EXERCISE
1. c
2.d
3. b
4.a
5. Ans: 33m
SESSION 3, 4 & 5
CLASS EXERCISE (A)
1. b
2. b
3.a
8.d
9.b
10.a
4.c
5.b
6.c
7.b
SESSION 6
CLASS EXERCISE
1. a
2.
3.Ans: i)
5.
6. Ans:
(V0) 3/2
ii)
4.d
SESSION 7, 8 & 9
CLASS EXERCISE
1. c
2.d
3.b
4.a
SESSION 10, 11 & 12
4.b
5.
6.b
7.c
4.c
5.d
6.d
7.c
99
4.c
5.c
6.d
3.b
4.d
5.a
7.a
8.b
4.c
6.
9.Ans: 2
4.a
11.c
5.c
12.c
6.d
7.d
5.b
6.d
7.b
9.a
4.c
11.d
5.a
12.c
6.b
13.b
7.c
100
SESSION 16
CLASS EXERCISE
1.d
2.Ans: i) 900
(
)
3.Ans:
4. D
11. B
5.D
12. A
6. D
13.A
7. C
SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
14. 5 km/h
15. (a) 25 m/s or 90 km/hr
(b) 20 m/s or 72 km/hr due east
(c) 25 m/s or 90 km/hr at 37N of E
16. 30 N of W at 53 km/hr. 17.3 km/hr.
18. (I) 0.75 km
(II) (a)
h
(b)
km.
24.
, hr
101
3. (a)
= 45 ;
*****
102