04 OWJ100103 WCDMA Base Station System Planning (With Comment) ISSUE 1

WCDMA Base
Station System
Planning
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Familiarize the principles for BS site selection
Familiarize the principles for antenna selection and installation
Know the causes of pilot pollution and the related solutions
Know the notes for the co-existence of multiple systems
Page2
Contents
1. Site Selection
2. Antenna Feeder System Design
3. Pilot Pollution
4. Multi-system Coexistence Planning
Page3
Contents
1. Site Selection
1.1 Principles for Site Selection
1.2 Site Evaluation
1.3 Site Survey
Page4
General Process for Site Selection

Step 1: The network planning engineer generates a list of ideal
sites
Step 2: The survey engineer makes selection and survey
according to the planned sites
Step 3: For a complex area, make a propagation test to check
whether the coverage is OK
Step 4: After the site is selected, contact the owner or landowner
to check whether the site can be purchased or leased
Page5
Purpose of Site Selection

Selecting a site that can cover the target area and has the
lowest interference to others
The selected site should be possibly closest to the traffic
hotspot
The antenna height depends on the type of the area where the
site is located
The key point is how to control the interference
Page6
Principles for Site Selection

The sites should be laid out according to the mesh, with the
allowed deviation not larger than 1/4 of the BS radius
The legacy sites are preferred if the BS layout is not
affected
The position of a new site should be a place with convenient
traffic and power supply
At the early stage of the network construction, the most
important areas should be provided with good coverage
Page7

When the site is in a mountainous area, near lake, sea, or
building with glass wall, the effect of signal reflection should
be considered
When the site is in urban, we can use the height difference
of buildings to form network hierarchy
Page8

In general, a site should not be built on a high mountain
beside a city or in a suburb
The site should not be built beside a broadcasting station,
radar station, or other interference source
The site should be far away from a hurst in order to avoid
fast fading of signal
The coverage edge of the site should not be within the high
traffic density area
Page9
Site Selection in High-density

Urban Area
The antenna should be lower than the average height of
buildings in the area
The antenna should not be blocked by any nearby building
The antenna should be installed at the edge of the building
Page10
Site Selection in Urban Area

The antenna should be slightly higher than the average
building in the area
Line-of-sight links may exist in the most portion of the area
covered by the BS
Page11
Site Selection in Suburb

The antenna should be 5m10m higher than the average
Line-of-sight links should be available in the most portion of
the area covered by the BS
Only some line-of-sight links cross the cell border
Page12
Site Selection in Rural Area or on

Road
The antenna should be 10m-20m higher than the average
Good line-of-sight links are available in each direction
If the site is close to a town, the azimuth and tilt angle of the
antenna should be adjusted for controlling the interference
Page13
Contents
1. Site Selection
1.2 Site Evaluation
1.3 Site Survey
Page14
How to Evaluate a Candidate Site

Transmission
resources
Wireless
environment
Power supply
Planning result
Engineering feasibility
Page15
Wireless Environment
The RF engineer should check the following on each
candidate site and the nearby sites:
Does the
candidate site well
cover the target
area?
Is there any RF
interference on
the candidate
site?
Is there any apparent

barrier found in the
photos or the map?
Page16
Transmission Resources
The selection of a candidate site is often affected by the
transmission planning:
Is the optical fiber
or E1 transmission
available?
Is any line-ofsight link to the

microwave
node available?
Page17
Engineering Feasibility
The new site should facilitate the use of vehicle and lifting
equipment
Requirements on the building

A safe and convenient passage
The moving of the equipment to the site room through a lift or a
goods elevator in the building should be easy
Page18
Power Supply
Proper power supply should be available at the site
The total power consumption of the main equipment and
auxiliary equipment should be considered
Page19
Contents
1. Site Selection
1.2 Site Evaluation
1.3 Site Survey
Page20
Meaning of Site Survey

The results of the site survey may affect the quality and
smooth construction of the whole project
The reasonableness of the site is related to not only the
coverage of the site but also the coverage of the peripheral
sites
Objectives:
Providing a detailed construction scheme for the network
deployment to guide equipment preparation, engineering
construction, installation and commissioning
Page21
Tasks of Site Survey

The survey engineer makes a detailed survey according to
the plan made at the site selection stage
Survey items
BS location
Equipment room construction
Antenna selection
Equipment installation location
After completing the survey, the survey engineer submits a

survey report
Page22
Site Survey Flow

Wireless
network plan
Output Search
Rings
Site list
2G site?
New site (prefix:

NewSite)?
Site
conditions
determined?
Obtain
candidate sites
Site survey
Site survey
report
Noise test
Noise test
report
Site
requirement
met?
Page23
Preparation: gathering information

Familiarize the project profile, and collect
project data, including:
Engineering document
Local map
BS survey table
Contracted configuration list
Contract feedback table
Information about the legacy network
Page24
Preparation: tools required

Before the site survey, make sure that
the following tools are available:
GPS receiver
Digital camera
Compass
Telescope
Laser range finder
Laptop
Tape measure
Map
Page25
Detailed Survey
Measuring the longitude, latitude, and height of the site
Use the GPS receiver to measure the longitude and
latitude of the site
Use the laser range finder to measure the relative height
and altitude of the site
If no laser range finder is available, use a GPS receiver
to measure the height through air pressure (the error
depends on the weather), or estimate the height
Page26
Detailed Survey
Gathering information about the antenna installation
platform
Draw the schematic diagram of the antenna installation
platform, and mark the installation location of all the
equipment on the platform
After the antenna installation location is determined, mark
the related information (antenna installation location,
installation mode, pole length, and so on) on the schematic
diagram
Page27
Detailed Survey
Measuring the propagation environment
Write down the height of the barrier in each direction and the
distance between the barrier and the site
Check whether some antennas of any other communication
equipment exist nearby the site
If any, write down the location (direction and distance), band,
transmit power, height, azimuth, tilt angle of the antenna
Page28
Summary
This chapter covers the following:
The process for site selection and principles for site selection
The preparations and process for site survey
Page29
Contents
1. Site Selection
3. Pilot Pollution
Page30
Antenna Feeder System

Jumper
Grounding clip
Feeder
Grounding clip
Grounding clip
Jumper
Page31
TMA
TMA (Tower Mounted Amplifier) is installed on a tower. It is close to the
antenna. In general, the TMA and the antenna are connected through one
1/2 jumper of 2m-3m long
A TMA improves the sensitivity of the system and increases the upstream
coverage of the system. It also lowers the transmit power of an MS, reduces
the interference noise inside the system, and improves the call quality
Triplex TMA
Transmitter filter
Note B
Bypass
TMA feed
bias tee
Receiver
filter
LNA
Antenna
Receiver
filter
DC
Page32
Feeder
Common feeder types:
1/2", 7/8", 5/4
Principles for feeder selection

If the feeder is longer than 50m, a 5/4 feeder is required. If the
feeder is shorter than 50m, a 7/8 feeder is required. A 1/2 feeder is
used as the jumper between the antenna and feeder or the one
between the feeder and the BS top
Loss of 2GHz feeder

Feeder type
Manufacturer
LDF5-50A (7/8")
ANDREW
6.46 dB
LDF6-50 (5/4")
ANDREW
4.77 dB
FSJ4-50B (1/2")
Loss (100m)
17.7 dB
Page33
Classification of Antennas
By radiation direction
Directional antenna and omni-antenna
By appearance
Plate antenna, mushroom antenna, whip antenna
By polarization mode
Single polarization antenna and by-polarization antenna
Page34
Antenna Type Selection

Antenna type selection is important
to the network quality
According to the terrain or traffic
distribution, the antenna
environment falls into the following
types:
Urban area, suburb, rural area, road,
indoor, and so on
Suburb
Urban area
Rural area
Road
Indoor
Page35
Antenna Selection for Urban Area

Directional antenna
45 dual polarization
Horizontal beam width: 65
Gain: 15 dBi
Preset 6 electrical tilt or 0 0 adjustable
electrical tilt + 015 adjustable mechanical tilt
Upper side-lobe suppression + null filling
Front-to-back ratio:
25dB
Page36
Antenna Selection for Rural Area

Environment characteristics in rural area
Sparse BS location
Low traffic
Wide coverage required
Directional antenna
Vertical polarization
Horizontal beam width: 90
Gain: 18 dBi
No preset tilt
Omni-antenna
Vertical polarization
Gain: 11 dBi
No preset tilt
Page37
Antenna Selection for Suburb

In selecting an antenna for a suburb, the suggestions on
the antenna selection for urban area or rural area can be
referenced
An omni antenna is not recommended, in order to facilitate
smooth upgrade in the future
In a suburb, if the antenna uses a tilt angle, the tilt angle
should be small
Page38
Antenna Selection for Road

Directional antenna
Horizontal beam width: 30; gain: 21 dBi
Vertical polarization; no preset tilt
"8"-shaped antenna
Bidirectional horizontal beam width: 70;
gain: 14 dBi
Heart-shaped antenna
Horizontal beam width: 210; gain: 12 dBi
Page39
Selection of an Indoor Antenna

Omni-antenna
Vertical polarization; gain: 2 dBi
Horizontal beam width: 360; vertical beam width: 90
Directional plate antenna

Vertical polarization; gain: 7 dBi
Log periodic antenna (a kind of wideband antenna)

Vertical polarization; gain: 11.5 dBi
Page40
Principles for Antenna Height Design

For a flat urban area, the effective height of an antenna is
usually about 25m
For a suburb or rural area, the height of the antenna can
be about 40m
A too high antenna may lower the coverage level beside
the antenna (a blind zone under the tower), which is more
severe for an omni-antenna
A too high antenna may result in cross coverage, increase
the interference, and affect the network performance
Page41
Principles for Antenna Azimuth Design

The central lobe of the antenna should face the hightraffic area to improve the signal strength and call quality
For the urban area, the overlapping coverage ratio of the
adjacent cells should not exceed 10%
For the suburb or rural area, the separation angle
between the antenna directions of the adjacent cells
should be not lower than 90
For the high-density urban area, the central lobe of the
antenna should not face a straight street
Page42
Principles for Antenna Tilt Design

The antenna tilt technology can effectively control the
coverage and reduce the intra-system interference
The antenna tilt angle should be determined according to
the situation. It should reduce the interference between the
cells with the same frequency and meet the coverage
requirement
In designing the antenna tilt angle, factors such as transmit
power of BS, antenna height, cell coverage, and wireless
propagation environment should be considered
Page43
Implementation of Antenna Tilt

The antenna tilt beam can employ the fixed electrical tilt, mechanical
tilt, or both
The fixed electrical tilt angle is related to the antenna type
The mechanical tilt angle is adjustable and usually does not exceed 15
Electrical tilt and mechanical tilt generate different surface radiation. If

the tilt angle is small, the difference is not distinct. If the tilt angle is
large, the difference is distinct
fixed electrical tilt

mechanical tilt
Page44
Antenna Installation Environment

The installation environment includes the ambient environment of the
antenna and that of the BS
For the ambient environment of the antenna, the antenna isolation and the effect
of the tower and rooftop on the antenna should be considered
For the ambient environment of the BS, the effect of the high buildings within the
500m on the wireless signal propagation should be considered
-60
relative to
antenna azimuth
Antenna azimuth
-60
relative to
antenna azimuth
Antenna azimuth
<=30
> 30
+60
relative to
antenna azimuth
+60
Wall
Wall
Page45
Antenna Installation Environment

Note: An antenna should be kept away from barriers, otherwise,
a large shadow area may appear
For example, if the antenna is installed on a rooftop, it should be
installed at the edge of the rooftop, otherwise the wireless signal may
be blocked by the rooftop
D
the distance between
the distance between
antenna and the edge of
the bottom of antenna
the building
and flat
0m~2m
0.5m
2m~10m
1m
more than 10m
2m
Page46
Requirement on Installing Space

Diversity
In case of space diversity, the distance between two receive
antennas should be 12 18 , (1 = 0.15m (2GHz))
The effect of the vertical diversity is the same as that of the
horizontal diversity only when the vertical diversity distance
is 56 times the horizontal diversity distance
Note:
space diversity distance(2--3m for wcdma)

actual installed distance
Page47
Summary
The principles for designing antenna height, tilt, azimuth in
difference situation
Page48
Contents
1. Site Selection
3. Pilot Pollution
Page49
Concept of Pilot Pollution

Concept of pilot pollution
Pilot pollution means that there are
too many strong pilots within the
coverage, but none of the pilots is
dominant
Criteria of pilot pollution

There are more than 3 pilots with Ec
> -95 dBm
The level difference between the
strongest pilot and the fourth
strongest pilot is < 5 dB
Page50
Effect of Pilot Pollution

Pilot pollution is specific to the CDMA system CDMA and
greatly affects the network performance
Effect of pilot pollution
High BLER
Low system capacity
High call drop rate due to frequent handover
Low access success rate due to no dominant cell
Page51
Detection of Pilot Pollution
Not Good
Good
Area with pilot

pollution
Page52
Pilot pollution
Causes of Pilot Pollution

The causes of the pilot pollution includes:
Unreasonable cell layout
Too high site or antenna
Unreasonable azimuth or tilt angle of an antenna
Effect of the back lobe of an antenna
Effect of the ambient environment of the coverage
Page53
Unreasonable cell layout

Site C
Site A
Site B
The distances among the Site A, B and C are not balanced, and the location
relation between the Sites is distinctly different from an equilateral triangle
Page54
Too high site or antenna
Pilot pollution
The antennas of A and C are too high, so it is hard to control overshooting
Page55
Unreasonable azimuth of an
antenna
The antenna azimuth of the sector with scramble of 100 is unreasonable

Page56
Unreasonable tilt angle of an

antenna
The too small antenna tilt angle results in overshooting

Page57
Effect of the back lobe of an antenna
Front-to-back ratio of the antenna does not meet the requirement,

so the signal of the back lobe leaks
Page58
The Ways to Reduce Pilot Pollution

An area with pilot Pollution can be predicted in the planning
simulation
Optimize the planned scheme to avoid the pilot Pollution
Optimal solution excellent system design

Proper site
Proper azimuth and tilt angle of antennas
Proper transmit power and power ratio of sites
Page59
Summary
Concept, criteria, causes, and the ways to reduce pilot pollution
Page60
Contents
1. Site Selection
3. Pilot Pollution
Page61
2G/3G Co-located Site

Site
room
3G
Co-
Site
feeder
Cotransmission
2G
Power
Site
Battery
Page62
Air
conditioner
2G/3G Co-located Site

The GSM and CDMA site resources in the legacy system
should be fully referenced and used in the 3G network
Site co-location helps to reduce the number of sites and make
full use of resources such as equipment, tower, and rooftop,
thus reducing site cost and improving the deployment
efficiency of 3G network
Site co-location minimizes the inter-system interference and
makes the interference controllable
Page63
Contents
4. Multi-system Coexistence
4.1 Co-located Tower, Antenna Pole
4.2 Co-feeder
4.3 Others
Page64
Co-located Tower, Antenna Pole

If the WCDMA and GSM900/DCS1800 share the
tower, antenna, or rooftop, the major problem lies
in the inter-system interference
Spurious radiation
Inter-modulation
Receiver block
Other EMC problems
Page65
Interference between WCDMA and

others
WCDMA
GSM (DCS) 1800
PDC (PHS)
TD-SCDMA
1920 ~ 1980 MHz 890 ~ 915 MHz
1710 ~ 1785 MHz
1900 MHz ~
1880~1920MHz,
Downlink 2110 ~ 2170 MHz 935 ~ 960 MHz
1805 ~ 1880 MHz
1915 MHz
2010~2025 MHz
TDD mode
TDD mode
Uplink
GSM 900
GSM 900
DCS1800 Tx
TD-SCDMA
PDC (PHS)
Page66
WCDMA
Isolation requirement and solutions

WCDMA
GSM 900
GSM (DCS) 1800
PDC (PHS)
TD-SCDMA
36dB
65dB
89dB
41dB
d>0.2m
d>2m
Page67
Contents
4.2 Co-feeder
4.3 Others
Page68
Co-feeder
Advantages of co-feeder
The legacy feeder is used, simplified the construction and
reduces the cost
If the antenna isolation does not meet the requirement, cofeeder + multiplexer can be used
filter
duplexer
Page69
Co-feeder
Disadvantages of co-feeder
The multiplexing filters of the new system are connected with
those of the legacy system, which will affects the legacy
network
It is impossible to implement inter-system isolation through
antenna isolation. If the requirement on the inter-system
isolation is high, additional filters are needed between the
multiplexing filter and the BS
Page70
Co-feeder
GSM
WCDMA
GSM
WCDMA
TMA
TMA
Duplex filter
Duplex filter
Co-located feeder
Co-located feeder
Duplex filter
GSM
WCDMA
Isolation < 50dB

Duplex filter
Filter (A)
GSM
WCDMA
Isolation >50dB
Page71
Contents
4.2 Co-feeder
4.3 Others
Page72
Co-transmission: Fractional ATM

E1/SDH(Abis)
BTS
Nx64kbps
NodeB
At the early stage of WCDMA construction, GSM provides

E1/SDH transmission resources for the WCDMA
Page73
Co-transmission: CES
BTS
E1
NodeB
E1/SDH(Iub)
At the mature stage of the WCDMA construction, the

required capacity of the WCDMA system is high, and
WCDMA can provide transmission channels for the GSM
Page74
Co-located Auxiliary Equipment

Equipment room
The NodeB is configured with only one cabinet, so only a little
space is required
The NodeB is heavy, so the bearing capacity of the equipment
room should be considered
Power supply system

The 3G BS can use the legacy DC power and storage batteries
in the equipment room
Grounding system
The grounding requirement of the 3G BS is similar to that of
the BS of any other wireless system
Page75
Co-located Auxiliary Equipment

Cable rack
The legacy indoor and outdoor cable racks (troughs) are
recommended. If necessary, cable racks (troughs) can be added
Air conditioner
The NodeB causes much heat, so it is necessary to reconsider the
capability of the air conditioners in case of co-located equipment room
Co-located feeder window

In general, there are 12 holes in the feeder window in the equipment
room. They can be shared by two sets of systems with general
capacity configuration
Page76
Summary
the notes for coexistence of multiple systems, including major
interference, isolation requirement, co-located site, and so on
Page77
Thank you
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WCDMA Base

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

General Process for Site Selection

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Purpose of Site Selection

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Principles for Site Selection

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Principles for Site Selection

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Principles for Site Selection

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Site Selection in High-density

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Site Selection in Urban Area

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Site Selection in Suburb

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Site Selection in Rural Area or on

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

How to Evaluate a Candidate Site

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Is there any apparent

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Is any line-ofsight link to the

Requirements on the building

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Meaning of Site Survey

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tasks of Site Survey

After completing the survey, the survey engineer submits a

Site Survey Flow

New site (prefix:

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Preparation: gathering information

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Preparation: tools required

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antenna Feeder System

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Principles for feeder selection

Loss of 2GHz feeder

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antenna Type Selection

Antenna Selection for Urban Area

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antenna Selection for Rural Area

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Antenna Selection for Suburb

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.