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a=
Centripetal Force:
- When a body is in circular motion, it accelerates towards the
centre of the circle.
- According to Newtons Second Law, F = ma, the body is able to
move in a circle due to the action of a resultant force in the
direction of the acceleration, which is towards the centre of the
circle.
- Centripetal force,
F = ma
F=mv
F = m r
F=
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Angular Velocity,
- The angular velocity of the particle is defined as the rate of change of angular
displacement.
- Angular velocity is a vector quantity.
- The average angular speed (av) of a rotating rigid body during the time interval t is
defined as the angular displacement divided by t.
-
av
f i
t f ti
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Example 3.1
The initial angular velocity of a body which rotates with uniform angular acceleration is 11 rads-1. After
2.0 s, its angular velocity is 19 rads-1. Calculate
a) The angular acceleration
b) The angular displacement after 2.0 s
Solutions;
a) Using
= +
rad
= (11)(2)+
= 30 rad
(4) ()
The expressions for rotational and linear kinetic energy can be developed in a parallel
manner from the work-energy principle.
Consider the following parallel between a constant torque exerted on a flywheel with
moment of inertia I and a constant force exerted on a mass m, both starting from rest.
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= 1 12 2 +
1
2 2
2 2 2
1
2 2
2 3 3
1
2 2
2 4 4
1
2
+ . + 2 2
= 2 (1 12 + 2 22 + 3 32 + 4 42 + . + 2 )2
(I =mr2 ; v=r)
When a cylinder of mass m rolls on a horizontal surface, it has both translational kinetic
energy and rotational kinetic energy.
v = r
r
1
2
2
1 1
= 2 +
(I =
1
2
v
r
mr 2 , = )
= 2 2 + 2 (2 mr 2 ) ( )2
=
Example 3.2
A solid cylinder initially rolls on a horizontal table climbs up an n inclined plane. If the horizontal speed is
5ms-1, the angle of inclination is 370 and ignoring friction, determines the maximum distance made by
the cylinder up the inclined plane.
h
v
370
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Solutions:
Apply conservation of mechanical energy to initial and final positions.
Total mechanical energy = KE (linear) + KE (rotation) + PE
0 + 0 + mgh = +
( =
, =
mgh = + ( ) ()
h=
= .
= 1.91 m
.
.
= 3.19 m
E. Rotational Inertia
In linear motion, the inertia of a body is its resistance to change from its state of rest or
motion.
The quantity in rotational motion that is analogous to inertia in linear motion is moment of
inertia. The moment of inertia of a rigid body is its resistance to change from its state of rest
or rotational motion.
The moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis of rotation is defined as the sum of the
products of the mass and the square of the distance from the axis of rotation of particles
that make up the rigid body.
Moment of Inertia, I = (1 12 + 2 22 + 3 32 + 4 42 + . + 2 )
= =
Factors that affect the moment of inertia of a rigid body are:
- Mass of the body
- Distribution of the mass or shape of the body
- The position of the axis of rotation
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Where m1 and m2 are the masses of the two particles, r is the distance between them, and G
is a universal constant which must be measured experimentally and has the same numerical
value for all objects.
The accepted value today is G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 / kg2
Example 3.3
Determine the net force on the Moon (mM = 7.35 x 1022kg) due to the gravitational attraction of both
the Earth (mE = 5.98 x 1024kg) and the Sun (mS = 1.99 x 1030 kg). Assuming they are at right angles to each
other as in figure below. (Given; rME = 3.84 x 105 km, rMS = 1.50 x 108 km)
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The handling of mass and weight depends on the systems of units that is used. The most
common systems of units are the
- International System SI
- British Gravitational System BG
- English Engineering System - EE
H. Keplers Law
More than a half century before Newton proposed his three laws of motion and his law of
universal gravitation, the German astronomer Johannes Kepler had worked out a detailed
description of the motion of the planets about the Sun and now we refer to as Keplers laws of
planetary motion.
Keplers Law of planetary motion:
1. Keplers First Law: the path of each planet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one
focus.
2. Keplers Second Law: Each planet moves so that an imaginary line drawn from the Sun to
the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal periods of time.
3. Keplers Third Law: The ratio of the squares of the periods T of any two planets revolving
about the Sun is equal to the ration of the cubes of their mean distances s from the Sun.
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