Data:

1. Quantitative:
a. Ungrouped data (n30).
b. Grouped data (Frequency tables).
2. Descriptive: depend on % percent
a. Unified order not depends on descriptor.
b. Descriptor.
Something to know:
X= 2,3,4,5
Y = 6,7,8,9
x2

= 4, 9, 16, 25

xy

= 12, 21, 32, 45

= 2+3+4+5 = 14

= 6+7+8+9 = 30

xy

= 12+21+32+45 = 110

x y
x2

= 14 30 = 420

= 4+9+16+25 = 54

( x)2 =

(14)2 = 196

1.

Measures of central
tendency

1.Mean:
A.

Ungrouped data:
x

=
x
n
x

: When we work on a sample of the population.

: When we work on the whole population.

Ex: evaluate the average (Mean) of the following

data:
3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11
Solution:
x =

x = 3+5+7+ 8+9+11 = 43
n

= 7.16666 7.167

Note: Always approximate the places for 3

decimals:
2.7138 2.714
2.7135 2.714
2.7134 2.713
B. Grouped data:

We can evaluate the average for

grouped data by using the following
relation

=
fx
f
Where x is the class center

x=

thebegining of Class Interval+the end of Class Interval

2

Ex-1: Evaluate the Mean for the following table:

C.I
F

158

2524

3530

4526

55-65
12

fx

8
24
30

20
30
40

160
720
1200

Solution:

C.I
152535-

4555-65

26
12

fx
f =

4100
100

50
60

1300
720

100

4100

= 41

Ex-2: Evaluate the Mean for the following table:

C.I
F

1212

1624

2035

2425

2816

Solution:

C.I
121620242832-36

fx

12
24
35
25
16
8

14
18
22
26
30
34

168
432
770
650
480
272

120

2772

32-36
8

fx
f =

2772
120

= 23.1

Ex-3: Evaluate the Mean for the following table:

C.I
F

1013

1827

2632

3448

4223

Solution:

C.I
101826344250-58

fx

13
27
32
48
23
17

14
22
30
38
46
54

182
594
960
1824
1058
918

160

5536

fx
f =

2.Median:

5536
160

= 34.6

50-58
17

 The Median is the middle element of some data provided

that the data is ordered whether ascending or
descending.

A.
data:
i.

Ungrouped

If n is odd: weve 1 Median

O (Median) =

n+1
2

ii.

If n is even: weve 2 Medians

O (Median) =

n
n+ 1
2
2

Ex Find the Median for:

a) 3,7,8,10,9,6,4,11,5
b) 8,4,18,16,12,14,21,23
Solution:
a) 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11

O (Median) =

n+1
2 =

b) 4,8,12,14,16,18,21,23

n=9 (odd)

9+1
2

= 5th

Median = 7
n=8 (even)

O (Median) =

n
n+ 1
2
2

8
8+ 1
2
= 4th, 5th
2

Median =

14, 16

B.

Grouped data:
We can evaluate the value of the Median by using the following
rule:

Median =A+

Where:

A: The beginning of class interval (CI).

F Median: The frequency of the Median CI.

L: The length of the Median CI.

: The commutative increasing value

corresponding to the Median CI in the

commutative increasing table.

We always need to identify the Median Class Interval.

Ex-1:

Find the Median for the following table:

C.I
F

158

2524

3530

Upper
limits

4526

55-65
12

Solution:

C.I

1525354555-65

8
24
30
26
12
100

2 =

100
2

= 50

>15
>25
>35
>45
>55
>65

0
8
32
62
88
100

f
A=35

Median=

C.I
F

1013

= 32, L = 10, F Median = 30

35+

5032

30

1827

10 = 41

2632

3428

4223

50-58
17

Ex-2: Find the Median for the following table:

Solution:

C.I

Upper
limits

101826344250-58

13
27
32
28
23
17
100

>10
>18
>26
>34
>42
>50
>58

0
13
40
72
100
123
140

2
=
140
2

= 70
A=
26,
f

= 40, L = 8, F Median = 32
Median=

26+

7040

32

8 = 33.5

3.Mode:
The Mode is the most frequently element.

A.

Ungrouped data:

Find the Mode for the following data:

i. 2,3,5,7,3,6,4
ii. 2,4,7,8,5,4,7,9
iii. 2,4,6,2,4,6,2,4,6

Solution:
i.
ii.
iii.

Mode=3
Mode=4,7
No Mode.
B.

Grouped data:

We can evaluate the Mode by using the following rule:

Mode =A+
D1
L
D1 + D2
Where:

A: The beginning of class interval (CI).

L: The length of the Median CI.
D1 = f nf n1

D2

fn

f nf n+1

: The frequency of the Mode CI the

greatest value.
f n1 : The frequency before the Mode CI.

f n+1

: The frequency after the Mode CI.

Ex-1: Find the Mode for the following table:

C.I
F

158

2524

3530

4526

55-65
12

Solution:
fn

A = 35,

D1

=6,

Mode =35+

D2

6 +4

=4, L = 10

10=41

Ex-2: Find the Mode for the following table:

C.I
F

1013

1827

2632

D1

D2

3428

fn

A = 26,

=5,

Mode =26+

5+ 4

=4, L = 8

8 30.444

4223

50-58
17