Eng102 APA Parallelism Modifiers

Eng 102
Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

Parallelism
APA
Reading a book, my cat crawled into my lap.
The hunter crouched behind a tree waiting for a bear to come along
with a bow and arrow.

At the beginning of the novel, Tom Joad comes across a turtle on his
way home from spending four years in prison.

Modifiers are words that describe other words in a sentence
Modifiers should be near the words they modify
Linda saw the White House flying over Washington, D.C.
Flying over Washington, D.C., Linda saw the White House.
Trying to eat a hot dog, my bike swerved off the path.
While I was trying to eat a hot dog, my bike swerved off the path.
Put limiting modifiers in front of the words they

modify
Limiting modifiers = only, even, almost, nearly, just
These should appear in front of a verb only if they modify the verb
At first, I couldnt even touch my toes, much less grasp them.
If they limit the meaning of some other word in the sentence, they
should be placed in front of that word.
The cathedral almost took six centuries to complete.
The cathedral took almost six centuries to complete.

modify
Limiting modifiers = only, even, almost, nearly, just
These should appear in front of a verb only if they modify the verb
At first, I couldnt even touch my toes, much less grasp them.
If they limit the meaning of some other word in the sentence, they
should be placed in front of that word.
The cathedral almost took six centuries to complete.
The cathedral took almost six centuries to complete.

modify
If you just interview chemistry majors, your picture of the student
bodys response to the new grading policies will be incomplete.
If you interview just chemistry majors, your picture of the student
If you interview just chemistry majors, your picture of the student

modify
In the United States in 1860, not all black southerners were not slaves.
In the United States in 1860, all black southerners were not slaves.
In the United States in 1860, not all black southerners were slaves.
Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at a

glance what they modify
The soccer player returned to the clinic where he had undergone
emergency surgery in 2004 in a limousine sent by Adidas.
He had surgery in a limousine???
Traveling in a limousine sent by Adidas, the soccer player returned to
the clinic where he had undergone emergency surgery in 2004

There are many pictures of comedians who have performed at Gavins
on the walls.
The comedians are performing on the walls?
On the walls are many pictures of comedians who have performed at
Gavins.
The robber was described as a six-foot-tall man with a heavy mustache
weighing 170 pounds.
Thats a heavy mustache!!!
The robber was described as a 170-pound, six-foot-tall man with a
heavy mustache.

A squinting modifier leads to ambiguity
The exchange students we met for coffee occasionally questioned us
about our latest slang.
Did they meet occasionally? Or did the questioning happen
occasionally?
The exchange students we occasionally met for coffee questioned us
The exchange students we met for coffee questioned us occasionally
Move awkwardly placed modifiers

A sentence should flow from subject to verb to object without lengthy
detours along with way
Hong Kong, after more than 150 years of British rule, was transferred
back to Chinese control in 1997.
After more than 150 years of British rule, Hong Kong was transferred
After more than 150 years of British rule, Hong Kong was transferred
Avoid awkward split infinitives

Infinitive = to plus base form of a verb (to think)
Split infinitive = modifier between to and verb (to carefully balance, to
completely understand)
When a long word or phrase appears between parts of the infinitive,
result is usually awkward
If possible, the patient should try to avoid going up and down stairs.
The patient should try to if possible avoid going up and down stairs.
If possible, the patient should try to avoid going up and down stairs.
Dangling Modifiers
Modifier fails to refer logically to any word in the sentence
Understanding the need to create checks and balances on power, the
Constitution divided the government into three branches.
The document understood the need for checks and balances?
Understanding the need to create checks and balances on power, the
framers of the Constitution divided the government into three
branches.
Exercise 12 1 pg. 130

1. The flood nearly displaced half of the citys residents, who packed into
several overcrowded shelters.
The flood displaced nearly half
2. Most lions at night hunt for medium-size prey, such as zebra.
Most lions hunt at night
3. Several recent studies have encouraged heart patients to more carefully
watch their cholesterol levels.
patients to watch their cholesterol levels more carefully.
Exercise 12 1 pg. 130

4. The gardens centerpiece is a huge sculpture that was carved by three
women called Walking in Place.
The gardens centerpiece is a huge sculpture called Walking in Place that
was carved by three women.
5. The old Marlboro ads depicted a man on a horse smoking a cigarette.
The old Marlboro ads depicted a man smoking a cigarette on a horse.
Exercise 12-2
1. While working as a ranger in Everglades National Park,
a Florida panther crossed the road in front of my truck
one night.
While I was working as a ranger in Everglades National
Park, a Florida panther crossed the road in front of my
truck one night.
Exercise 12-2
2. By following the new recycling procedure, the citys
landfill costs will be reduced significantly.
If residents follow the new recycling procedure, the citys
landfill costs will be reduced significantly.
Exercise 12-2
3. Serving as president of the missionary circle, one of
Sophias duties is to raise money for the church.
Serving as president of the missionary circle, Sophia is
responsible for raising money for the church.
4. After buying an album by Ali Farka Toure, the rich and
rolling rhythms of Malian music made more sense to
Silas.
After buying an album by Ali Farka Toure, Silas
understood the rich and rolling rhythms of Malian
music.
Exercise 12-2
5. Opening the window to let out a huge bumblebee, the
car swerved into an oncoming truck.
When the driver opened the window to let out a huge
bumblebee, the car swerved into an oncoming truck.
Where vs. When

April the first is known as All Fools Day ______ people play practical jokes
on each other.
The pound _____ Bella found me is in Kittanning.
Which Vs. That

Gems _____ sparkle often elicit forgiveness.
Diamonds, _____ are expensive, often elicit forgiveness.
There was an earthquake in China, _____ is bad.
Which Vs. That

Gems _____ sparkle often elicit forgiveness.
Restrictive ClauseThat
A restrictive clause is just part of a sentence that you can't get rid of
because it specifically restricts some other part of the sentence.
Here's an example: The words that sparkle restrict the kind of gems
you're talking about. Without them, the meaning of the sentence would
change. Without them, you'd be saying that all gems elicit forgiveness,
not just the gems that sparkle. (And note that you don't need commas
around the words that sparkle.)
Which Vs. That

Diamonds, _____ are expensive, often elicit forgiveness.
There was an earthquake in China, _____ is bad.

Nonrestrictive ClauseWhich
A nonrestrictive clause is something that can be left off without
changing the meaning of the sentence. You can think of a nonrestrictive
clause as simply additional information.
Explanation: Diamonds are always expensive, so leaving out the words
which are expensive doesn't change the meaning of the sentence. (Also
note that the phrase is surrounded by commas. Nonrestrictive clauses
are usually surrounded by, or preceded by, commas.)
Grammar Portfolio
Create and illustrate 5 misplaced or dangling modifiers.
Parallelism
Eng 102 BC
What is Parallelism?
Using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas
have the same importance
Patterns fall into four areas:
Words and phrases

Forms
Clauses
Lists
Parallelism Words & Phrases

Do not mix patterns with the ing form (gerund) of words:
The construction manager established a protocol that includes reviewing

plans every morning, asking questions at stated intervals, and the
summarization of work at the end of the day.
The construction manager established a protocol that includes reviewing
plans every morning, asking questions at stated intervals, and summarizing
work at the end of the day.

Do not mix patterns of infinitive phrases.
A daily protocol was established to review plans, field questions, and

summarize work.
A daily protocol was established to review plans, to field questions, and to
summarize work.

Balance parallel ideas presented as pairs
Eitheror
not onlybut also
neithernor
bothand whetheror
The clerk told me either to change my flight or take the

train.
The clerk told me either to change my flight or to take
the train.
Thomas Edison was not only a prolific inventor but also
was a successful entrepreneur.
Omit was
Parallelism Forms
Do not mix forms.
The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately,
and in a detailed manner.
The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately,
and thoroughly.
Parallelism Clauses
A parallel structure that begins with clauses must continue using clauses.
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they
should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before the
game.
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they
should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises
before he game.
Parallelism Clauses
Repeat function words to clarify parallels
By, to, that, because
Our study revealed that left-handed students were more likely to have
trouble with classroom desks and rearranging desks for exam periods was
useful.
Our study revealed that left-handed students were more likely to have
trouble with classroom desks and that rearranging desks for exam periods
was useful.
Parallelism Lists
Be sure to keep al the elements in a list in the same form.
The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings,
pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up irregular verbs.
The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings,
pronunciations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs.
Grammar Portfolio
Create a brochure about parallelism. Include an unbalanced example
of each parallel rule/category and its correction (there are 4).
Eng 102BC
APA Style
What is APA?
The American Psychological Association (APA) provides a method for
source documentation that is used in most social sciences courses. The
social sciences place emphasis on the date a work was created, so most
APA citation involves recording the date of a particular work in the
physical text. The date is usually placed immediately after the authors
name in the References page at the end of an essay.
Essays following the APA style of formatting typically include a title page,
abstract, main body, and references.
Formatting Differences
APA uses a title page.
The title page contains the following information, centered:
the title of the paper (centered, no more than 12 words)
May take up one or two lines
Your name (first name, middle initial, last name)

institutional affiliation (where research was conducted)
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Formatting Differences (cont.)

The page header at the top of every page contains the TITLE OF YOUR
PAPER on the left hand side in all capital letters. This page header is
usually a shortened version of the essays title and cannot exceed 50
characters including spacing and punctuation.
In-Text Citation Differences

APA adds to MLA style by including an author name(s), page number(s),
and date. The date is generally provided parenthetically whenever the
authors name is given while page numbers always appear at the end of
the sentence. The date is important in social science because it helps
demonstrate the relevance (newness) of the work being cited.
Example (Author named in a signal phrase): Philosopher Stephen C.
Pepper (1961) refers to this phenomenon as a cumulative collaboration of
evidence (p. 49).
Example (Author not named in a signal phrase): This phenomenon is best
referred to as a cumulative collaboration of evidence (Pepper, 1961, p.
49).
In-Text Citation Differences

Example (unknown page number): This phenomenon is best referred to as
a cumulative collaboration of evidence: (Pepper, Evidence and
Corroboration section, para. 22).
However, if only referring to an idea but not directly quoting the material,
only make reference to the author and year of publication and not the
page number in the in-text citation.
Exercise 64-1
1. The student is quoting from page 26 of an article by Peter Greasley
published in 2000.
a. Greasley (2000) pointed out that clients who seek out mediums are so
inclined to find the sessions impressive that few can blame them for
leaving the consultation expressing unequivocal satisfaction. (p. 26).
b. Greasley (2000) pointed out that clients who seek out mediums are so
leaving the consultation expressing unequivocal satisfaction (p. 26).
Exercise 64-1
1. The student is quoting from page 26 of an article by Peter Greasley
published in 2000.
b. Greasley (2000) pointed out that clients who seek out mediums are so
leaving the consultation expressing unequivocal satisfaction (p. 26).
In APA style, the period comes after the parenthetical citation.
Exercise 64-1
2. The student is summarizing information from page 176 of a 1980 book
with two authors, Marks and Kammann.
a. The psychological phenomenon known as selective exposure occurs
when people choose source material and authorities that reflect what
they already believe (Marks & Kammann, 1980, p. 176).
b. The psychological phenomenon known as selective exposure occurs
they already believe (Marks and Kammann, 1980, p. 176).
Exercise 64-1
2. The student is summarizing information from page 176 of a 1980 book
with two authors, Marks and Kammann.
a. The psychological phenomenon known as selective exposure occurs
they already believe (Marks & Kammann, 1980, p. 176).
In an APA parenthetical citation for a work with two authors, an ampersand
(&) is placed between the authors names.
Exercise 64-1
3. The student is quoting from page 29 of an article published in 2000 by
Paul Kurtz.
a. Kurtz has observed that science has been investigating our ability to
communicate with the dad for at least 150 years and it has attempted
to discover empirical evidence in support of the claim (2000, p. 29).
b. Kurtz (2000) has observed that science has been investigating our
ability to communicate with the dad for at least 150 years and it has
attempted to discover empirical evidence in support of the claim (p.
29).
Exercise 64-1
3. The student is quoting from page 29 of an article published in 2000 by
Paul Kurtz.
b. Kurtz (2000) has observed that science has been investigating our ability
to communicate with the dad for at least 150 years and it has attempted to
discover empirical evidence in support of the claim (p. 29).
In APA style, when the authors name is given in a signal phrase, the name
is followed by the date in parentheses.
Exercise 64-1
4. The student is summarizing information from a 2001 article by Gary E. R.
Schwartz, Linda G. S. Russek, Lonnie A. Nelson, and Christopher
Barnetsen. This is the first citation of the source in the paper.
a. Schwartz et al. (2001) insisted that the study had eliminated fraud and
coincidence as possible explanations for the success of the mediums
tested.
b. Schwartz, Russek, Nelson, and Barentsen (2001) insisted that the study
had eliminated fraud and coincidence as possible explanations for the
success of the mediums tested.
Exercise 64-1
4. The student is summarizing information from a 2001 article by Gary E. R.
Schwartz, Linda G. S. Russek, Lonnie A. Nelson, and Christopher
Barnetsen. This is the first citation of the source in the paper.
b. Schwartz, Russek, Nelson, and Barentsen (2001) insisted that the study
had eliminated fraud and coincidence as possible explanations for the
success of the mediums tested.
In APA style for a work with three to five authors, the signal phrase includes
all the authors last names the first time the source is cited. For
subsequent citations of the source, et al. is used after the first
authors name.
Exercise 64-1
5. The student is quoting from page 27 of an article by two authors,
Wiseman and OKeeffe, that was published in 2001.
a. According to Wiseman and OKeeffe (2001). The Schwartz et al.
studies suffered from severe methodological problems, namely: (1) the
potential for judging bias, (2) the use of an inappropriate control group,
and (3) inadequate safeguards against sensory leakage (p. 27).
b. According to Wiseman & OKeeffe (2001). The Schwartz et al. studies
suffered from severe methodological problems, namely: (1) the
Exercise 64-1
5. The student is quoting from page 27 of an article by two authors,
Wiseman and OKeeffe, that was published in 2001.
a. According to Wiseman and OKeeffe (2001). The Schwartz et al.
studies suffered from severe methodological problems, namely: (1) the
In APA style, the word and joins two authors names in a signal phrase;
the ampersand (&) is used in a parenthetical citation.
Exercise 64-1
6. The student is quoting from page 52 of a 2001 article, Talking to the
Dead, by Leon Jaroff. The list of references contains another article, The
Man Who Loves to Bust Quacks, also written by Jaroff and also published
in 2001.
a. Jaroff (2001b) claimed that the medium used a sophisticated form of
the game Twenty Questions, during which the subject, anxious to hear
from the dead, seldom realizes that he, not the medium or the
departed, is supplying the answers (p. 52).
b. Jaroff (2001) claimed that the medium used a sophisticated form of
departed, is supplying the answers (Talking to the Dead, p. 52).
Exercise 64-1
6. The student is quoting from page 52 of a 2001 article, Talking to the
Dead, by Leon Jaroff. The list of references contains another article, The
Man Who Loves to Bust Quacks, also written by Jaroff and also published
in 2001.
a. Jaroff (2001b) claimed that the medium used a sophisticated form of
departed, is supplying the answers (p. 52).
In APA style, two or more works by the same author in the same year are
listed alphabetically by the first word of the title (other than A, An, or
The) in the list of references. A lowercase letter is added to the year,
with a for the first and b for the second reference by the author in
that year. The lowercase letter is also used with the year in the in-text
citation.
Exercise 64-1
7. The student is quoting from paragraph 1 of a 1998 online article by Travis
Dacolias. The article has numbered paragraphs but no page numbers.
a. Dacolias (1998) noted, Cold reading is a technique used by tarot card
readers, psychics, palm readers, astrologers, and even con men to get
people to believe that the cold reader knows all about them, even
though they have never met (para. 1).
b. Dacolias (1998) noted, Cold reading is a technique used by tarot card
though they have never met.
Exercise 64-1
In APA style, when an electronic source has numbered paragraphs but not
page numbers, the parenthetical citation includes the abbreviation
para. and the paragraph number.
Exercise 64-1
In APA style, when an electronic source has numbered paragraphs but not
page numbers, the parenthetical citation includes the abbreviation
para. and the paragraph number.
Exercise 64-1
8. The student is summarizing information from an undated online article by
Ray Hyman. The article has no paragraph or page numbers.
a. Hyman pointed out that no medium has ever managed to demonstrate
psychic abilities under controlled laboratory conditions, even though
large cash prizes have been offered to anyone who succeeds.
b. Hyman (n.d.) pointed out that no medium has ever managed to
demonstrate psychic abilities under controlled laboratory conditions,
even though large cash prizes have been offered to anyone who
succeeds.
Exercise 64-1
8. The student is summarizing information from an undated online article by
Ray Hyman. The article has no paragraph or page numbers.
b. Hyman (n.d.) pointed out that no medium has ever managed to
demonstrate psychic abilities under controlled laboratory conditions, even
though large cash prizes have been offered to anyone who succeeds.
For a source without a date, the abbreviation n.d. is used in the
parenthetical citation.
Exercise 64-1
9. The student is quoting from page 12 of a 2000 report by the National
Science Board. No individual author is given. The entry in the list of
references begins like this: National Science Board.
a. The National Science Board (2000) cautioned that believers in
paranormal phenomena are dangerously distanced from reality: Their
beliefs may indicate an absence of critical thinking skills necessary not
only for informed decision making in the voting booth and other civic
venues (for example, jury duty), but also for making wise choices
needed for everyday living (p. 12).
b. The National Science Board cautioned that believers in paranormal
phenomena are dangerously distanced from reality: Their beliefs may
indicate an absence of critical thinking skills necessary not only for
informed decision making in the voting booth and other civic venues
(for example, jury duty), but also for making wise choices needed for
everyday living (Anonymous, 2000, p. 12).
Exercise 64-1
9. The student is quoting from page 12 of a 2000 report by the National
Science Board. No individual author is given. The entry in the list of
references begins like this: National Science Board.
a. The National Science Board (2000) cautioned that believers in
paranormal phenomena are dangerously distanced from reality: Their
beliefs may indicate an absence of critical thinking skills necessary not
only for informed decision making in the voting booth and other civic
venues (for example, jury duty), but also for making wise choices
needed for everyday living (p. 12).
The National Science Board is listed as the author in the reference list, so it
appears with the date in the signal phrase. Anonymous is not used in
this case.
Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the
title in your attributive tag or the first word or two of the title in the
parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").
In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the
author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name
Anonymous as the author.
Exercise 64-1
10. The student is summarizing information that begins on page 29 and
continues on page 30 in a 2000 article by Paul Kurtz. The student provides
a page reference for this summary because the article is long.
a. Kurtz (2000) argued that mediums claiming to communicate with the
dead were aided at the end of the twentieth century by mass media
exposure and a credulous American public (pp. 29-30).
b. Kurtz (2000) argued that mediums claiming to communicate with the
exposure and a credulous American public (pp. 29+).
Exercise 64-1
10. The student is summarizing information that begins on page 29 and
continues on page 30 in a 2000 article by Paul Kurtz. The student provides
a page reference for this summary because the article is long.
a. Kurtz (2000) argued that mediums claiming to communicate with the
exposure and a credulous American public (pp. 29-30).
When information is taken from more than one consecutive page in the
source, the range of pages is given.
Citation Differences
The last page is titled References not Works Cited. It is centered at the
top of the page. Do not bold, underline, or use quotation marks.
Only the first word of a title is capitalized. Also capitalize the first word
after a dash or colon.
Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works
such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.
Citation Differences
Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
Books: author name, publication year, work title, publication city, and
publisher
If you are citing an article from a database that is available in other places,
such as a journal or magazine, include the homepage's URL. You may have
to do a web search of the article's title, author, etc. to find the URL.
For articles that are easily located, do not provide database information. If
the article is difficult to locate, then you can provide database information
One more thing

While the APA manual provides many examples of how to cite
common types of sources, it does not provide rules on how to cite all
types of sources. Therefore, if you have a source that APA does not
include, APA suggests that you find the example that is most similar
to your source and use that format.
Synthesis Essays
Like an analysis but with multiple sources
Thesis statement format can be the same as an analysis essay
Two ways to organize:
Synthesis Essays org #1

II. Body
A. How novel component relates to greater issue
1. source quote
2. explanation of how quote shows novel component
repeat 1-2 as needed
*Concluding sentence
Synthesis Essays org #2

II. Body
A. How greater issue relates to novel
1. novel quote
2. explanation of how quote shows greater issue
repeat 1-2 as needed
*Concluding sentence
Grammar Portfolio
Your essay is 9 pages in length. Create a complete APA References page using
sources listed on Weebly (same ones used for the MLA Works Cited page)
interview in person with Robert Akins, November 19, 2010
Website article by Dr. Joshua Smith entitled The Many Uses of Pencils. It was
published March 22, 2010 and viewed August 3, 2012. The URL is
www.articlesonline.smith/pencils.html
Pens vs. Pencils written by Henry Goldman and Elizabeth Howard. Published by Gold
House in Philadelphia in 1989.
The Beauty of Mechanical Pencils by Alexander Morrow, published by Westing Forge
in Denver, CO in 2011.
Short video called The Ink of Mystery, directed by Bernard Howard and starring Kurt
Sherman, distributed by Public Video in November 2009.
Encyclopedia of Style article, Writing Utensils, by John Gruber, published in 2008,
5th edition
Tuesday...
Create reference pages in class
Meeting in Writing Lab
Do assignment on Weebly

Eng102 APA Parallelism Modifiers

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Eng 102

Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

Reading a book, my cat crawled into my lap.

Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

Put limiting modifiers in front of the words they

Put limiting modifiers in front of the words they

Put limiting modifiers in front of the words they

Put limiting modifiers in front of the words they

Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at a

Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at a

Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at a

Move awkwardly placed modifiers

Avoid awkward split infinitives

Exercise 12 1 pg. 130

Exercise 12 1 pg. 130

Where vs. When

The pound _____ Bella found me is in Kittanning.

Which Vs. That

Which Vs. That

Which Vs. That

There was an earthquake in China, _____ is bad.

Words and phrases

Parallelism Words & Phrases

The construction manager established a protocol that includes reviewing

Parallelism Words & Phrases

A daily protocol was established to review plans, field questions, and

Parallelism Words & Phrases

The clerk told me either to change my flight or take the

Your name (first name, middle initial, last name)

Formatting Differences (cont.)

In-Text Citation Differences

In-Text Citation Differences

One more thing

Synthesis Essays org #1

Synthesis Essays org #2

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