4/6/2014

EPMN 302: ELEMENTS OF

POWER SYSTEMS
1

Dr. Mostafa Elshahed

OBJECTIVES

Learn a brief history of the electrical power systems construction

List and describe different components of electrical power systems

Learn the per-unit system calculations

Draw the single line and impedance diagram

Define the transformers and synchronous machines representations

Calculate the transmission lines parameters

Formulate the various transmission lines models

Establish the transmission lines performance

Calculate the symmetrical faults variables

Learn the principles of symmetrical components transformations

Calculate the unsymmetrical faults variables

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TRANSMISSION LINES
PARARMATERS
3

To develop models of transmission lines, we first need to

determine the TL parameters.

TYPES OF CONDUCTORS
AAC
AAAC
ACSR
ACAR

ACSR conductors are most common.

A typical Al. to St. ratio is about 4 to 1.
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LINE RESISTANCE

Well assume that the current density within the wire is

uniform and that the wire is solid with a radius of r.

Well assume that the current density within the wire is

uniform and that the wire is solid with a radius of r.

A r

LINE RESISTANCE, CONTD

The variation of resistance

of metallic conductors with
temperature is practically
linear over the normal
range of operation.

Changes is about 8% between 25C and 50C

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LINE RESISTANCE, CONTD

Uniform distribution of current throughout the cross

section of a conductor exists only for DC.

Because ac current tends to flow towards the surface of

a conductor, the resistance of a line at 50 Hz is slightly
higher than at dc.

An increase in frequency causes non uniform current

density.

This phenomenon is called skin effect.

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INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE WIRE

The lines of magnetic flux form closed loops linking the

circuit, and the lines of electric flux originate on the
positive charges on one conductor and terminate on the
negative charges the other conductor.

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INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE WIRE

Variations of the current in the conductors causes a

change in the number of lines of magnetic flux linking
the circuit.

Any change in the flux linking a circuit induces a

voltage in the circuit which is proportional to the rate of
change of flux.

The inductance of the circuit relates the voltage induced

by changing flux to the rate of change of current.
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INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE WIRE

To do this we need to determine the wires total flux

linkage, including:

Flux linkages within the wire (Internal)

Flux linkages outside of the wire (External)

Well assume that the current density within the wire is

uniform and that the wire is solid with a radius of r.

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INDUCTANCE OF A CONDUCTOR DUE TO FLUX

Internal

External

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SINGLE PHASE TWO CONDUCTOR LINE

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r = Geometric mean radius

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SINGLE PHASE TWO CONDUCTOR LINE

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INDUCTANCE OF COMPOSITE CONDUCTOR

LINES

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INDUCTANCE OF COMPOSITE CONDUCTOR

LINES

Numerator Geometric Mean Distance (GMD) Dm

Denominator Geometric Mean Radius (GMR) Ds

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INDUCTANCE OF COMPOSITE CONDUCTOR

LINES

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EXAMPLE

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EXAMPLE

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EXAMPLE

1 mile = 1.6 km = 1600 m

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INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE LINES WITH SYMMETRICAL

SPACING

Ds r for single conductor

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INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE LINES WITH UNSYMMETRICAL

SPACING

To keep system balanced, over the

length of a transmission line the
conductors are rotated so each
phase occupies each position on tower
for an equal distance.
This is known as transposition.
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INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE LINES WITH UNSYMMETRICAL

SPACING

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Ds r for single conductor

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CONDUCTOR BUNDLING
To increase the capacity of high voltage transmission lines it is
very common to use a number of conductors per phase.
This is known as conductor bundling. Typical values are two
conductors for 220 kV lines, three for 500 kV and four for 765 kV.

Two Bundles

Three Bundles Four Bundles

Three Phase TL
with Four Bundles

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CONDUCTOR BUNDLING

Reduced reactance is the other equally important

advantage of bundling.

Increasing the number of conductors in a bundle reduces

the effects of corona and reduces the reactance.

The reduction of reactance results from the increased

GMR of the bundle.

Increase the capacity of high voltage transmission lines.

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CONDUCTOR BUNDLING

Dsb GMR of a Bundled Conductor (Bundles)

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Ds GMR of a Single Conductor (a Bundle) r

LINE INDUCTANCE EXAMPLE

Calculate the reactance for a balanced 3, 60Hz, transmission
line with a conductor geometry of an equilateral triangle with
D = 5m, r = 1.24cm = 0.0124 m.

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LINE INDUCTANCE EXAMPLE

Consider the previous example of the three phases symmetrically
spaced 5 meters apart using wire with a radius of r = 1.24 cm.
Except now assume each phase has 4 conductors in a square
bundle, spaced 0.25 meters apart. What is the new inductance
per meter?

r 1.24 102 m

r ' 9.67 103 m

D
Rsbb 9.67 103 0.25 0.25 ( 2 0.25)

0.12 m (ten times bigger than r!)

La

0
5
ln
7.46 107 H/m
2 0.12

Bundling reduces inductance.

0.25 M
0.25 M

0.25 M

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INDUCTANCE EXAMPLE

Calculate the per phase inductance and reactance of a

balanced 3, 60 Hz, line with:

horizontal phase spacing of 10m

using three conductor bundling with a spacing between
conductors in the bundle of 0.3m.

Assume the line is uniformly transposed and the

conductors have a 1cm radius.

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INDUCTANCE EXAMPLE
Deq

Dsb

Ds b

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ACSR TABLES

Because ACSR conductors are stranded, actual resistance,

inductance, and capacitance needs to be determined from tables.

GMR is equivalent to
effective radius r

Inductance and Capacitance

assume a geometric mean distance Deq of 1 ft.

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