Contemporary

world
began in 1750 (industrial revolu5on) with the inven5on of the steam engine in England.
Roman0cist / Roman0cism a period of longing, longing for a more simple life than the harsh reali5es of
the modern world; rst started out as a literary movement; art became self expressive and subjec5ve
I. Roman5cism

A. Roman5c Classicism

Simple Stereo metric Forms/ Volumes

Repe55ve Elements

B. Roman5c Naturalism (Neoclassicism- revival styles)

Historicism

Eclec5cism

Func0onalist Doctrine of Carlo Lodoli (Franciscan) everything that is essen5al is part of architecture,
everything non-essen5al or decora5ve is non func5onal; func5onal doctrine is revolu5onary
Ra0onalist Doctrine of Mark An=oine Laugier (Jesuit) architecture should be a ra5onal response to a
problem; architecture is achieved by taking away all non func5onal elements
*form follows func5on
*modern architects are stylist (not really func5onal)
*minimalist extreme func5onalism
*Louis Khan- a space is architectural; is the evidence of how it is made is comprehended
*construc5onally expressive
Simple Stereo Metric Shapes/ Volumes common to oppressive regimes; measurement of volumes

E5enne-Louis Boullee- used elementary simple stereo metric shapes

Claude-Nicolas Ledoux- appren5ce of Boullee; guardian of the elds

*Ratonde de la vileWe neoclassicism; too precise; dry; no life

*design for an ideal town in Chaux- town based on a circle; not nished, instead it is

semi circular and has a town hall; La Saline Royale Royal Saltworks

*Cenotaph to Newton- was never built because they did not have the materials and

technology at that 5me; technologically impossible

Neoclassical Architecture of Repe00ve Shapes- simple

Carl Friedrich Schinkel

*Altes Museum(Berlin, Germany) - has a loggia(an architectural feature that refers to an
exterior gallery or corridor at ground level); open air lobby; Colonnade of ionic columns;
repe55ve style because of the columns and neoclassical because it
used classical
columns; classicism is very neutral/ clean

*Schauspielhaus- German word for a theatre intended to show plays

Roman0c Naturalism- simply called as Roman5cism; revival styles (1st revival style was gothic); derives
more from the emo5ons; sen5mental; assymetrical forms
Lord Burlington and William Kent
*Chiswick House revival of the architecture of Palladio; resembles the villa Rotunda;
has symmetry but not 4-way like the Rotunda; more compact version of the Rotunda;
compact, simple, geometric

John Soane
*Bank of England revival of Romanesque architecture- heavy masses; the rela5vely
new faade has traces of Palladian architecture; Soanes work is evident in the interior;
non exis5ng; spa5al con5nuity; organic-mys5c

John Nash

Charles Garnier

*Paris Opera House revival of the Baroque style/ Neo-baroque; house of the Phantom

of The Opera; has so many allegorical statues; lobby is like Versailles-rich;

*Royal Pavillion at Brighton/ Brighton Pavillion inspired by Islamic architecture or

Far Eastern Revival Style; form is totally diverse from its structure; eastern elements

of the structure is completely decora5ve/ ornamental; cast-iron columns with palm

tree capitals

Doesnt express their own 5me; Zeitgeist (german word- panahon)

ARCHITECTURAL FORM OF ROMANTICISM

- separa5on of form from func5on and technic
Architecture of the Engineers

- in the 18th and 19th century; gave birth to Engineers

- profession was split into two( architecture- concentrated on the beauty of buildings; engineers-
concentrated on the science and logic of buildings)
- structure cannot be beau5ful; disguise makes it beau5ful
-use of new materials, especially iron and glass
-discovery of coal and inven5on of steam engines(1st used to pump out water then steam power to
fabric industry

BRIDGES (Iron and Steel Bridges)

The Coalbrookdale Bridge(England) by Abraham Darby

- also known as the Iron Bridge, Severn Bridge

-30 meters span
-made of cast iron (since it was strong he was able to use it in a rela5vely small amount;
briWle)
-longest arch span was 24.5 meters for centuries un5l this

Sunderland Bridge by Thomas Paine (American)

- used wrought iron (malleable); at arch

- 72 meters span

Menai Straits Bridge- Robert Stephenson

- also known as Britannia bridge over Menai Strait

-rst box bridge made of wrought of iron

- girder bridge- iron tube func5oning as a girder

- 140 meters span; total length 461 meters

- made for train; thistle bridge; burnt; upper deck now supports vehicular trac

Conway Castle Bridge(Wales) by Thomas Telford

- also known as Bridge over Menai Straits

- suspension bridge

- 176 meters span; 417 length

- chained; hangers carry the carriage way/ chain links; iron chains are linked together,
these support iron rods which in turn support the deck

Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco by Joseph Strauss, Irving Morrow, and Charles Ellis

- 1289 meters span; modern suspension bridge; built 1937

Verrazano-Narrows Bridge by Othar Ammann

-built in 1964; 1298 meters span

Xihoumen Bridge, China spans 1650 meters; built in 2007

Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Japan spans 1991 meters; built in 1998
Millau Viaduct by Norman Foster
-tallest bridge, tall than the Eiel Tower, crossed a valley (to another place in France)
- 220 meter high; cable stay bridge

Messina Bridge in Italy long planned bridge from Sicily to Calabria

Maracaibo Bridge in Venezuela by Rafael Urdaneta

- longest concrete bridge; 235 meters span; can5lever bridge

*Alexander Shukov/ Vladimir Gregoryvich Shukov built one of the earliest glass roofs, most famous for his
towers made of larce steel tubes
Cast Iron Columns
James Bogardus
*St. Louis Riverfront Buildings - use of cast iron columns
*Harper and Rows building in New York
*75 Murray St.
*Canal Street
Jules Soulnier
*Menier Chocolate Factory- load is supported by the skeleton of cast iron elements; 4
pylons support the superstructure ; one of the earliest applica5on of cast iron skeleton
frames; masonry/ brick works are no longer load bearing (non structural); runs across a
stream; water wheels used to power the factory

*Ecole de Beaux Arts School of Fine Arts in Europe

*Ecole Polytechinique School for Engineers in Europe

Henri Labrouste

*Library of Sainte-Genevieve/ Bibliotheque of Sant Genevieve Ecole de Beaux Arts

columns hold the barrel vault; architecture is more neoclassical/ neo

renaissance-resembles renaissance palazzo; 2nd level reading room have 2 barrel

vaults supported by slender central columns

*Bibliothique Na5onale large; reading room is basically a square divided into 3 parts

bothways; the 9 cells are topped with penden5ve vaults and each vault is

supported by the 4 central cast iron columns; earliest modern space inside

a room wherein it isnt public and used iron in ways it shouldve been used

Giuseppe Mengoni - *Galleria ViWorio Emmanuel (Milan) earliest shopping mall in the world; barrel
vaults of glass/ glass roof; faade and building is neo-classical
Emanuele Rocco - *Galleria Umberto I (Naples, Italy) wrought iron; also has glass barrel vault and
dome
St. Pancras Sta0on by William Henry Barlow and Ordish in 1864; long and single span glass roof 74 m;
height-25 m; dynamic; Victorian era ornamenta5on
St. Pancras Hotel by George Gilbert ScoW in 1866; brick gothic revival; Roman5c architecture is a
failure because it wasnt able to come up with something new and orginal, it s5ll stayed in the past
*The Great London Exhibi5on was established since there werent any new styles in architecture
anymore and they wanted to get ideas from architects as fast as they could

*Gardens of Kew by Decimus Burton and Iron founder, Richard Turner- palm house; 19 meters high;

walkway 9 meters
Joseph Paxton Royal Gardener; won the compe55on

*Chatsworth built in 1837; biggest glass conservatory; greenhouse can support

tropical plants; 69 meters long, 37.5 meters wide; columns and beamscast

iron; largest glass building in the world

*The Crystal Palace (London originally in Hyde Park) destroyed by re in 1936; cast

iron- columns; wrought iron- trusses; wood/5mber- oors ; 563 meters long,

124 meters wide, 3 meters high, 6 months to build, 2k men costs 79,800 pounds

and was helped by Charles Fox (producer of iron); CubiW(chairman)

-saved the organizers; glaziers- people who worked on glass

- rst modern structure ever built without any trace of the past styles
built the same way he built Chatsworth; has barrel vault so the trees can breathe
dismantled and moved to Sidenham Park (has more barrel vaults and
converted to a greenhouse)

-Robert Chance- provider of glass (largest at that 5me was 4 feet long only)

- its components/parts were mass produced and pre fabricated thats why it took
only 8 months to build (ready-made from factories- product of the Bri5sh industrializa5on/
Bri5sh technology of iron and glass); must reduce a building into standardized
components / standard components in order for it to be pre fabricated
- a modern building is modern through its design process itself; built in pre
fabricated design process; to avoid wastage, design components in modular design/
modular dimensions- modern concept of building- labor saving, economical, ecient; truly
modern in terms of construc5on; respects the commercial standards available;
componen5za5on(reducing the building into set of components; standardizing into
modular components; pre fabrica5on- building it o site, assembly on site

-CharloWe Bronte(Victorian author) assemblage of parts

Paris Exhibi0on in 1889 took place in Champ de Mars (across the 1878 exhibi5on, Exposi5on
Universaille Palais du Trocadero)

Gustav Eiel

Ferdinand Dutert (architect) and Victor Contamin (engineer)

*Eiel Tower the arches of the tower are decora5ve; when you are inside the tower,

you can s5ll see the outside because of the huge arches and there is no

transparent material wherein you see the outside through it, not dematerialized
and it gives a porous eect
* Gallerie de Machine demolished in 1910; made of 3 hinged arches; modular trusses

are equidistant; 20- 3-hinge arch trusses (iron plates riveted together), 115

meters span, 20 spaces, 420 meters total length, 48 meters high
- structure is not too friendly because it is too big; eect of atmospherics
(the place tends to fog because it is too big); idea of limitless space; had to
temporarily build towers to build the arch; violated theidea of structural strength