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Government of India
Department of Atomic Energy
CERTIFICATE
(To Whomsoever It may Concern)
Date:
Project Guide:
Mr. Govind Parchani.
Suptd. Engineer (GP),
Scientific Officer (H)
Government of India
Department of Atomic Energy
for Advanced
APPROVAL SHEET
Project Guide:
Mr.Govind Parchani.
Suptd. Engineer (GP),
Scientific Officer (H)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
Chapter Title
Page
1. Introduction
5
2. Properties of concrete
11
3. Concrete mix design
15
5
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Concrete:
Concrete is the most widely used man-made
construction material in the world, and is second only
to water as the most utilized substance on the
planet. It is obtained by mixing cementing materials,
water and aggregates, and sometimes admixtures, in
required proportion.
Components Of Concrete
10
Curing of concrete.
12
1.4 IS CODE:
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the National
Standards Body of India is involved in the
development of technical standards (popularly
known as Indian Standards), product quality and
management system certifications and consumer
affairs. It includes all matters concerning
Standardization, Certification and Quality. They have
given various codes for various purposes known as
IS Codes.
Various IS codes used in mix design of concrete
are:
IS 456:2000
IS 10262:2009
IS 516:1959
SP 43:1987
Reinforcement in concrete
14
16
2. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
2.1 Strength :
Concrete has relatively high compressive strength,
but significantly lower tensile strength.
a) Compressive strength:
The compressive strength is the capacity of a
material or structure to withstand loads tending to
reduce size. It can be measured by plotting applied
force against deformation in a testing machine. Some
material fracture at their compressive strength limit;
others deform irreversibly, so a given amount of
deformation may be considered as the limit for
compressive load. Compressive strength is a key
value for design of structures. Compressive strength
is often measured on a universal testing machine. In
SI system its unit is N/mm2.
The ultimate strength of concrete is influenced by
the water-cementitious ratio (w/cm), the design
constituents, and the mixing, placement and curing
17
18
b) Tensile Strength:
Tensile strength is the maximum stress that a
material can withstand while being stretched or
pulled before failing or breaking. Tensile strength is
the opposite of compressive strength and the values
can be quite different.
The tensile strength is usually found by performing a
tensile test and recording the stress versus strain;
the highest point of the stress-strain curve is the
ultimate Tensile Strength. It is an intensive property;
therefore its value does not depend on the size of the
test specimen. However, it is dependent on other
factors, such as the preparation of the specimen, the
presence or otherwise of surface defects, and the
temperature of the test environment and material.
Tensile strengths are rarely used in the design of
ductile members, but they are important in brittle
members. Tensile strength is defined as a stress,
which is measured as force per unit area. For some
non-homogeneous materials (or for assembled
components) it can be reported just as a force or as a
force per unit width. In the SI system, its unit is the
Pascal (Pa).
19
2.2 Density:
The density of a material is its mass per unit volume.
Also, density is loosely defined as its weight per unit
volume. The density of concrete varies, but is around
2,400 kg/m.
20
2.3 Elasticity:
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is a function of
the modulus of elasticity of the aggregates and the
cement matrix and their relative proportions. The
modulus of elasticity of concrete is relatively
constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at
higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops. The
elastic modulus of the hardened paste may be in the
order of 10-30 GPa and aggregates about 45 to 85
GPa. The concrete composite is then in the range of
30 to 50 GPa.
22
2.5 Creep:
Creep is the permanent movement or deformation of
a material in order to relieve stresses within the
material. Concrete that is subjected to long-duration
forces is prone to creep. Short-duration forces (such
as wind or earthquakes) do not cause creep. Creep
can sometimes reduce the amount of cracking that
occurs in a concrete structure or element, but it also
must be controlled.
2.6 Durability:
Durability of concrete is the ability of concrete to
withstand the harmful effects of environment to
which it will be subjected to, during its service life,
without undergoing into deterioration beyond
acceptable limits.
Durability can be assured keeping in view the
environment exposure of structure, certain minimum
cement binder content, max limit on w/c ratio and a
23
24
Grade of Concrete
M-5
M-7.5
M-10
M-15
M-20
M-25
27
W
M
oi
rx
k
aD
b
e
is
li
ig
tn
y
28
a) Workability:
Workability is that property of freshly mixed concrete
or mortar which determines the ease and
homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed,
compacted and finished. Workability depend upon
water-cement ratio of concrete.
Facts in connection with workability:
1. If more water is added to attain the
required degree of workmanship, it results
into concrete of low strength and poor
durability.
2. It is also affected by the Maximum Size of
Coarse Aggregate(MSA) to be used in
mixture.
To test workability Slump test is commonly used in
fields.
Workability of concrete
29
30
c) Consistency:
Factors Influencing Consistency (Slump):
The consistency of fresh concrete depends on many
factors, the main ones being:
Water Content (kg/m3)
W/c Ratio
Fineness Modulus of the Aggregate
31
d) Strength:
Factors affecting Strength:
The strength of hardened concrete depends on
many factors, the main ones being:
W/C Ratio
Strength of the Cement
Type and shape of Aggregate
Entrained Air Content
There are other secondary factors too, such
as:
Mix temperature, etc.
e) Durability
33
34
36
Step2:
Where,
fm= Target mean strength of the concrete mix.
fck= Minimum compressive strength.
k= Characteristic strength.
37
38
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
3.5
4.0
5.0
Step3:
39
Step4:
Amount of water content and proportion ( % of
sand ) of total aggregate for given set of
condition are read. From following table:
41
Step5:
Volume of coarse aggregate can be obtained by
following table:
S.no
.
1
2
3
Nominal
Maximum Size
of Aggregate
(mm)
10
20
40
Zone
III
.48
.64
.73
Zone
II
.46
.62
.71
Zone
I
.44
.60
.69
42
Step6:
Cement content is determined. As, from above
steps we have values of w/c ratio and water
content thus, cement content can be easily
calculated with help of water-cement ratio
relationship.
w/c = Water content/Cement content
Step7:
Now amount of aggregates can be calculated
with the help of Absolute Volume Method
represented as follows:
43
Where,
V= Absolute volume of wet Mix = 1 m3
Also, V= Absolute volume air content entrapped
The value of air content entrapped can be obtained
by following table:
45
47
48
49
c) Designing:
1.
4. Adjustment:
Quantity of water = 178kg + 8kg
=186Kg
Percentage of sand p =
40 + .04
1
0.5
+
.08
0.05 0.1
51
Water Content
Cement Content
.54 =
186
Cement Content
Fine Aggregates:
52
Here,
V= Absolute volume-Air entrapped
Air entrapped = .2% = 0.02
Thus, V = 1-0.02 = .98
Hence,
.98 = 186+
345 1
F. A .
1
+
F.A. = 713 Kg
(ii)
Coarse Aggregate:
.98= 186+
345
1
C . A.
1
+
C.A. = 1122 Kg
Cement
Sand
53
Coarse
186
27
345
50
Aggregate
1122
163
713
103
103
1.32
100
103
1.32
100
1.36
= 25.64 Kg
25 Lt.
And,
b) Amount of aggregate size 20mm (M2)
= .40 x163
M2 = 65.20 Kg
M2 65 Kg (say)
10.
Water (lit)
25
Cement (Kg)
Sand (Kg)
50
103
55
Coarse
Aggregate (Kg)
163
5. FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE:
Flexural strength is one measure of the tensile
strength of concrete. It is a measure of concrete
structure to resist failure in bending. It is determined
by standard test methods ASTM C 78 (third-point
loading) or ASTM C 293 (centre point loading). As
shown in fig below:
Apparatus:
a) Standard moulds of size 15 x 15 x70 cm for
preparing the specimen.
b) Tamping bar.
c) Testing Machine.
58
Procedure:
Test specimens stored in water at a temperatureof
24 to 30C for 48 hours before testing,shall be
tested immediately on removal from the water whilst
they are still in a wet condition.
The dimensions of each specimen shall be
noted before testing. No preparation of the surfaces
is required.
Calculations:
The flexural strength of the specimen shall
beexpressed as the modulus of rupture f , which, if
b
60
'
p l
b d 2
Or,
When a is less than 20.0 cm but greater than 17.0
cm for 15.0 cm specimen, or less than 13.3 cm but
greater than 11.0 cm for a 10.0 cm specimen
f b=
3 pa
2
b d
Where,
b = measured width in cm of the specimen,
d = measured depth in cm of the specimen at the
point of failure,
l = length in cm of the span on which the specimen
was supported,
p = maximum load in kg applied to the specimen.
61
62
2.
63
c) Depth =150mm
2. Reinforcement detail:
a) Diameter of bars = 3mm
b)
c)
d)
1)
p l
2
b d
21 .600
3
.150 (.150 )
= 24888.88 kN/m2
= 24.88
N/mm2
2)
The Reinforced Cement Concrete
Beam:
This beam of reinforced cement concrete fails
at load of 70.510kN
p l
2
b d
70.510 .600
3
.150 150
= 83567.40 kN/m2
= 83.56
N/mm2
7. CONCLUSION
If a cement concrete beam is reinforced in above
manner its flexural strength will be increasedby 3
times of unreinforced cement concrete beam.
66
67