EXPERIMENT NO-1

Time &frequency Response of First Order System

Name of the Experiment-RESPONSE OFFIRST ORDER SYSTEM
Objective-To obtain
1. Step Response
2. Frequency Response of Electrical First Oder System
Apparatus required
1. First Order System
2. Oscilloscope
3. Function Generator
Theoretical Background
The transfer function of 1st order system is,

G(s)= 1+TS
(1)
Where K=Gain
T=Time constant
A First Order Electrical System consisting of a resistance and capacitance is shown
above.
The transfer function

E ( s)
E ( s)

is

Eo
1
1
=
=
1+ RCS
1+TS
Ei
(2)
Step Response
For a step input of magnitude V the step response of the above system is equal to

e o ( t ) =V(1- et /T )
With

q c ( 0) =0

(t0)

A sketch of the step response is shown in figure 2.below

Frequency response

K
G(s)= 1+TS
Substituting S=jw in the equation (1) we get the frequency response function as

K
G(jw)= 1+ jwT =
1

When w= T

k
tan 1 wT
2
1+(wT )
K

, G(jw)=-45 & G(jw)= 2

The above relation determines the time constant from frequency response
Procedure for Step Response
1. Connect the function generator of the first ordersystem and the oscilloscope
as shown in the figure 4.
2. Adjust the function generator to produce the square wave of frequency
(between 50Hz to 100Hz).
3. Obtain the step response on the oscilloscope screen.
4. Trace the response on a graph paper to scale.
5. Vary the resistance of the system and trace the system and trace the
response for the different values.
6. Measure the time constant & determine the value of the resistance (valueof
capacitor is known).
Frequency response
1. Connect the function generator of the first order system and oscilloscope as
shown below.
2. Adjust the waveform generator to produce sine wave.
3. Apply sine wave to the input terminal of the first order system. The output is
applied to the y-axis of the oscilloscope.
4. A triangular wave is applied to X-axis of the oscilloscope.
5. From the display of the oscilloscope screen determine the peak to peak
magnitude of output by measuring the maximum vertical deflection.
6. Measure the peak to peak magnitude of the input voltage , using the
oscilloscope.
7. Measure the distance a and b of the display on the oscilloscope screen.
8. The phase angle lag is computed as

a
= 90
b

(Fig 7)

As the frequency is increased the phase angle-lag will increase. When a=b, it is
90. When the angle is more than 90 the display will begin to close again but will
lie in other directon.
In this case the phase angle is given by

a
=180( 90 )
b

(Fig 7)

9. Repeat the step 1-8 for different frequency in the range of the interest and
obtain for each frequency the voltage ratio and phase angle.
10.Tabulate the result as shown follows:
S.NO.

Frequency
W in
Rad/sec.

Input
voltage
peak to
peak

output
voltage
peak to
peak

V1

Voltage
ratio

V0
V1

Phase
angel

a
= 90
b

20

log 10 G

V0

1.
2.
3.
11.Use the above result to btain the bode plot for the system.
12.Obtain the time constant of the system using the bode plot and compare with
the value determined earlier.
Frequency response measurement