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Project Report On

Mix Design of Concrete And Analysis of


Effect Of Reinforcement On Flexural
Strength Of Concrete
Submitted as a part of short term trainingat

Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology,


Department of Atomic Energy, Indore 452013
Under the guidance of
Mr. GOVIND PARCHANI
By

Ms. Saloni Bhand

Sushila Devi Bansal College Of Engineering


A.B. Road, Umaria, Rau, Indore, M.P. - 453331

Government of India
Department of Atomic Energy

Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology

CERTIFICATE
(To Whomsoever It may Concern)

This is to certify that Ms. Saloni Bhand ,


student of Sushila Devi Bansal College
of Engineering has successfully
completed project entitled Mix Design
Of Concrete and Analysis of Effect of
Reinforcement on Flexural Strength of
Concrete from 15th May , 2013 to 31st
July , 2013 at Civil Section , RRCAT,
Indore.
I wish to add that she is very sincere and
hardworking and wish her all the best in his
future endeavour.

Date:

Project Guide:
Mr. Govind Parchani.
Suptd. Engineer (GP),
Scientific Officer (H)

Government of India
Department of Atomic Energy

Raja Ramanna Centre


Technology

for Advanced

APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that the project entitled


Mix
Design
of
Concrete
and
Analysis of Effect of Reinforcement
on Flexural Strength of Concrete
has been carried out at the Civil
Department, RRCAT, Indore by Ms.
Saloni Bhand during a period of 45
3

days from 15thMay, 2013 to 31stJuly,


2013.
Date:

Project Guide:
Mr.Govind Parchani.
Suptd. Engineer (GP),
Scientific Officer (H)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The project entitled Mix Design Of


Concrete
I would like to thank all of the persons
who helped me in my project work.
I take this opportunity to convey my
deepest sense of gratitude to my
project guide Mr. Govind Parchani for
his constant support, motivation,
4

valuable guidance and immense help


during the entire course of this work.
Date:
By: Ms. Saloni Bhand

CONTENTS
Chapter Title
Page

1. Introduction
5
2. Properties of concrete
11
3. Concrete mix design
15
5

4. Practical trial mix design of concrete for


compressive strength 20N/mm2 29
5. Flexural Strength of concrete
36
6. Flexural Strength test of concrete
37

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Concrete:
Concrete is the most widely used man-made
construction material in the world, and is second only
to water as the most utilized substance on the
planet. It is obtained by mixing cementing materials,
water and aggregates, and sometimes admixtures, in
required proportion.

Components Of Concrete

The mixture when placed in forms and allowed to


cure, hardens into a rock like mass known as
concrete.

The hardening is caused by chemical reaction


between water and cement and it continues for a
long time, and consequently the concrete grows
stronger with age.

The hardened concrete may also be considered as an


artificial stone in which the voids of larger particles
(Coarse aggregates) are filled with smaller particles
(Fine aggregates) and the voids of fine aggregates
are filled with cement. In a concrete mix the
cementing material and water form a paste called
cement-water paste which in addition to filling the
voids of fine aggregates, coats the surface of fine
and coarse aggregates and binds them together as it
cures, thereby cementing the particles of the
aggregates together in a compact mass.

After hardening, concrete gains its strength,


durability and other properties.

10

1.2 Requirements of Good Concrete:


A good concrete should:
Meet the strength requirements measured by
compressive strength.
Full fill durability requirements to resist the
environment in which the structure is expected to
serve.
Can be mixed, transported and compacted as
efficiently as possible.
Can be as economical as possible.

1.3 Making Good Concrete:


Making good concrete involves:

Good quality raw materials.


Proportioning of materials.
Mixing of concrete materials.
Transporting of concrete.
Placing of concrete.
Compaction of concrete.
11

Curing of concrete.

12

1.4 IS CODE:
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the National
Standards Body of India is involved in the
development of technical standards (popularly
known as Indian Standards), product quality and
management system certifications and consumer
affairs. It includes all matters concerning
Standardization, Certification and Quality. They have
given various codes for various purposes known as
IS Codes.
Various IS codes used in mix design of concrete
are:
IS 456:2000
IS 10262:2009
IS 516:1959
SP 43:1987

1.5 Reinforcement in Concrete


A reinforcer is the stimulus that strengthens the
behaviour and reinforcement is a strengthening of a
specific behaviour. Reinforcement is done in concrete
to improve its tensile behaviour. As concrete is weak
in tension strength the concrete elements subjected
to tensile stresses must be reinforced with materials
that are strong in tension.
13

Reinforcement in concrete

14

The reinforcement is often steel, rebar (mesh, spiral,


bars and other forms).The amount of primary and
secondary reinforcing in concrete structures
contributes to a reduction in the amount of
shrinkage, creep and cracking of concrete.

1.6 Flexural strength of concrete:


Flexural strength of concrete is that strength
property of concrete by virtue of which it resists
rupture. The flexural strength is expressed as
Modulus Of Rupture (MR) in MPa. Flexural strength
is also known as bend strength or fracture
strength.
Designers of pavements use a theory
based on flexural strength. Therefore, laboratory mix
design based on flexural strength tests may be
required, or a cementitious material content may be
selected from past experience to obtain the needed
design Modulus of Rupture. Some also use Modulus
of Rupture for field control and acceptance of
pavements. Very few use flexural testing for
structural concrete.
Relation between Flexural strength of
concrete and Compressive strength of Concrete:
f f =0.723 f ck
15

16

2. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
2.1 Strength :
Concrete has relatively high compressive strength,
but significantly lower tensile strength.

a) Compressive strength:
The compressive strength is the capacity of a
material or structure to withstand loads tending to
reduce size. It can be measured by plotting applied
force against deformation in a testing machine. Some
material fracture at their compressive strength limit;
others deform irreversibly, so a given amount of
deformation may be considered as the limit for
compressive load. Compressive strength is a key
value for design of structures. Compressive strength
is often measured on a universal testing machine. In
SI system its unit is N/mm2.
The ultimate strength of concrete is influenced by
the water-cementitious ratio (w/cm), the design
constituents, and the mixing, placement and curing
17

methods employed. All things being equal, concrete


with a lower water-cement (cementitious) ratio
makes a stronger concrete than that with a higher
ratio.

18

b) Tensile Strength:
Tensile strength is the maximum stress that a
material can withstand while being stretched or
pulled before failing or breaking. Tensile strength is
the opposite of compressive strength and the values
can be quite different.
The tensile strength is usually found by performing a
tensile test and recording the stress versus strain;
the highest point of the stress-strain curve is the
ultimate Tensile Strength. It is an intensive property;
therefore its value does not depend on the size of the
test specimen. However, it is dependent on other
factors, such as the preparation of the specimen, the
presence or otherwise of surface defects, and the
temperature of the test environment and material.
Tensile strengths are rarely used in the design of
ductile members, but they are important in brittle
members. Tensile strength is defined as a stress,
which is measured as force per unit area. For some
non-homogeneous materials (or for assembled
components) it can be reported just as a force or as a
force per unit width. In the SI system, its unit is the
Pascal (Pa).

19

2.2 Density:
The density of a material is its mass per unit volume.
Also, density is loosely defined as its weight per unit
volume. The density of concrete varies, but is around
2,400 kg/m.

20

2.3 Elasticity:
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is a function of
the modulus of elasticity of the aggregates and the
cement matrix and their relative proportions. The
modulus of elasticity of concrete is relatively
constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at
higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops. The
elastic modulus of the hardened paste may be in the
order of 10-30 GPa and aggregates about 45 to 85
GPa. The concrete composite is then in the range of
30 to 50 GPa.

2.4 Thermal expansion and shrinkage:


Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal
expansion. However, if no provision is made for
expansion, very large forces can be created, causing
cracks in parts of the structure not capable of
withstanding the force or the repeated cycles of
expansion and contraction.
As concrete matures it continues to shrink, due to
the on-going reaction taking place in the material,
although the rate of shrinkage falls relatively quickly
and keeps reducing over time (for all practical
purposes concrete is usually considered to not shrink
due to hydration any further after 30 years).
21

Because concrete is continuously shrinking for years


after it is initially placed, it is generally accepted that
under thermal loading it will never expand to its
originally placed volume.
Due to its low thermal conductivity, a layer of
concrete is frequently used for fireproofing of steel
structures.

22

2.5 Creep:
Creep is the permanent movement or deformation of
a material in order to relieve stresses within the
material. Concrete that is subjected to long-duration
forces is prone to creep. Short-duration forces (such
as wind or earthquakes) do not cause creep. Creep
can sometimes reduce the amount of cracking that
occurs in a concrete structure or element, but it also
must be controlled.

2.6 Durability:
Durability of concrete is the ability of concrete to
withstand the harmful effects of environment to
which it will be subjected to, during its service life,
without undergoing into deterioration beyond
acceptable limits.
Durability can be assured keeping in view the
environment exposure of structure, certain minimum
cement binder content, max limit on w/c ratio and a
23

certain minimum grade of concrete for that particular


exposure.

24

3. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN


3.1 Definition
Concrete mix design is defined as the appropriate
selection and proportioning of constituents to
produce a concrete withpre-defined characteristics in
the fresh and hardened states.

3.2 Types of Mix Concrete


Generally, there are two kinds of Concrete Mix .
They are:
1.
2.

Nominal Mix Concrete.


Design Mix Concrete.

1. Nominal Mix Concrete

When the proportions of cement, aggregate and


water are adopted based on arbitrary standard
the concrete produced is termed as Nominal
Mix Concrete.

Nominal mix concrete is used in works where the


quality control requirements for design mixes are
difficult to be implemented. Nominal mix concrete
can be produced by taking cement, fine aggregate
and coarse aggregate in the ratio of 1:n:2n for
normal work.
25

Nominal mix of concrete according to their


Grade:
Nominal Mix Concrete
(1:n:2n)
1:5:10
1:4:8
1:3:6
1:2:4
1:1.5:3
1:1:2

Grade of Concrete
M-5
M-7.5
M-10
M-15
M-20
M-25

Here, M-25 means Mix of concrete having


compressive strength 25N/mm2at 28th day when
cured at 27+2OC temperature.

2. Mix Design of Concrete


When the task of deciding the proportion of
constituents of concrete is accomplished by use of
certain established relationships (which are based on
interferences drawn from large number of
experiments) the concrete thus produced is termed
as Mix Design of Concrete.
26

3.3 Methods Of Mix Design Of concrete


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

American Concrete Institute (ACI) Method.


British DOE Method of Concrete Mix Design.
Road Note No. 4 Method.
Indian Standard Concrete Mix Proportioning.
Rapid Method for Mix Design.

3.4 Main aspects to be considered Mix


Design of Concrete
According to Indian Standard Mix
Proportioning GuidelinesIn general, concrete mixes are designed in order to
achieve a defined:
Workability.
Strength.
Durability.

27

W
M
oi
rx
k
aD
b
e
is
li
ig
tn
y

28

a) Workability:
Workability is that property of freshly mixed concrete
or mortar which determines the ease and
homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed,
compacted and finished. Workability depend upon
water-cement ratio of concrete.
Facts in connection with workability:
1. If more water is added to attain the
required degree of workmanship, it results
into concrete of low strength and poor
durability.
2. It is also affected by the Maximum Size of
Coarse Aggregate(MSA) to be used in
mixture.
To test workability Slump test is commonly used in
fields.
Workability of concrete

29

30

b) Maximum Size Of Aggregate:


Size of concrete aggregates depends on the
dimension of the place where concrete has to be
used.
The maximum size of aggregate (MSA) depends upon
the size of the member and the spacing of
reinforcement.
MSA< 1/4th of the size of the
member.
The maximum size of the coarse aggregate is
important because it affects the free water content
and percentage of fine aggregate needed for a given
level of workability.
Generally if the maximum size is increased, the free
water content and the percentage of fine aggregate
required for a given level of workability are reduced.

c) Consistency:
Factors Influencing Consistency (Slump):
The consistency of fresh concrete depends on many
factors, the main ones being:
Water Content (kg/m3)
W/c Ratio
Fineness Modulus of the Aggregate
31

Use of Water Reducers (Plasticizers / Super


plasticizers)
Type and shape of Aggregate
Entrained Air Content
There are other secondary factors too, such as:
Mix temperature, aggregates, dust, cement type,
additions (silica fume, fly-ash, slag, fibers), etc.

d) Strength:
Factors affecting Strength:
The strength of hardened concrete depends on
many factors, the main ones being:
W/C Ratio
Strength of the Cement
Type and shape of Aggregate
Entrained Air Content
There are other secondary factors too, such
as:
Mix temperature, etc.

e) Durability

Durability can be assured keeping in view


theenvironment exposure of structure,
certainminimum cement binder content, max limit
onw/c ratio and a certain minimum grade ofconcrete
for that particular exposure.
32

I. Making Durable Concrete:


Lowering the porosity and permeability
ofconcrete is only way to reduce
environmentalattacks on concrete,
Dense and compact concrete that prevents
theingress of harmful elements is the key
toDURABLE CONCRETE.

II. Durability Constraints:


Usually, durability requirements end in some
constraints to the maximum W/C ratio and/or to the
minimum cement content of the mix.
Very often these requirements are more stringent
than those demanded by the strength requirements,
which usually ends in concretes which are
overdesigned in strength.

III. Durability Criteria as per IS 456- 2000

33

34

IV. Adjustments to minimum cement


content for aggregates other than 20
mm nominal maximum size aggregates
as per IS 456: 2000.

f) The Selection and Proportioning of


Materials Depend on:
The structural requirements of the concrete.
The environment to which the structure will be
exposed.
The job site conditions, especially the methods of
concreteproduction, transport, placement,
compaction and finishing.
The characteristics of the available raw materials.
35

36

3.5 Mix Design Of Concrete According


to IS Method:

According to IS 10262:2009, IS 456:2000,


etc.Steps involved in mix design of
concrete is represented below.
Step1:

Grade of Concrete is specified, i.e. Minimum


strength (fck)
is specified.

Step2:

Target mean strength for the mix to be designed


is obtained depending upon quality control, by
formulafm = fck+ k

Where,
fm= Target mean strength of the concrete mix.
fck= Minimum compressive strength.
k= Characteristic strength.
37

k = Tolerance factor (i.e. 1.65 per 5% of concrete


cube can be tolerated below minimum strength)

38

= Standard deviation can be known from table


depends upon degree of Quality Control, as shown
below:
Grade of Concrete
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M

Assumed Standard Deviation


N/sq.mm

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60

3.5
4.0

5.0

Step3:

Water cement ratio is obtained from the standard


curve, shown below:

39

Water cement Ratio is obtained for durability


consideration, as shown in following table.

Select the lower value.


40

Step4:
Amount of water content and proportion ( % of
sand ) of total aggregate for given set of
condition are read. From following table:

41

Step5:
Volume of coarse aggregate can be obtained by
following table:
S.no
.

1
2
3

Nominal
Maximum Size
of Aggregate
(mm)

10
20
40

Volume of Coarse Aggregate per


Unit Volume of Total Aggregate for
Different Zones of Fine Aggregate
Zone
IV
.50
.66
.75

Zone
III
.48
.64
.73

Zone
II
.46
.62
.71

Zone
I
.44
.60
.69

Following adjustments are made according


to the conditions:

42

Step6:
Cement content is determined. As, from above
steps we have values of w/c ratio and water
content thus, cement content can be easily
calculated with help of water-cement ratio
relationship.
w/c = Water content/Cement content

Step7:
Now amount of aggregates can be calculated
with the help of Absolute Volume Method
represented as follows:

For Fine Aggregate:

For Coarse Aggregate :

43

Where,
V= Absolute volume of wet Mix = 1 m3
Also, V= Absolute volume air content entrapped
The value of air content entrapped can be obtained
by following table:

W= water content in Kg.


C= Cement content in Kg.
F.A. = Content of fine aggregate in Kg.
C.A. = Content of Coarse Aggregate in Kg.
Sc = Specific gravity of cement.
SF.A. = Specific gravity of fine aggregate.
SC.A. = Specific gravity of coarse aggregate.
p = p = correct fine aggregate per cent.
44

1-p = Correct coarse aggregate per cent.

45

4. PRACTICAL TRIAL MIX DESIGN OF


CONCRETE FOR
COMPRESSIVESTRENGTH OF 20
N /mm2
a) Design stipulations:
Characteristic compressive strength required
in the field at 28th day = 20N/mm2
Maximum size of aggregate = 20mm
Shape of aggregates = angular/crushed
Degree of workability = medium; slum =
75mm
Degree of quality control= good
Exposure condition=mild
46

Type of cement= JK (PPC)

47

b) Material tests data:


Specific gravity of cement = 3.15
Compressive strength of cement at 28 day =
54N/mm2

Specific gravity of fine aggregates (SF.A.)=2.671


Specific gravity of course aggregates
(SC.A.)=2.889

Fineness modulus of fine aggregates (FM)=2.68


Silt content of sand=1.81%
Impact value of course aggregates=14.46%

48

Flakiness & elongation index of coarse


aggregates=28.54%
Moisture content of fine aggregates = 1.32%
Maximum Size of Aggregates = 20mm

49

c) Designing:
1.

Target mean compressive strength:

fm = fck+ k (from table 1 IS 456:2000)


fm= 20 + 1.65*4
fm= 26.6 N/mm2
fm27N/mm2 (say)

2. W/C Ratio = .54 ( By standard Curve)

Maximum w/c ratio for mild exposure = .55


(From Table 5 IS 456:2000 shown above)
Hence, it isO.K.
50

3. Water Quantity required for 1m3 of


concrete = 178 Kg.
Percentage of sand p = 40%
w/c ratio = .54
Slump = 75mm
Fineness Modulus of fine aggregate = 2.68

4. Adjustment:
Quantity of water = 178kg + 8kg
=186Kg
Percentage of sand p =

40 + .04

1
0.5
+
.08
0.05 0.1

p = 40+ 0.8 + 0.4


p = 41.2%
p 41% (say)
Corresponding increase in sand as 84% sand is
passing through 4.75mm sieve= +4.275%
=+.85%

51

Corresponding reduction in sand due to


presence of silt component in sand = -1.81 x
2.5 x .5
= -2.28%
Corrected sand % p = 41 + .85 2.28
p = 39.5% 39% (say).

5. Weight of cement required for 1m3 of


concrete:
w/c=

Water Content
Cement Content

.54 =

186
Cement Content

Cement Content =344.44Kg


Cement Content345Kg. (say)
Since, Cement Content 345Kg/m3> 300Kg/m3
i.e. Minimum cement content (Kg/m3) required
as per IS 456:2000. Hence, it is O.K.

6. Aggregate Content by absolute volume


method:
(i)

Fine Aggregates:

52

Here,
V= Absolute volume-Air entrapped
Air entrapped = .2% = 0.02
Thus, V = 1-0.02 = .98
Hence,

.98 = 186+

345 1
F. A .
1
+

3.15 .39 2.671 1000

F.A. = 713 Kg

(ii)

Coarse Aggregate:

.98= 186+

345
1
C . A.
1
+

3.15 1.39 2.889 1000

C.A. = 1122 Kg

7. Therefore, the Mix proportions are as


follows:
Water

Cement

Sand
53

Coarse

186
27

345
50

Aggregate
1122
163

713
103

8. Adjustment in Quantity of water:


Moisture Content of fine aggregate = 1.32%
Thus,
Deduction of surface water =
And, Actual water content = 27
= 27

103

1.32
100

103

1.32
100

1.36

= 25.64 Kg
25 Lt.

9. Coarse Aggregate distribution:


As 40% of total coarse aggregate is of size
20mm and 60% of total coarse aggregate is of
size 10mm. Therefore,
a)

Amount of aggregate size 10mm (M1)


= .60 x 163
M1 = 97.80 Kg
M1 98 Kg (say)
54

And,
b) Amount of aggregate size 20mm (M2)
= .40 x163
M2 = 65.20 Kg
M2 65 Kg (say)

10.

Finally, the proportion is:

Water (lit)
25

Cement (Kg)

Sand (Kg)

50

103

55

Coarse
Aggregate (Kg)
163

5. FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE:
Flexural strength is one measure of the tensile
strength of concrete. It is a measure of concrete
structure to resist failure in bending. It is determined
by standard test methods ASTM C 78 (third-point
loading) or ASTM C 293 (centre point loading). As
shown in fig below:

Flexural Modulus of rupture is about 10 to 20 % of


compressive strength depending on the type, size
56

and volume of coarse aggregate used. However, the


best correlation for specific materials is obtained by
laboratory tests for given materials and mix design.
The Modulus of Rupturedetermined by third-point
loading is lower than the Modulus of Rupture
determined by center-point loading, sometimes by as
much as 15%.

6. FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST


6.1 TEST:
Object:Determination of the flexural strength of
concrete specimen.

Apparatus:
a) Standard moulds of size 15 x 15 x70 cm for
preparing the specimen.
b) Tamping bar.
c) Testing Machine.

The permissible errors shall be not greater than


0.5% of the applied load where a high degree of
57

accuracy is requiredand not greater than 1.5 % of


the applied load for commercial type of use.
The bed of the testing machine shall be provided
with two steel rollers, 38 mm in diameter, on which
the specimen is to be supported, and these rollers
shall be so mounted that the distance from centre to
centre is 60 cm for 15.0 cm specimens or 40 cm for
10.0 cm specimens.
The load shall be applied through two similar rollers
mounted at thethird points of the supporting span,
that is, spaced at 20 or 13.3 cm centre to centre.
The load shall be divided equally between the two
loading rollers, and all rollers shall be mounted in
such a manner that the load is applied axially and
without subjecting the specimen to anytorsional
stresses or restraints. One suitable arrangement
whichcomplies with these requirements is indicated
in Fig.

58

Procedure:
Test specimens stored in water at a temperatureof
24 to 30C for 48 hours before testing,shall be
tested immediately on removal from the water whilst
they are still in a wet condition.
The dimensions of each specimen shall be
noted before testing. No preparation of the surfaces
is required.

Placing the specimen in the testing


machine:
The bearingsurfaces of the supporting and loading
rollers shall be wiped clean, and any loose sand or
other material removed from the surfaces of the
59

specimen where they are to make contact with the


rollers.
The specimen shall then be placed in the
machine in such a manner that the load shall be
applied to the uppermost surface as cast in the
mould, along two lines spaced 20.0 or 13.3 cm apart.
The axis of the specimen shall be carefully aligned
with the axis of the loading device.
No packing shall be used between the
bearing surfaces of the specimen and the rollers.
The load shall be applied without shock and
increasing continuously at a rate such that the
extreme fibre stress increases at approximately 7
kg/sqcm/min, that is, at a rate of loading of 400
kg/min for the 15.0 cm specimens and at a rate of
180 kg/min for the 10.0 cm specimens.
The load shall be increased until the
specimen fails, and the maximum load applied to the
specimen during the test shall be recorded.
The appearance of the fractured faces of
concrete and any unusual features in the type of
failure shall be noted.

Calculations:
The flexural strength of the specimen shall
beexpressed as the modulus of rupture f , which, if
b

60

'

equals the distance between the line of fracture


and the nearer support, measured on the centre line
of the tensile side of the specimen, in cm, shall be
calculated to the nearest 0.5 kg/sq cm as follows:
'a

When a is greater than 20.0 cm for 15.0 cm


specimen, or greater than 13.3 cm for a 10.0 cm
specimen,
f b=

p l
b d 2

Or,
When a is less than 20.0 cm but greater than 17.0
cm for 15.0 cm specimen, or less than 13.3 cm but
greater than 11.0 cm for a 10.0 cm specimen
f b=

3 pa
2
b d

Where,
b = measured width in cm of the specimen,
d = measured depth in cm of the specimen at the
point of failure,
l = length in cm of the span on which the specimen
was supported,
p = maximum load in kg applied to the specimen.
61

If a is less than 17.0 cm for a 15.0 cm


specimen, or less than 11.0 cm fora 10.0 cm
specimen, the results of the test shall be
discarded.

62

6.2 Specifications of specimens to be


tested:
Two specimens are to betested under the
flexural test machine whose specifications
are as follows:
1.

A beam of cement concrete.

2.

A reinforced beam of cement concrete.

Drawing and reinforcement details are given


below:
Elevation of reinforced cement concrete
beam:

Plan of reinforced cement concrete beam:

63

Section of reinforced cement concrete


beam:

Specifications of specimen shown above:


1. Size of specimens(both):
a) Length = 700mm
b) Breadth = 150mm
64

c) Depth =150mm

2. Reinforcement detail:
a) Diameter of bars = 3mm
b)

2 bars of 280mm length @ 80mm c/c

c)

3 bars of 480mm length @60mm c/c

d)

4 bars of 670mm length @ 40mm c/c

e) Bottom cover = 10mm


f)

Side cover = 15mm

6.3 Results of test:The result of flexural strength test carried out


on the beams as specified above by Third-PointLoading Method comes out as follows:

1)

The Beam of Cement-Concrete:

The beam of cement concrete fails at load of


21kN
Thus, Modulus of Rupture of beam =
65

p l
2
b d

21 .600
3
.150 (.150 )

= 24888.88 kN/m2
= 24.88
N/mm2

2)
The Reinforced Cement Concrete
Beam:
This beam of reinforced cement concrete fails
at load of 70.510kN
p l
2
b d

Thus, Modulus of Rupture of beam =


=

70.510 .600
3
.150 150

= 83567.40 kN/m2
= 83.56
N/mm2

7. CONCLUSION
If a cement concrete beam is reinforced in above
manner its flexural strength will be increasedby 3
times of unreinforced cement concrete beam.
66

i.e. Modulus of Rupture of reinforced cement


concrete beam = 83.56 N/mm2
= 3 x 24.88 N/mm2
= 3 x Modulus of Rupture of plain cement
concrete beam.

Modulus of Rupture of reinforced


cement concrete beam = 3 x Modulus
of Rupture of plain cement concrete

67

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