EE101

Circuit Theory
TRANSIENTS CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Capacitors and Inductors

Engr. Gerard F. Manuel

1
Transients Circuit
Analysis

- In transients analysis, two storage elements are added

to the resistance. These are capacitors and inductors.
Both have the ability to store energy, which can retrieve
at some later time.

2
1 Capacitors
C ito (1)
y A capacitor
p is a p
passive element designed
g
to store energy in its electric field.

• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates

separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
3
1 Capacitors
C ito (2)
Factors
acto s governing
go e g Capacitance:
Capac ta ce

y Area of the metal plates

y Spacing between the plates
y Types of dielectric material

4
1 Capacitors
C ito (3)
y Capac ta ce C is
Capacitance s the
t e ratio
at o of
o the
t e charge
c a ge q o
on one
o e
plate of a capacitor to the voltage difference v
between the two plates, measured in farads (F).

q=C v ε A
and C=
d

• Where
e e ε is
s tthe
e permittivity
pe tt ty ofo the
t e dielectric
d e ect c material
ate a
between the plates, A is the surface area of each
plate, d is the distance between the plates.
• Unit: F,
F pF (10–1212),
) nF (10–99),
) and μF (10–66)

5
1 Capacitors
C ito (4)
y If i is flowing into the +ve
terminal of C
◦ Charging => i is +ve
◦ Discharging => i is –ve
ve

• The current-voltage relationship of capacitor

according to above convention is

dv 1 t
i=C
dt
and v=
C ∫
t0
i d t + v(t0 )

6
1 Capacitors
C ito (5)
y The energy,
energy w,
w stored in
the capacitor is

1
w= Cv 2

2
• A capacitor is
– an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0).
– its voltage cannot change abruptly.

7
C
Capacitors
ito (6)
Example 1

The current through a 100-μF capacitor is

i(t) = 50 sin(120 πt) mA.

Calculate the voltage across it at t =1 ms and

t = 5 ms.

T k v(0)
Take (0) =0.
0

Answer:
v(1ms) = 93.14mV
v(5ms) = 1.7361V 8
1 Capacitors
C ito (7)
Example 2

An initially uncharged 1-mF capacitor has the

current shown below across it.

Calculate the voltage across it at t = 2 ms

Answer:
v(2ms) = 100 mV

9
2 Series and Parallel
C
Capacitors
ito (1)
y The equivalent capacitance of N parallel
parallel-
connected capacitors is the sum of the individual
capacitances.

C eq = C1 + C 2 + ... + C N

10
2 Series and Parallel
C
Capacitors
ito (2)
y The equivalent capacitance of N series
series-connected
connected
capacitors is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual capacitances.

1 1 1 1
= + + ... +
C eq C1 C 2 CN

11
2 Series and Parallel
C
Capacitors
ito (3)
Example 3
Find the equivalent capacitance seen at the
terminals of the circuit in the circuit shown below:

Answer:
Ceq = 40μF

12
2 Series and Parallel
C
Capacitors
ito (4)
Example
a pe4
Find the voltage across each of the capacitors in
the circuit shown below:

Answer:
v1 = 30V
v2 = 30V
v3 = 10V
v4 = 20V

13
3 Inductors
I d to (1)
y An inductor is a passive element designed
to store energy in its magnetic field.

• An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.

14
3 Inductors
I d to (2)
Factors governing Capacitance:
y Number of turns in the coil
y Permeability of the magnetic circuit.
y Cross-sectional
Cross sectional area of the magnetic circuit
y Length of the inductor or spacing between the turns

15
3 Inductors
I d to (3)
y Inductance is the property whereby an inductor
exhibits opposition to the change of current
flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).

di N2 μ A
v=L and L=
dt l

• The unit of inductors is Henry (H), mH (10–3)

and μH (10–6).)

16
3 Inductors
I d to (4)
y The current
current-voltage
voltage relationship of an inductor:

1 t
i = ∫ v(t) d t + i(t0 )
L t0
• The power stored by an inductor:

1
w = L i2
2
• An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc (di/dt = 0)
and its current cannot change abruptly.
17
3 Inductors
I d to (5)
Example 5
The terminal voltage of a 2-H
inductor is
v = 10(1-t)
10(1 t) V

Find the current flowing through it at

t = 4 s and the energy stored in it
within 0 < t < 4 s.
Answer:
A
Assume i(0) = 2 A.
A
i(4s) = -18V
w(4s) = 320J

18
3 Inductors
I d to (5)
Example
a pe6

Determine vc, iL, and the energy stored in the

capacitor and inductor in the circuit of circuit shown
below under dc conditions at steady state.

19
4 Series and Parallel
Inductors
I d to (1)
y The equivalent inductance of series
series-connected
connected
inductors is the sum of the individual
inductances.

Leq = L1 + L2 + ... + LN

20
4 Series and Parallel
Inductors
I d to (2)
y The equivalent capacitance of parallel inductors is
the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the
individual inductances.

1 1 1 1
= + + ... +
Leq L1 L2 LN

21
4 Series and Parallel
C
Capacitors
ito (3)
Example 7
Calculate the equivalent inductance for the
inductive ladder network in the circuit
shown
h below:
b l

Answer:
Leq = 25mH

22
4 Series and Parallel
C
Capacitors
ito (4)
y Current and voltage relationship for R, L, C

23