Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1-1
Disclaimer
The material in this exercise is for training purposes only. The results should not be
used in actual planning for the city of Kathmandu. The RADIUS method should be
used for preliminary earthquake damage estimation only. This exercise document
may contain errors, and so may the GIS data used.
The GIS software that will be used in this exercise is the Integrated Land and Water
Information System (ILWIS), version 3.11, developed by the International Institute
for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). Information: www.itc.nl
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Nepalese Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET),
the GIS Section, Department of Information & Communication, Kathmandu
Metropolitan City and the International Center for Integrated Mountain
Development (ICIMOD) for providing the GIS and Remote Sensing data.
1.1 Objectives:
The objectives of this initial exercise are to:
Make you acquainted with the city of Kathmandu, and the earthquake related
problems;
Make you familiar with the input data that will be used in this exercise on
earthquake loss estimation. These data are both GIS and RS data, and are related to
both hazard, elements at risk and vulnerability;
Introduce you to the data warehouse, generated by the International Center for
Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) related with GIS data for the
Himalyan region, including Kathmandu.
1-2
China
Pakistan
Bhaktapur
Lalitpur
Nepal
Kathmandu
Thimi
India
Bangladesh
Urbanized Areas
Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, lies more than 1,350 meters above sea level in a
fertile Himalayan valley. Two of its neighboring cities include Patan and
Bhaktapur. Located in central Nepal, it is the countrys administrative and
commercial center.
Population (in millions)
0.238
73.8
347
code
formulated,
but
not yet
Year
Efforts achieved to manage the city's earthquake risk are marked below:
mainly by its emergency response and recovery, vulnerability and hazard factors,
respectively.
Hazard
Kathmandus third largest
contributing factor to its relative
earthquake disaster risk is its Hazard
factor. This is due mainly to the
city'
s relatively high percentage of
urbanized area with high
liquefaction potential. In fact,
Kathmandu has the largest
percentage (37 percent) in the 20city sample.
Exposure
The exposure factor contributes least to Kathmandu'
s relative earthquake disaster
risk, largely due to the city'
s small size (Kathmandu has approximately 200,000
housing units on 107.5 sq. km. of urbanized land area).
Vulnerability
The second largest factor contributing to Kathmandus risk relative to the sample
mean is its vulnerability factor. This is due mainly to the lack of a currently
enforced seismic code (although a seismic code was formulated in 1994, it has not
yet been implemented). Additionally, more than 95 percent of the structures of the
country do not comply with the Indian seismic code, which was followed hitherto in
Nepal. Also contributing to Kathmandu'
s vulnerability is its low income and fast
development.
External context
Due to the city'
s relatively small size, Kathmandu'
s external context factor does not
greatly contribute to its relative risk for this sample of cities.
Non-government: National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET)Nepal , Nepal Red Cross Society
Base data
Hazard data
Digital map depicting outline of the soil deposits (derived from the
geological map Geological units): Geolsoil (polygon map)
Check the contents of the maps, by displaying the vector maps over
the topomap, and by reading the various maps using the Pixel
Information window
1-5
Data needed:
As you can see all earthquakes are indicated with the same symbol size.
Drag the size of the window so that you read all information.
You can also display the catalog according to the earthquake magnitude. We will
use the column Msfinal for that.
Select the option stretch. Enter the values to stretch from between 3
and 8.4. Use Size (pt) between 3 and 20. Press OK twice
Now you see that the earthquakes are displayed with different sizes according to
their magnitude.
Find out the location of the earthquake of 1934 with Magnitude 8.4.
Write down the location of this earthquake:
X = ..
Y = ..
Depth = .
Distance from Kathmandu = .
Show them according to their age (year): show the ones with M > 5
that have occurred between 1800 and 1950,
It is sometimes better to evaluate the information in the table, and not in the map.
Display also the depth against the magnitude. What was the depth of
the 8.4 earthquake in 1934?
1-7
Rasterize the point map City center. Select as ranges for X and Y
values:
Min XY : (-27172.95,2768900.41)
Max XY: (1101242.77,3544768.40)
SelectPixelsize: 1000 m
The map that is made will contain 1 pixel with the city center and the
rest is undefined.
Run the distance program on the raster map City center. Name
the output map: Distance . Use a precision of 1.
Now you know for each earthquake how far it was from the city. How far was the
earthquake from 1934 from the city?
Calculate N now:
N = 673-minorder
Calculate log N:
LogN = log(N)
What can you conclude about the a and b values? And what about the
fit of the curve?
1-9
Overview
The following steps are used in the analysis:
Step 2: Calculate the attenuation using the function of Joyner & Boore (1981)
Step 3: Calculate the amplification due to local soil conditions using the soil
map.
If additional information on costs and the PGA value for different return periods is
available, the analysis could be extended with the following steps:
Step 8: Apply cost information to the buildings and combine with vulnerability
to calculate losses for different return periods.
Step 9: Combine loss information for different return periods and calculate the
risk by adding up the losses from these periods.
1 - 10