Quick HOWTO: Configuring Linux NTP Servers

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N TP Tim e Se r ve r

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Synchronize net w ork t im e using

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I nfo Resource for Em ployers

Chapter 24

The NTP Server

===========================================

In This Chapter
Chapter 24
The NTP Server
Download and Install The NTP Package
The /etc/ntp.conf File
How To Get NTP Started
Testing And Troubleshooting NTP
Configuring Cisco Devices To Use An NTP Server
Firewalls and NTP
Configuring A Windows NTP Client
Conclusion
(c) Peter Harrison, www.linuxhomenetworking.com
===========================================

The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol used to help synchronize your Linux system's clock with an
accurate time source. There are that allow the general public to synchronize with them. They are divided into
two types:
Stratum 1: NTP sites using an atomic clock for timing.
Stratum 2: NTP sites with slightly less accurate time sources.
It is good practice to have at least one server on your network be the local time server for all your other
devices. This makes the correlation of system events on different systems much easier. It also reduces
Internet bandwidth usage due to NTP traffic and reduces the need to manage firewall rules for each NTP
client on your network. Sometimes, not all your servers will have Internet access; in such cases you'll need a
central server that all can access.
For a list of available Stratum 1 and 2 servers consult http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/ntp/servers.html

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Download and Install The NTP Package

Most RedHat and Fedora Linux software products are available in the RPM format. Downloading and
installing RPMs isn't hard. If you need a refresher, Chapter 6, "Installing RPM Software," has all the details.
When searching for the file, remember that the NTP RPM's filename usually starts with the word ntp
followed by a version number as in ntp-4.1.2-5.i386.rpm.

The /etc/ntp.conf File

The /etc/ntp.conf file is the main configuration file for Linux NTP in which you place the IP addresses
of the stratum 1 and stratum 2 servers you want to use. Here are the steps to create a configuration file
using a pair of sample Internet-based NTP servers:

1.

First we specify the servers you're interested in:

server
server

2.

otherntp.server.org
ntp.research.gov

# A stratum 1 server at server.org

# A stratum 2 server at research.gov

Restrict the type of access you allow these servers. In this example the servers are not allowed to
modify the run-time configuration or query your Linux NTP server.
restrict otherntp.server.org
restrict ntp.research.gov

mask 255.255.255.255 nomodify notrap noquery

mask 255.255.255.255 nomodify notrap noquery

The mask 255.255.255.255 statement is really a subnet mask limiting access to the single IP
address of the remote NTP servers.

3.

If this server is also going to provide time for other computers, such as PCs, other Linux servers and
networking devices, then you'll have to define the networks from which this server will accept NTP
synchronization requests. You do so with a modified restrict statement with the noquery replaced with
a notrust keyword. This allows the network to query your NTP server, but it won't be trusted to be a
source of NTP synchronization data. The syntax is:
restrict 192.168.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 notrust nomodify notrap
In this case the mask statement has been expanded to include all 255 possible IP addresses on the
local network.

4.

We also want to make sure that localhost (the universal IP address used to refer to a Linux server
itself) has full access without any restricting keywords:
restrict 127.0.0.1

5.

Save the file and restart NTP for these settings to take effect.

You can now configure other Linux hosts on your network to synchronize with this new master NTP server
in a similar fashion.

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How To Get NTP Started

You have to restart the NTP process every time you make a change to the configuration file for the changes
to take effect on the running process.

To get NTP configured to start at boot, use the line:

[root@bigboy tmp]# chkconfig ntpd on
To start, stop and restart NTP after booting, follow these examples:
[root@bigboy tmp]# service ntpd start
[root@bigboy tmp]# service ntpd stop
[root@bigboy tmp]# service ntpd restart

Testing And Troubleshooting NTP

After configuring and starting NTP, you should test it to make sure it is working. Here are some guidelines
you can follow to get NTP working correctly.

Verifying NTP is Running

To test whether the NTP process is running use the command
[root@bigboy tmp]# pgrep ntpd
You should get a response of plain old process ID numbers.

Doing An Initial Synchronization

If the time on the local server is very different from that of its primary time server your NTP daemon will
eventually terminate itself leaving an error message in the /var/log/messages file. You should run
the ntpdate -u command to force your server to become instantly synchronized with its NTP servers
before starting the NTP daemon for the first time. The ntpdate command doesn't run continuously in
the background, you will still have to run the ntpd daemon to get continuous NTP updates.
Take a look at some sample output of the ntpdate command in which a server whose initial time was
set to midnight, was correctly set to 8:03 am.

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The date was originally set to midnight which was verified by using the date command.
[root@smallfry tmp]# date
Thu Aug 12 00:00:00 PDT 2004
[root@smallfry tmp]#

The ntpdate command is run three times to synchronize smallfry's clock to server
192.168.1.100, but it must be run while the ntpd process is stopped. So you'll have to stop ntpd,
run ntpdate and then start ntpd again.

[root@smallfry tmp]# service ntpd stop

[root@smallfry tmp]# ntpdate -u 192.168.1.100
Looking for host 192.168.1.100 and service ntp
host found : bigboy.my-site.com
12 Aug 08:03:38 ntpdate[2472]: step time server 192.168.1.100 offset
28993.084943 sec
[root@smallfry tmp]# ntpdate -u 192.168.1.100
Looking for host 192.168.1.100 and service ntp
host found : bigboy.my-site.com
12 Aug 08:03:40 ntpdate[2472]: step time server 192.168.1.100 offset
2.467652 sec
[root@smallfry tmp]# ntpdate -u 192.168.1.100
Looking for host 192.168.1.100 and service ntp
host found : bigboy.my-site.com
12 Aug 08:03:42 ntpdate[2472]: step time server 192.168.1.100 offset
0.084943 sec
[root@smallfry tmp]# service ntpd start
[root@smallfry tmp]#

The date is now corrected.

[root@smallfry tmp]# date
Thu Aug 12 08:03:45 PDT 2004
[root@smallfry tmp]#

Determining If NTP Is Synchronized Properly

Use the ntpq command to see the servers with which you are synchronized. It provided you with a list
of configured time servers and the delay, offset and jitter that your server is experiencing with them. For
correct synchronization, the delay and offset values should be non-zero and the jitter value should be
under 100.
[root@bigboy tmp]# ntpq -p

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Here is some sample output of the command:

remote
refid
st t when poll reach delay
offset
jitter
==============================================================================
-jj.cs.umb.edu
gandalf.sigmaso 3 u
95 1024 377 31.681 -18.549
1.572
milo.mcs.anl.go ntp0.mcs.anl.go 2 u 818 1024 125 41.993 -15.264
1.392
-mailer1.psc.edu ntp1.usno.navy. 2 u 972 1024 377 38.206
19.589
28.028
-dr-zaius.cs.wis ben.cs.wisc.edu 2 u 502 1024 357 55.098
3.979
0.333
+taylor.cs.wisc. ben.cs.wisc.edu 2 u 454 1024 347 54.127
3.379
0.047
-ntp0.cis.strath harris.cc.strat 3 u 507 1024 377 115.274
-5.025
1.642
*clock.via.net
.GPS.
1 u 426 1024 377 107.424
-3.018
2.534
ntp1.conectiv.c 0.0.0.0
16 u
- 1024
0
0.000
0.000 4000.00

Your Linux NTP clients cannot Synchronize Properly

A telltale sign that you haven't got proper synchronization is when all the remote servers have jitters of
4000 with delay and reach values of 0.
remote
refid
st t when poll reach
delay
offset jitter
=============================================================================
LOCAL(0)
LOCAL(0)
10 l
64
7
0.000
0.000
0.008
ntp-cup.externa 0.0.0.0
16 u
64
0
0.000
0.000 4000.00
snvl-smtp1.trim 0.0.0.0
16 u
64
0
0.000
0.000 4000.00
nist1.aol-ca.tr 0.0.0.0
16 u
64
0
0.000
0.000 4000.00

This could be caused by the following:

o

Older versions of the NTP package that don't work correctly if you use the DNS name for the NTP
servers. In these cases you will want to use the actual IP addresses instead.

A firewall blocking access to your Stratum 1 and 2 NTP servers. This could be located on one of the
networks between the NTP server and its time source, or firewall software such as iptables could
be running on the server itself.

The notrust nomodify notrap keywords are present in the restrict statement for the NTP
client. In some versions of the Fedora Core 2's implementation of NTP, clients will not be able to
synchronize with a Fedora Core 2 time server unless the notrust nomodify notrap keywords
are removed from the NTP client's restrict statement.
In this example the restrict statement has only the client network defined without any keywords and
the configuration line that works with other NTP versions has been commented out:
# -- CLIENT NETWORK ------#restrict 172.16.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 notrust nomodify notrap
restrict 172.16.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0

Fedora Core 2 File Permissions

All the Fedora/RedHat NTP daemons write temporary files to the /etc/ntp directory. Unfortunately, in
Fedora Core 2, the permissions on this directory don't allow writing of temporary files. Instead you have
to set the group and owner of the directory to be ntp.
[root@bigboy tmp]# chown ntp:ntp /etc/ntp
If you don't, you'll get errors like this in the /var/log/messages file.
Aug 12 00:29:45 smallfry ntpd[2097]: can't open /etc/ntp/drift.TEMP:
Permission denied

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Configuring Cisco Devices To Use An NTP Server

You can use NTP to synchronize time on a variety of devices including networking equipment. I have
included the necessary NTP commands for a variety of Cisco Systems products because it is one of the
most popular manufacturers of networking equipment and would feature in the overall architectures of many
home office/small office (SOHO) environments and corporate departments.

Cisco IOS
To make your router synchronize with NTP servers with IP addresses 192.168.1.100 and
192.168.1.201, use the commands:
ciscorouter> enable
password: *********
ciscorouter# config t
ciscorouter(config)# ntp update-calendar
ciscorouter(config)# ntp server 192.168.1.100
ciscorouter(config)# ntp server 192.168.1.201
ciscorouter(config)# exit
ciscorouter# wr mem
The ntp server command forms a server association with another system, and ntp updatecalendar configures the system to update its hardware clock from the software clock at periodic
intervals.

CAT OS
To make your router synchronize with NTP servers with IP addresses 192.168.1.100 and
192.168.1.201, use the commands:
ciscoswitch> enable
password: *********
ciscoswitch# set ntp client enable
ciscoswitch# ntp server 192.168.1.100
ciscoswitch# ntp server 192.168.1.201
ciscoswitch# exit
The ntp server command forms a server association with another system, and set ntp client
enable activates the NTP client.

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Firewalls and NTP

NTP servers communicate with one another using UDP with a destination port of 123. Unlike most UDP
protocols, the source port isn't a high port (above 1023), but 123 also. You'll have to allow UDP traffic on
source/destination port 123 between your server and the Stratum 1/2 server with which you are
synchronizing.
A sample Linux iptables firewall script snippet is in Appendix II, "Codes, Scripts, and Configurations."

Configuring A Windows NTP Client

You can add your new NTP server to your Windows client. Here's how:

6.

Click on the time at the bottom right hand side of your screen.

7.

Click on the "Internet Time" tab of the dialog box

8.

Click the check box labeled "Automatically synchronize with an Internet time server" and enter the
name or IP address in the box underneath it.

9.

Click on the "Update Now" button

You will get a message saying "Your time has been successfully synchronized" when the operation is
complete.

Conclusion
It is important that all the systems under your control have the same accurate time. It can help to give a very
clear indication of a chain of events that involve multiple devices and it can also help in the synchronization
of time sensitive-transactions.
Having an NTP server on your local network can make this easier to do. Sometimes it isn't desirable for all
your NTP clients to have access to the Internet to synchronize with stratum 1 and 2 servers, even when
they all have access there is the risk of them losing synchronization if the central connection to the Internet
is lost. The maintenance of firewall rules for multiple NTP connections to the Internet can also be daunting
especially if the management of the firewall is handled by another group.
A local NTP server can ensure that the clients all have the same time relative to the server even when
Internet connectivity is temporarily lost thereby reducing the problems of them being out of synchronization
with each other. The firewall rules can also be greatly simplified. A local NTP server is frequently a good
thing to have for these reasons.

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