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Design Calculations for substation grounding system have been done as per IEEE Guide for safety in AC Substation Grounding ANSI-IEEE
Std. 80-2000 and CBIP Manual on Substation - Publication 223
0.01 IEEE-80 2000
0.02 CBIP Manual on Substation - Publication 223
Vs
33.0
kV
Isc
25.76
kA
IF
6.814
kA
tc
0.5
sec
ts
0.5
sec
tf
0.5
sec
LxB
4900
400.00
Hs
0.102
2500
Ta
40
70
70
m2
-m
m
-m
C
16
mm
8.62
-m
gm/cc
SW
7.86
SH
0.114
0.00378
GI FLAT
cal/gm/C
C
20
Tm
1084
Tr
20
0.01
0.5
1 of 5
Leb
Neb
20
Nos
LR
0.00
Akcmil
IF
6.814
TCAP
3.85
tc
0.5
Sec
r
r
0.00378
8.620
-m
Tm
1084
Ta
40
Ko
245
kA
3
J/cm /C
Where,
1
Ko
Ko
Akcmil
6.814
Akcmil
6.814
Akcmil
Tr
244.550
1
0.00378
20
244.55
C
197.4
3.85
ln
0.5 x 0.00378 x 8.62
244.55 + 1084
244.55 + 40
197.40
19.08
70.49
kcmil
35.24
OR
mm2
mm2
35.24
Areq
A =
D =
X
3.142
6.698 mm
64
mm
D /4
D = 35.24
D2/4
64
X
4
3.142
9.03 mm
In this case,dmin = 6.5 mm, or 0.0065 m solid conductor, which is less than d = 0.01m desired. Hence, a 30% copper-clad steel wire of approximately 2/0
0
AWG size is a viable alternative for grid wires, even if a conservative maximum temperature limit of 700 C is imposed
Selected cross section of the rod is greater than the required. Hence Safe.
IF
x
-4
TCAP x 10
tc x r x r
0.5
Ko + Tm
Ko + Ta
ln
Where,
Ko
1
r
Ko
244.55
TCAP
TCAP
Tr
20
244.55
3.75
J/cm3/C
4.184 x SW x SH
3.75
1
0.00378
J/cm3/C
1
2 of 5
Areq
6.814
0.5
3.75 x 10^-4
0.5 x 0.00378 x 8.62
36 mm2
Areq
64
mm2
D /4
D = 36.19 X
3.142
D =
6.788 mm
244.55 + 1084
244.55 + 40
ln
D2/4
64
X
4
3.142
9.03 mm
Considering 10% corrosion allowance the diameter of the MS rod will be 20mm.Hence 32mm MS rod will be sufficient However we will will select standard
size of 32mm MS Rod for the main earth mat below ground.
2
The conductor size for fround grid can be 100mm However,the conductor size is selected as
Selected cross section of the rod is less than the required. Hence Not Safe.
3 of 5
240
mm2
Etouch50
(1000+(1.5 x Cs x S)) x
0.116
ts
Volts
Estep50
(1000+(6 x Cs x S)) x
0.116
ts
Volts
The tolerable limits of touch and step potentials of a person weighing 70 Kg can be computed by the following equations
Etouch70
(1000+(1.5 x Cs x S)) x
0.157
ts
volts
Estep70
(1000+(6 x Cs x S)) x
0.157
ts
volts
Where,
Cs
tsc
0.5
Sec.
2500
-m
Hs
0.10
400
-m
Cs =
0.743
0.09 (1 - (/S)
(2 x Hs) + 0.09
0.09 x (1-(400/2500))
(2 x 0.102) + 0.09
Cs =
0.743
Etouch50
0.116
0.5
621.13 volts
Estep50
0.116
0.5
1992.38 volts
Etouch70
0.157
0.5
840.67 volts
Estep70
0.157
0.5
2696.58 volts
7 m
nA
nB
x
1540
70 ) + (
11
70 )
( L + B)
70
7
+
meter spacing
70 )
4 of 5
D
Neb
20
Leb
LR
=
=(
(Neb x Leb)
LR
20
7
Nos
m
m
0 )
m
11
1540
70 )+( 11
770
=
LT
LR
(nA x B)+(nB x L) +
=(
770
70 )+
Rg
1
LT
1
1540
400 x
1
(20 x A
3.03
3.028
1
20 x 4900
1
1 + 0.5 x ((20/4900))
=
=
=
=
=
=
Maximum grid current that flows between ground grid and surrounding earth,A (IG = Df x Ig)
rms ymmetrical grid current,A , Ig = Sf x If
Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault tf of 0.5 Second, given in s
rms value of symmetrical ground fault current in A. (furnished by Client)
Fault current division factor
Corrective protection factor is taken as 1for ultimate fault levels.
IG
Cp
Df
Sf
If
=
=
=
=
Ig
=
=
Sf x 3.If
0.6 x
1908
Ig
Cpx Df x Ig
1
1
0.6
6.81
Sf
Ig
3.If
kA
3180
1908
kA
Though the 13 kV bus fault value of 6814 A is greater than the 115 kV bus fault value of 3180 A, it is recalled from Clause 15 that the wye-grounded 13
kV transformer winding is a local source of fault current and does not contribute to the GPR. Thus, the maximum grid current is based on 3180 A.
Hence
IG
Cpx Df x Ig
IG
IG
1908
1908
kA
=
=
GPR
IG x Rg
1908
5777
3.03
V
It is seen that the calculated values of GPR exceeds the safe value of touch voltage i.e..
NOTE:-
621.13 volts
The GPR of preliminary design is not below the tolerable touch voltage hence calculated the Mesh & step voltage for the grid
STEP-8 : CALCULATED MESH AND STEP POTENTIAL
Step voltage :The difference in surface potential experienced by a person bridging a distance of 1 m with the feet without contacting any grounded object.
Mesh Voltage : The maximum touch voltage within a mesh of a ground grid.
Calculated step and touch and step potential are given by
Em
= Mesh voltage at the center of the corner mesh for the simplified method, V
5 of 5
Es
Km
Ks
Ki
LM
LS
Ig/Lm
Kii
Kh
Lc
Lp
LR
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Es
Step voltage between a point above the outer corner of the grid and a point 1 m diagonally outside the grid for the simplified method, V
Spacing factor for mesh voltage,
Spacing factor for step voltage,
Correction factor for grid geometry,
Soil Resistivity,
Effective length of Lc+Lr for mesh voltage
Effective length of Lc+Lr for Step voltage
The average current per unit of effective buried length of the grounding system conductor.
Corrective weighting factor that adjusts for the effects of inner conductors on the corner mesh,
Corrective weighting factor that emphasizes the effects of grid depth,
Total length of grid conductor in the horizontal grid,m
Peripheral length of the grid in m
Total Length of ground rod,m (Leb x Neb)
x Ks x Ki x IG
LS
Em
volts
Where,
Km
2x
D
16 x h x d
ln
(D + 2 x h)2
8xDxd
4xd
Kii
Kh
ln
x (2 x n -1)
For grids with ground rods along the perimeter, or for grids with ground rods in the grid corners, as well as
both along the perimeter and throughout the grid area
Kii
ho
Kh
1.225
na x nb x nc x nd
11.00
OR
1540
280
na
2 x Lc
Lp
nb
nc
nd
Km
1
2x
ln
ln
D2
16 x h x d
7^2
16 x 0.5 x 0.009
Ki
Ki
2.272
LM
Lc
1.55 + 1.22 x
LM
1540
1.55 + 1.22 x
LM
1540.00
IG
IG
1908
Isc
25.76 x 1000
ISC
25760
nA nB
11
11
(D + 2 x h)
8xDxd
(7 + 2 x 0.5)^2
8 x 7 x 0.009
4xd
0.5
4 x 0.009
0.644 + 0.148 x 11
Leb
2
(L + B )
0.00
(70^2 + 70^2)
LR
Df x Ig
A
A
1
2xh
11.00
11.00
0.906
0.644 + 0.148 x n
11.0
Km
Ks
280
1540
11 x 1 x 1 x 1
2x
11 )2/11
0.5
1
Lc
Lp
Km
(2
h
ho
Kh
(2 x n)2/n
1
D+h
1
D
6 of 5
(1 - 0.5n-2 )
+
0.5701
1.225
Kii
Kh
ln
ln
x (2 x n -1)
8
x (2 x 11 -1)
Ks
LS
0.406
Ls
Em
Em
Es
Es
0.75 x Lc + 0.85 x LR
1155.00
1
7 + 0.5
0.75 x
1
7
1540
(1 - (0.5)^11-2)
0.85 x
0.00
x Km x Ki x IG
LM
volts
1
2 x 0.5
x Ks x Ki x IG
LS
1020.6 volts
609.53 volts
volts
7 of 5
Calculated
Em
1020.58
ES
609.53
Hence the designed values of Em and Es are lower than the body with stand capability fior the given data.
Hence,the ground grid is safe.
The attainable touch potential is not within the tolerable limit. Not safe.
The attainable Step potential is well within the tolerable limit. Hence safe.
=
=
Em
Es
<
<
Etouch
Estep
CONCLUSION
Type of earthing conductor chosen for earthmat is
16 x 4 mm GI FLAT
1540
20
Nos.
Step 10: If both the computed touch and step voltages are below the tolerable voltages, the design needs only the refinements required to provide
access to equipment grounds. If not, the preliminary design must be revised (see Step 11).
Step 11: If either the step or touch tolerable limits are exceeded, revision of the grid design is required. These revisions may include smaller conductor
spacings, additional ground rods, etc. More discussion on the revision of the grid design to satisfy the step and touch voltage limits
8 of 5