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1
1. Sec x = , cos x 0
cos x
1
2. Cosec x = , sin x 0
sin x
1
3. Cot x = , tan x 0
tan x
cos x
= , sin x 0
sin x
On your calculator, you will have to use sin, cos and tan keys, followed by the
1 1
reciprocal key or x . However, to find exact values for the 'special'
x
angles, follow the following examples.
Examples
1 (i) sec 60
(ii) cosec 60
(iii) cot 30
(iv) cosec 45
2. (i) cosec
6
(ii) sec
4
(iii) cot
3
Solution
1
1. (i) Press cos 60 because sec = to get 0.5 then press 1/x to get 2
cos
(ii) press sin 60 to get 018660 ... which isn't a recognisable fraction ...
then press x2 to get 0.75 34
3
i.e. sin2 60 =
4
/conversion/tmp/activity_task_scratch/31244900.doc
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C3 Trigonometry -2-
3
so, sin 60 =
2
2
so, cosec 60 =
3
(iii) press tan 30 to get 05773 ... which isn’t a recognisable fraction ...
then press x2 to get 0.3333 ... which is 31 .
1
i.e. tan2 30 =
3
1
so, tan 30 =
3
so, cot 30 = 3
(iv) press sin 45 to get 0.7071 ... which is not a recognisable fraction ...
then press x2 to get 0.5 21
1
i.e. sin2 45 =
2
1
so, sin 45 =
2
so, cosec 45 = 2
2. (i) press sin ( 6) to get 0.5 1
2 cosec =2
6
(ii) press cos ( 4) to get 0.7071 ... then press x2 to get 0.5 1
2 .
1
i.e. cos2 = 2
4
1
so, cos =
4 2
sec, = 2
4
/conversion/tmp/activity_task_scratch/31244900.doc
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C3 Trigonometry -3-
i.e. tan2 =3
3
tan = 3
3
1
cot =
3 3
y sec
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C3 Trigonometry -4-
y cot
Also,
Trigonometric Identities
sin +1
2
1
If you divide by Cos 2
cos2 cos2
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C3 Trigonometry -5-
Example
Solution
(ii)
5 cot + 2 cosec2 = 5
5 cot + 2 + 2 cot2 = 5
2 cot2 + 5 cot - 3 = 0
5 25 4(2)( 3)
cot =
2x2
5 49 5 7 1
= 2 or -3
4 4
tan = 2 or - 31
tan 1 2 1.11
1.11, 1.11
=1.11, 4.25
/conversion/tmp/activity_task_scratch/31244900.doc
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C3 Trigonometry -6-
1
tan 1 0.322
3
Solution:
sin x 45o sin x cos 45 cos x sin 45
1 1
sin x x cos x x
2 2
cos x 45 cos x cos 45 sin x sin 45
1 1
cos x x sin x x
2 2
cos x cos x
sin x 45 cos x 45
2 2
1 1
cos x
2 2
2
cos x x
2
2 cos x
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C3 Trigonometry -7-
Example 2: By writing 75o as (30o + 45o) find the exact value of cos75o
3 1
sin x sin x = 3 cos x cos x
2 2
3 1
sin x 1 = cos x 3 cos x
2 2
3 1
tan x 1 = 3
2 2
1
3
2 2
tan x =
3 2
1
2
2 3 1
32
Putting A=B into the addition formulae gives identities for sin2A, cos2A and
tan2A:-
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C3 Trigonometry -8-
Similarly
and
2 tan A
tan 2A =
1 tan2 A
Example: Solve the equation 2 sin 2 sin for 0 360o (to 1dp)
Solution:
2 sin2 sin
2 2 sin cos sin
4 sin cos sin ( Do not divide by sin θ. You must factorise)
sin 0 or 4 cos 1 0
cos 0.25
0,180,360 75.5,284.5
0,75.5,180,284.5,360
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C3 Trigonometry -9-
3
Example; If sin A = and A is obtuse, find the exact values of cos A,
5
sin2 A, tan 2 A.
Solution:
sin2 A cos2 A 1 cos2 A 1 sin2 A
9 16
1
25 25
4
cos A , but A is obtuse.
5
4
cos A
5
sin2 A 2 sin A cos A
3 4
2 ( )
5 5
24
25
sin A 3 2 tan A
tan A tan 2 A
cos A 4 1 tan2 A
2( 34 ) 32 24
1 169 7
16 7
2 4 4
cos A
2
= 1
A = cos-1 (1)
A=
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C3 Trigonometry - 10 -
It is useful to be able to express the sum of sin x and cos x as a single sin or
cos. It enables us to:
To find R and , we expand the right hand side and equate like terms.
2
(2) (1) gives tan
3
2
tan1( ) 0.5880 and R= 13, from above
3
ii) Max and min of 3 sin x + 2 cos x is same as max & min of 13sin(x+0.5880)
Max of any sine is +1
Min of any sine is -1
Max of expression is + 13 and Min of expression is - 13
Max when sin (x +0.5880) = 1 x + 0.5880 = π , x = 0.9828
2
= 0.98c (2dp)
/conversion/tmp/activity_task_scratch/31244900.doc
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C3 Trigonometry - 11 -
i.e
a sin x - b cos x = R sin ( x )
a cos x + b sin x = R cos ( x )
a cos x - b sin x = R cos ( x )
If f(x) Is not 1-to-1 over its whole domain then f 1( x ) can exist
provided we restrict the domain of f (x)
The functions cos x,sin x and tan x are not 1-to-1 over their whole domain.
The inverse functions cos-1 x, sin-1 x and tan1 x exist for the domains:
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C3 Trigonometry - 12 -
cos1 x : 0 x
sin1 x : x
2 2
tan1 x : x
2 2
(tan x has asymptotes at )
2
2
4
-
1 1
2 2
4
2
f x sin 1 x
f x arcsin x
2
-1 1
2 2
f x cos 1 x
f x arccos x
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C3 Trigonometry - 13 -
2
-
1 1
2 2
2
f x tan 1 x
f x arctan x
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