Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
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2
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
(a)
Describe what happens to the chromosomes during each of the following stages of
mitosis.
Prophase
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Metaphase
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Anaphase
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Telophase
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(4 marks)
(b)
Complete the table to give two differences between mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis
Meiosis
(2 marks)
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Body cell
from adult
mammal
Egg
Nucleus
removed
Nucleus
removed
Egg without
nucleus
Nucleus
Mitosis
New individual
(a)
Explain why the new individual will be genetically identical to the adult mammal from
which the body cell was taken.
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(2 marks)
(b)
Suggest why a nucleus from a body cell is used instead of a nucleus from a sperm or an
egg.
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(1 mark)
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(c)
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of producing mammals by cloning rather than
by sexual reproduction.
(i)
advantage
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(1 mark)
(ii)
disadvantage
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(1 mark)
5
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Alpha-l-antitrypsin (AT) is a protein needed to prevent the breakdown of the elastic tissue
in the lungs. Some people have a different form of the gene for AT. These people cannot
produce the AT protein.
(a)
(b)
People who are unable to produce AT can be treated with AT extracted from the milk
of genetically engineered sheep. These sheep are produced by inserting the human AT
gene into the fertilised eggs of sheep. These eggs are allowed to develop into embryos
which are then implanted into surrogate sheep.
Suggest one reason why
(i)
only a few live births result from the large number of embryos implanted;
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(1 mark)
(ii)
(c)
When sheep capable of producing AT in their milk are allowed to breed, some of their
female offspring are also able to produce milk containing AT.
(i)
Explain how the ability to produce milk containing AT is passed from mother to
offspring.
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(2 marks)
(ii)
Suggest why only some of the female offspring produce milk containing AT.
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(1 mark)
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2
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Stage A
Stage B
Stage C
Stage D
(a)
(i)
Name stage A.
.........................................................
(1 mark)
(ii)
............
.............
.............
(1 mark)
(iii) Describe and explain the appearance of one of the chromosomes in stage B.
.............................................................................................................................................
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(2 marks)
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(b)
Colchicine is a substance that prevents the formation of the spindle in mitosis. Dividing
cells were treated with colchicine. This stopped them dividing. After a few hours, the
colchicine was removed and the cells began to divide again. The diagram shows the
chromosomes from one of the treated cells at stage B after the cell began dividing again.
(i)
(ii)
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(a)
Explain the importance of meiosis in the life cycles of organisms which reproduce
sexually.
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(3 marks)
(b)
Embryo
(2n)
Sporeproducing
moss plant
(2n)
Spore (n)
Gamete-producing
moss plant
Zygote
Male gamete
Female gamete
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(c)
The diagrams show the male and female gametes of the moss, drawn to the same scale.
Haploid nucleus
Cytoplasm
Gamete A
Gamete B
Which gamete is the male? Give two reasons for your answer.
Male gamete......................................
1 ....................................................................................................................................................
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2 ....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
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(a)
Name stages A and B. In each case describe what is happening to the chromosomes.
(i)
Stage A ....................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
(ii)
Stage B ....................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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(2 marks)
(b)
Describe two events during interphase which prepare a cell for mitosis.
1 ....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
6
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(a)
During meiosis, one chromosome from each homologous pair goes to each of the cells
produced. Explain why this is important.
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.......................................................................................................................................................
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(2 marks)
(b)
The diagram shows the life cycle of a fern plant. Drawings of the chromosomes during
cell division are shown for the stages that give the spore-producing plant and the
gamete-producing plant.
Stage A
Sporeproducing plant
Spores
Zygote
Stage B
Male gamete
Female gamete
(i)
Gameteproducing plant
(ii)
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(iii)
Are the male and female gametes produced by mitosis or meiosis? Explain your
answer.
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(2 marks)
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(a)
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Give three ways in which vegetative propagation is different from sexual reproduction.
1 ....................................................................................................................................................
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2 ....................................................................................................................................................
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3 ....................................................................................................................................................
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(3 marks)
(b)
Maize seeds bought from seed companies grow into plants that give a high yield of grain.
Unfortunately, seeds produced by these plants by sexual reproduction do not grow into
high-yielding plants. This means that farmers have to buy new seeds each year, instead
of using seeds saved from their own crop.
Some weed plants can produce seeds without sexual reproduction. They use a type of
vegetative propagation called apomixis to do this. Research is under way to isolate the
genes for apomixis and insert them into high-yielding maize plants.
(i)
Suggest and explain two advantages to farmers of using high-yielding maize plants
with apomixis genes.
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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(2 marks)
(ii)
Suggest two reasons why some people are against the introduction of apomixis
genes into crop plants.
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
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2
The diagram represents a cell from a fruit fly in which the diploid number is eight.
(a)
(2 marks)
(ii)
(2 marks)
(b)
Explain why meiosis is important in sexual reproduction, apart from producing gametes
that are genetically different.
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(2 marks)
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A clone of frogs was produced by nuclear transfer. This procedure is summarised in the
diagram.
(a)
What is a clone?
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
(b)
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(c)
The embryo cells used are from an early stage of development. Explain why.
.......................................................................................................................................................
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(1 mark)
(d)
What would be the colour of the cloned offspring? Explain your answer.
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(1 mark)
(e)
Give two differences between the nuclei removed from the embryo cells and the nuclei
discarded from the unfertilised egg cells.
1 ....................................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
(f)
Only 30% of the cloned cells successfully developed into embryos. Suggest a reason for
this low success rate.
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.......................................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
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2
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Acrosome
Mitochondria
5 m
(a)
Answer .................................................m
(1 mark)
(b)
The acrosome contains enzymes. Suggest the function of these enzymes in fertilisation.
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(2 marks)
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(c)
(d)
Many animals produce a large number of sperms. Explain the advantage of producing
a large number of sperms.
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(2 marks)
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(a)
(i)
(ii)
Describe and explain what happens during this stage which ensures that two
genetically identical cells are produced.
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(2 marks)
(b)
The graph shows the relative amounts of DNA per cell during two successive cell
divisions in an animal.
6
X
5
4
Amount of
DNA per cell / 3
arbitrary units
2
1
0
Time
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(i)
(ii)
Apart from an increase in the amount of DNA, give one process which occurs
during stage X which enables nuclear division to occur.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
(iii)
How many units of DNA would you expect to be present in a gamete formed in
this animal as a result of meiosis?
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
(c)
The table shows the average duration of each stage of the cell cycle in the cells of a
mammalian embryo.
Stage
Mean duration /
minutes
Interphase
12
Prophase
50
Metaphase
15
Anaphase
10
Telophase
42
Give one piece of evidence from the table which indicates that these cells are
multiplying rapidly.
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
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Plant tissue culture is a method used to propagate plants. The flow diagram shows one method
of plant tissue culture.
A mass of unspecialised
cells (callus tissue)
develops
Callus tissue is
transferred to a new
culture medium
containing nutrients and
plant growth regulators
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(a)
(b)
Give two advantages of producing plants using this method rather than from seeds.
1 ....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
(c)
Why is a viral infection more likely to destroy a complete batch of plants grown by plant
tissue culture than a batch of plants grown from seeds?
.......................................................................................................................................................
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(1 mark)
(d)
Callus tissue develops into either shoots or roots depending on the relative
concentration of the plant growth regulators used. Use your knowledge of genes to
suggest how these plant growth regulators determine the type of plant tissue formed.
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(1 mark)
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1 An egg cell from a cow was fertilised in a laboratory and allowed to develop into an
eight-celled embryo. This was split into four parts, each of which developed into a new
embryo. This is shown in the diagram. The new embryos were later transferred into
different surrogate cows.
Embryo split
into four
Male gamete
+
Fertilisation
Female gamete
Cell division
Zygote
Cells
develop
into
embryos
Eight-celled
embryo
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2
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Chromatids separate
Nuclear envelope
disappears
Cytoplasm divides
(1 mark)
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5
(a) Apart from increasing genetic variation, explain why meiosis is important in organisms
which reproduce sexually.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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(2 marks)
(b) Figure 3 shows the chromosomes in a diploid cell.
Figure 3
Diploid
cell
Gametes
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(c) Figure 4 shows the main stages in the production of pollen grains in a flowering plant.
Figure 4
Mitosis
Meiosis
Pollen mother
cell
2 nuclei
Immature pollen
grains
Mature pollen
grains
The diploid number of chromosomes in this plant is sixteen. How many chromosomes
would there be in
(i) the nucleus of an immature pollen grain; .................................................................
(ii) one of the nuclei of a mature pollen grain? .............................................................
(2 marks)
(d) In tissues that produce gametes, there is a greater proportion of cells undergoing
meiosis in male tissue than in female tissue. Suggest one advantage of this.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
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Name stages A and B. Describe what is happening to the chromosomes in each stage.
(i) Stage A .....................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
(ii) Stage B ......................................
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(2 marks)
(b) A clone of genetically identical animals can be obtained from one embryo.
Explain how.
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(2 marks)
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(a) During gamete formation in animals, diploid cells undergo cell division to produce
haploid gametes.
(i) Name the type of cell division which produces haploid gametes from diploid
cells.
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
(ii) Describe what happens to the chromosomes during this cell division.
...................................................................................................................................
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(2 marks)
The diagram shows the life cycle of a fungus.
Spores (n)
Asexual
reproduction
involving spore
production
Spore-producing
structure
Different individuals
of the same species (n)
(2n)
Gamete-producing
structures
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(c) When large amounts of nutrients are present, the fungus reproduces asexually.
Explain one advantage of this.
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(2 marks)
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(a)
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(i) Describe one way in which the structure of a male gamete is different from the
structure of a female gamete.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
(ii) Explain the importance of this difference in structure.
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(1 mark)
(b)
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Spindle fibre
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(b) Spindle fibres are polymers made from tubulin monomers. The removal of tubulin
monomers causes spindle fibres to shorten.
Scientists investigated the effect of the rate of tubulin removal on the speed of
movement of chromatids during mitosis. The results are shown on the graph.
Speed of
movement of
chromatids
Rate of tubulin
removal
What do these results suggest about the role of spindle fibres in the movement of
chromatids during mitosis?
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(2 marks)
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7 Children with severe combined immunodeficiency disorder (SCID) cannot produce the many
types of white blood cells that fight infections. This is because they do not have the
functional gene to make the enzyme ADA.
Some children with SCID have been treated with stem cells. Stem cells can divide and
develop into any type of blood cell, including white blood cells.
The treatment used with the children is described in the diagram.
Functional gene
for ADA isolated
Many copies of
the gene made
Gene inserted
into a virus
(a) Using the information given, suggest and explain two reasons why stem cells were
used in this treatment.
1 .........................................................................................................................................
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2 .........................................................................................................................................
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(4 marks)
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(b) A child was treated with genetically engineered stem cells. The graph shows the
number of functioning white blood cells in the child during the year following
treatment. Children who do not suffer from SCID have between 5000 and 8000 white
blood cells per mm3 of blood.
7000
6000
5000
Number of
functioning
white blood
cells per mm3
of blood
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
10 11 12
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