Chapter 40

Integration using
trigonometric and
hyperbolic substitutions

40.1

Introduction

Table 40.1 gives a summary of the integrals that require

the use of trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions
and their application is demonstrated in Problems 1
to 27.

= +
4
=

or 0.7854
4

Problem 2.

40.2 Worked problems on integration

of sin2 x, cos2 x, tan2 x and cot2 x
!
Problem 1.

Evaluate

2 cos 2 4t dt.

Since cos 2t = 2 cos 2 t 1 (from Chapter 17),

1
then cos 2 t = (1 + cos 2t ) and
2
1
cos 2 4t = (1 + cos 8t )
2
!
4
2 cos 2 4t dt
Hence
0
!
4 1
=2
(1 + cos 8t ) dt
0 2


sin 8t 4
= t+
8
0

 


4 0 + sin 0

8
8

sin 8

Determine

sin 2 3x dx.

Since cos 2x = 1 2 sin 2 x (from Chapter 17),

1
then sin 2 x = (1 cos 2x) and
2
1
2
sin 3x = (1 cos 6x)
2
!
!
1
2
(1 cos 6x) dx
Hence
sin 3x dx =
2


sin 6x
1
x
+c
=
2
6
Problem 3.


Find 3 tan 2 4x dx.

Since 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x, then tan2 x = sec2 x 1 and

tan2 4x = sec2 4x 1.
!
!
Hence 3 tan 2 4x dx = 3 (sec 2 4x 1) dx


tan 4x
=3
x +c
4

Integration using trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions

Table 40.1 Integrals using trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions

f (x)
Method
f (x)dx


sin 2x
1
x+
+c
1. cos 2 x
Use cos 2x = 2 cos 2 x 1
2
2


sin 2x
1
2
x
+c
2. sin x
Use cos 2x = 1 2 sin 2 x
2
2

See problem
1

3. tan2 x

tan x x + c

Use 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x

4. cot 2 x

cot x x + c

Use cot 2 x + 1 = cosec2 x

5.

cos m x

sin n x

(a) If either m or n is odd (but not both), use

cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1

5, 6

(b) If both m and n are even, use either

cos 2x = 2 cos 2 x 1 or cos 2x = 1 2 sin 2 x
Use 12 [ sin(A + B) + sin(A B)]

6. sin A cos B
7. cos A sin B

Use

8. cos A cos B

Use

9. sin A sin B

Use

1
10. 
(a 2 x 2 )
11.

12.


(a 2 x 2 )
1
a2 + x 2

1
13. 
(x 2 + a 2 )

14.


(x 2 + a 2 )

1
15. 
2
(x a 2 )

16.


(x 2 a 2 )

sin1

x
+c
a

1
2 [ sin(A + B) sin(A B)]
1
2 [ cos(A + B) + cos(A B)]
12 [ cos(A + B) cos(A B)]

7, 8
9
10
11
12

Use x = a sin substitution

13, 14

a 2 1 x x  2
(a x 2 ) + c
sin
+
2
a 2

Use x = a sin substitution

15, 16

1 1 x
tan
+c
a
a

Use x = a tan substitution

1719

sinh1

Use x = a sinh substitution

2022

a2
x x 2
(x + a 2 ) + c
sinh1 +
2
a 2

Use x = a sinh substitution

23

cosh1

Use x = a cosh substitution

24, 25

x 2
x
a2
(x a 2 ) cosh1 + c
2
2
a

Use x = a cosh substitution

26, 27

x
+c
a
6
5

x + (x 2 + a 2 )
+c
or ln
a

x
+c
a
6
5

x + (x 2 a 2 )
+c
or ln
a

399

400 Higher Engineering Mathematics

!
Problem 4.

Evaluate

40.3 Worked problems on powers of

sines and cosines

1 2
cot 2 d.
2

Since cot 2 +1 = cosec2 , then cot 2 = cosec2 1

and cot 2 2 = cosec 2 2 1.
!
3 1
Hence
cot 2 2 d
2
6


!
3
1 cot 2
1 3
2
(cosec 2 1) d =

2
2
2
6

6
 
 
cot
2
cot
2
1
3
6
=

2
2
3
2
6
1
= [(0.2887 1.0472) (0.2887 0.5236)]
2
= 0.0269

Now try the following exercise

Exercise 155 Further problems on
integration of sin2 x, cos2 x, tan2 x and cot2 x
In Problems 1 to 4, integrate with respect to the
variable.
 


1
sin 4x
2
1. sin 2x
x
+c
2
4
 


3
sin 2t
t+
+c
2. 3 cos 2 t
2
2
 


1
2
5
3. 5 tan 3
tan 3 + c
3
4.

2 cot 2 2t

[(cot 2t + 2t ) + c]

In Problems 5 to 8, evaluate the denite integrals,

correct to 4 signicant gures.
!


3
3 sin 2 3x dx
or 1.571
5.
2
0

!


4
cos 2 4x dx
or 0.3927
6.
8
0
! 1
2 tan2 2t dt
[4.185]
7.
0

!
8.

Problem 5.

Determine

Since cos 2 + sin 2 = 1 then sin 2 = (1 cos 2 ).

!
Hence sin 5 d
!
!
2 2
= sin (sin ) d = sin (1 cos 2 )2 d
!
= sin (1 2 cos 2 + cos 4 ) d
!
= (sin 2 sin cos 2 + sin cos 4 ) d
2 cos3 cos5

+c
3
5
Whenever a power of a cosine is multiplied by a sine of
power 1, or vice-versa, the integral may be determined
by inspection as shown.
!
cos n+1
+c
In general, cos n sin d =
(n + 1)
!
sin n+1
=
+c
and
sin n cos d
(n + 1)
= cos +

!
Problem 6.

Evaluate

cot d

[0.6311]

sin 2 x cos 3 x dx.

sin 2 x cos 3 x dx =

=
!

sin 2 x cos 2 x cos x dx

(sin 2 x)(1 sin 2 x)(cos x) dx

(sin 2 x cos x sin 4 x cos x) dx


sin 3 x
sin 5 x 2
=

3
5
0


3 
5
sin
sin

2
2 [0 0]
=

3
5

2
1 1
=
or 0.1333
3 5 15
!

sin 5 d.

Problem 7.

Evaluate

signicant gures.

4 cos 4 d, correct to 4

Integration using trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions

!

4 cos d = 4
4

!
=4
0

!
=

Now try the following exercise

(cos 2 )2 d

2
1
(1 + cos 2) d
2

Exercise 156 Further problems on

integration of powers of sines and cosines
In Problems 1 to 6, integrate with respect to the
variable.


cos 3
3
1. sin
(a)cos +
+c
3


sin 3 2x
sin 2x
+c
2. 2 cos 3 2x
3

(1 + 2 cos 2 + cos 2) d
2


1
1 + 2 cos 2 + (1 + cos 4) d
2
0

! 
4
3
1
+ 2 cos 2 + cos 4 d
=
2
2
0


3
sin 4 4
=
+ sin 2 +
2
8
0
  

3
2
sin 4(/4)
=
+ sin
+
[0]
2 4
4
8
!

3
+ 1 = 2.178,
8

Problem 8. Find
!

401

3. 2 sin 3 t cos 2 t

4.

sin 3 x cos 4 x

5. 2 sin 4 2

correct to 4 signicant gures.

sin 2 t cos 4 t dt.

6.

2
2
cos 3 t + cos 5 t + c
3
5


cos 5 x
cos 7 x
+
+c
5
7

sin 2 t cos 2 t

3 1
1
sin 4 +
sin 8 + c
4
4
32


t
1

sin 4t + c
8 32

!
sin 2 t cos 4 t dt =
! 
=
=

1
8

1
8

1
=
8
1
=
8

1 cos 2t
2

sin 2 t (cos 2 t )2 dt


1 + cos 2t
2

2

40.4 Worked problems on integration

of products of sines and cosines

dt

(1 cos 2t )(1 + 2 cos 2t + cos 2 2t ) dt

Problem 9. Determine

(1 + 2 cos 2t + cos 2 2t cos 2t

2 cos 2 2t cos 3 2t ) dt

(1 + cos 2t cos 2 2t cos 3 2t ) dt

! 

1 + cos 4t
1 + cos 2t
2

cos 2t (1 sin 2t ) dt

! 

1 cos 4t

+ cos 2t sin 2 2t dt
2
2


1 t sin 4t sin3 2t
+c

+
=
8 2
8
6
1
8

sin 3t cos 2t dt.

sin 3t cos 2t dt
!
1
=
[sin (3t + 2t ) + sin (3t 2t )] dt,
2
from 6 of Table 40.1, which follows from Section 17.4,
page 170,

1
2

1
2

!
(sin 5t + sin t ) dt



cos 5t
cos t + c
5
!

Problem 10. Find

1
cos 5x sin 2x dx.
3

402 Higher Engineering Mathematics

!

1
cos 5x sin 2x dx
3 !
1 1
[sin (5x + 2x) sin (5x 2x)] dx,
=
3 2
from 7 of Table 40.1
!
1
(sin 7x sin 3x) dx
=
6


1 cos 7x cos 3x
=
+
+c
6
7
3
!
Problem 11.

Evaluate

2 cos 6 cos d,

correct to 4 decimal places.

!

Now try the following exercise

Exercise 157 Further problems on
integration of products of sines and cosines
In Problems 1 to 4, integrate with respect to the
variable.




1 cos 7t
cos 3t
+c
1. sin 5t cos 2t

+
2
7
3


sin 2x
sin 4x

+c
2. 2 sin 3x sin x
2
4
3. 3 cos 6x cos x

2 cos 6 cos d
0
! 1
1
=2
[ cos (6 + ) + cos (6 )] d,
0 2
from 8 of Table 40.1


! 1
sin 7
sin 5 1
(cos 7 + cos 5) d =
=
+
7
5
0
0

 

sin 7 sin 5
sin 0 sin 0
=
+

+
7
5
7
5
sin 7 means the sine of 7 radians (4014
) and
sin 5 28629
.
! 1
Hence
2 cos 6 cos d
0

= (0.09386 + (0.19178)) (0)

4.

1
cos 4 sin 2
2



 
3 sin 7x
sin 5x
+c
+
2
7
5



 
1 cos 2
cos 6
+c

4
2
6

In Problems 5 to 8, evaluate the denite integrals.



!
2
3
5.
cos 4x cos 3x dx
(a) or 0.4286
7
0
! 1
2 sin 7t cos 3t dt
[0.5973]
6.
0

7. 4

sin 5 sin 2 d

[0.2474]

8.

3 cos 8t sin 3t dt

[0.1999]

= 0.0979, correct to 4 decimal places.

!
Problem 12.

Find 3

sin 5x sin 3x dx.

40.5 Worked problems on integration

using the sin substitution

!
3

sin 5x sin 3x dx
!
1
= 3 [ cos (5x + 3x) cos (5x 3x)] dx,
2
from 9 of Table 40.1
!
3
( cos 8x cos 2x) dx
=
2


3 sin 8 sin 2x
=
+ c or

2
8
2
3
(4 sin 2x sin 8x) + c
16

!
Problem 13.

Determine

1
dx.

2
(a x 2 )

dx
Let x = a sin , then
= a cos and dx = a cos d.
d
!
1
dx
Hence 
2
(a x 2 )
!
1
= 
a cos d
2
(a a 2 sin 2 )
!
a cos d
= 
[a 2(1 sin 2 )]

Integration using trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions

!

a cos d

, since sin 2 + cos 2 = 1
(a 2 cos 2 )
!
!
a cos d
=
= d = + c
a cos
x
x
Since x = a sin , then sin = and = sin1 .
a
a
!
x
1
dx = sin1 + c
Hence 
a
(a 2 x 2 )
=

Problem 14. Evaluate

From Problem 13,

1
(9 x 2 )

1
(9 x 2 )

dx.

dx


x 3
, since a = 3
= sin1
3 0
= (sin 1 1 sin1 0) =

Problem 15. Find

! 

Since x = a sin , then sin =

Also, cos 2 + sin 2 = 1, from which,


 x 2
2
cos = (1 sin ) =
1
a



a2 x 2
(a 2 x 2 )
=
=
a2
a
! 
a2
(a 2 x 2 ) dx = [ + sin cos ]
Thus
2



 x  (a 2 x 2 )
a2
1 x
sin
+c
+
=
2
a
a
a
=

or 1.5708
2

a2
x x 2
(a x2 ) + c
sin1 +
2
a 2

Problem 16. Evaluate

(a 2 x 2 ) dx.

dx
Let x = a sin then
= a cos and dx = a cos d.
d
! 
(a 2 x 2 ) dx
Hence
! =
(a 2 a 2 sin 2 ) (a cos d)
! =
[a 2 (1 sin 2 )] (a cos d)
! 
=
(a 2 cos 2 ) (a cos d)
!
= (a cos )(a cos d)
! 

!
cos d = a
2

1 + cos 2
2


d

(since cos 2 = 2 cos 2 1)



sin 2
a2
+
+c
2
2


a2
2 sin cos
=
+
+c
2
2
since from Chapter 17, sin 2 = 2 sin cos
=

a2
[ + sin cos ] + c
2

! 4

(16 x 2 ) dx.

From Problem 15,

= a2

x
x
and = sin1
a
a

! 4

(16 x 2 ) dx

4
16
x x
(16 x 2 )
sin1 +
2
4 2
0

 
1
1
= 8 sin 1 + 2 (0) [8 sin 0 + 0]
 
= 8 sin 11 = 8
= 4 or 12.57
2
=

Now try the following exercise

Exercise 158 Further problems on
integration using the sine substitution
!
5
dt .
1. Determine 
(4 t 2)


x
5 sin1 + c
2
!
3
dx.
2. Determine 
(9 x 2 )


x
3 sin1 + c
3
! 
(4 x 2 ) dx.
3. Determine


x x
(4 x 2 ) + c
2 sin1 +
2 2

403

404 Higher Engineering Mathematics

! 

4. Determine


!
(16 9t 2) dt .

8
3t
t
(16 9t 2 ) + c
sin1
+
3
4
2
! 4


1
5. Evaluate
dx.

or 1.571
2
0
(16 x 2 )
! 1
(9 4x 2 ) dx.
[2.760]
6. Evaluate
0

40.6 Worked problems on integration

using tan substitution
!
Problem 17.

Determine

1
dx.
2
(a + x 2 )

dx
= a sec 2 and dx = a sec2 d.
Let x = a tan then
d
!
1
Hence
dx
(a 2 + x 2 )
!
1
(a sec2 d)
=
2
(a + a 2 tan2 )
!
a sec2 d
=
2
a (1 + tan 2 )
!
a sec 2 d
=
, since 1+tan2 = sec 2
a 2 sec2
!
1
1
d = () + c
=
a
a
x
Since x = a tan , = tan 1
a
!
x
1
1
Hence
dx = tan1 + c
(a2 + x2 )
a
a
2

Evaluate
0

1
0

5
dx, correct
(3 + 2x 2 )

! 1
5
5
dx =
dx
(3 + 2x 2 )
2[(3/2)
+ x2]
0
!
1
5 1
dx
=

2 0 [ (3/2)]2 + x 2

1
1
5
x
1
=
tan

2
(3/2)
(3/2) 0
 
 


2
2
5
1
1
tan
tan 0
=
2
3
3
= (2.0412)[0.6847 0]
= 1.3976, correct to 4 decimal places.

Now try the following exercise

Exercise 159 Further problems on
integration using the tan substitution


!
3
3
1 t + c
dt
.
tan
1. Determine
4 + t2
2
2
!
5
2. Determine
d.
16 + 9 2


5
3
tan 1
+c
12
4
!

3. Evaluate
0

4. Evaluate

3
dt .
1 + t2

[2.356]

5
dx.
4 + x2

[2.457]

1
dx.
(4 + x 2 )

1
dx
2
0 (4 + x )
1  1 x 2
since a = 2
tan
=
2
2 0

1 
1
0
= (tan 1 1 tan 1 0) =
2
2 4

= or 0.3927
8

From Problem 17,

to 4 decimal places.
!

Evaluate

!
Problem 18.

Problem 19.

40.7 Worked problems on integration

using the sinh substitution
!
Problem 20.

Determine

1
dx.

2
(x + a 2 )

dx
Let x = a sinh , then
= a cosh and
d
dx = a cosh d

Integration using trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions

!


Since
the integral contains a term of the form

2
(a + x 2 ), then let x = sinh , from which
dx
= cosh and dx = cosh d
d
!
2
dx

Hence
2
x (1 + x 2 )
!
2(cosh d)

=
2
sinh (1 + sinh2 )
!
cosh d
,
=2
sinh2 cosh
since cosh2 sinh2 = 1
!
!
d
= 2 cosech 2 d
=2
sinh2

dx
(x 2 + a 2 )
!
1
(a cosh d)
= 
2
(a sinh2 + a 2 )
!
a cosh d
,
= 
(a 2 cosh2 )

Hence

since cosh2 sinh2 = 1

!
a cosh
=
d = d = + c
a cosh
x
= sinh1 + c, since x = a sinh
a
It is shown on page 339 that
!

sinh

6
5

x
x + (x 2 + a 2 )
,
= ln
a
a

which provides an alternative solution to

!


1
(x 2 + a 2 )

dx
!

Problem 21. Evaluate

0

to 4 decimal places.
!

2
0

1
(x 2

+ 4)

dx, correct


1
x 2
dx = sinh 1

or
2 0
(x 2 + 4)

5
62

x + (x 2 + 4)
ln
2
0

from Problem 20, where a = 2

Using the logarithmic form,
! 2
1
dx

0
(x 2 + 4)





0+ 4
2+ 8
ln
= ln
2
2
= ln 2.4142 ln 1 = 0.8814,
correct to 4 decimal places.
!

2
dx,

1 x 2 (1 + x 2 )
correct to 3 signicant gures.

405

= 2 coth + c


cosh
(1 + sinh2 )
(1 + x 2 )
coth =
=
=
sinh
sinh
x
! 2
2

Hence
dx
2
1 + x2)
1 x
2


(1 + x 2 )
2
= [2 coth ]1 = 2
x
1


5
2
= 0.592,
= 2

2
1
correct to 3 signicant gures
Problem 23. Find

! 

(x 2 + a 2 ) dx.

dx
Let x = a sinh then
= a cosh and
d
dx = a cosh d
! 
(x 2 + a 2 ) dx
Hence
! =

(a 2 sinh2 + a 2 )(a cosh d)

! =

[a 2(sinh2 + 1)](a cosh d)

! (a 2 cosh2 ) (a cosh d),
=
since cosh2 sinh2 = 1
!
!
= (a cosh )(a cosh ) d = a 2 cosh2 d

Problem 22. Evaluate

! 
= a2

1 + cosh 2
2


d

406 Higher Engineering Mathematics

=



a2
sinh 2
+
+c
2
2

a2
= [ + sinh cosh ] + c,
2
since sinh 2 = 2 sinh cosh
x
x
Since x = a sinh , then sinh = and = sinh 1
a
a
Also since cosh2 sinh2 = 1

then cosh = (1 + sinh 2 )



 x 2
a2 + x 2
=
1+
=
a
a2

(a 2 + x 2 )
=
a
! 
Hence
(x 2 + a 2 ) dx

Exercise 160 Further problems on

integration using the sinh substitution
!


x
2
dx.
2 sinh1 + c
1. Find 
4
(x 2 + 16)


dx.
(9 + 5x 2 )

3
5
sinh 1
x +c
3
5

3. Find

4. Find

! 

! 


(x 2 + 9) dx.


9
x x 2
(x + 9) + c
sinh 1 +
2
3 2
(4t 2 + 25) dt .
25
2t
t 2
(4t + 25) + c
sinh 1 +
4
5
2

6. Evaluate

! 1

(t 2 + 9)

dt .

(16 + 9 2 ) d.

[3.525]

[4.348]

Problem 24.

Now try the following exercise

2. Find

a2
x x 2
(x + a2) + c
sinh1 +
2
a 2

40.8 Worked problems on integration

using the cosh substitution



a2
x  x  (x 2 + a 2 )
1
sinh
+c
=
+
2
a
a
a
=

5. Evaluate

Determine

1

dx.
2
(x a 2 )

dx
Let x = a cosh then
= a sinh and
d
dx = a sinh d
!
1
dx
Hence 
(x 2 a 2 )
!
1
= 
(a sinh d)
2
(a cosh2 a 2 )
!
a sinh d
= 
[a 2 (cosh2 1)]
!
a sinh d
= 
,
(a 2 sinh2 )
since cosh2 sinh2 = 1
!
=

a sinh d
=
a sinh

!
d = + c

x
= cosh1 + c, since x = a cosh
a
It is shown on page 339 that
cosh1

6
5

x
x + (x2 a2 )
= ln
a
a

which provides as alternative solution to

!

1
dx

2
(x a 2 )

!
Problem 25.

Determine

2x 3

dx.
(x 2 9)

Integration using trigonometric and hyperbolic substitutions

!

2x 3

dx =
(x 2 9)

2x

dx
(x 2 9)

sinh =
!


x
= 2 (x2 9) 3 cosh1 + c
3
! 
Problem 26.
(x 2 a 2 ) dx.
dx
= a sinh and
Let x = a cosh then
d
dx = a sinh d
! 
(x 2 a 2 ) dx
Hence
=

! (a 2 cosh2 a 2 ) (a sinh d)

! [a 2 (cosh2 1)] (a sinh d)

! (a 2 sinh2 ) (a sinh d)
! 

!
= a2

sinh2 d = a 2


cosh 2 1
d
2

since cosh 2 = 1 + 2 sinh2

! 
(x 2 a 2 ) dx
Hence
a2
=
2



(x 2 a 2 )  x 
x
+c
cosh 1
a
a
a

x 2
x
a2
(x a2 )
cosh1 + c
2
2
a
! 3
Problem 27. Evaluate
(x 2 4) dx.
=

 

! 3
x
x 3
4
(x 2 4) dx =
(x 2 4) cosh1
2
2
2 2
2
from Problem 26, when a = 2,

3
3
=
5 2 cosh1
5
2


(0 2 cosh 1 1)
6
5

x
x + (x 2 a 2 )
1
then
Since cosh
= ln
a
a
6
5

3
3 + (32 22 )
1
cosh
= ln
2
2
= ln 2.6180 = 0.9624
Similarly, cosh11 = 0
! 3
Hence
(x 2 4) dx
2

from Table 5.1, page 45,

=



a 2 sinh 2
=
+c
2
2
=

(cosh 2 1)


 2
 x 2
(x a 2 )
=
1 =
a
a

3

dx
2
(x 9)

The rst integral is determined using the algebraic sub2

stitution
! u =(x 9), and the second integral is of the
1
form 
dx (see Problem 24)
(x 2 a 2 )
!
!
2x
3
Hence 
dx 
dx
2
2
(x 9)
(x 9)

3
5 2(0.9624) [0]
2

= 1.429, correct to 4 signicant gures.

a2
[sinh cosh ] + c,
2

Now try the following exercise

since sinh 2 = 2 sinh cosh

Since x = a cosh then cosh =

x
and
a

x
a
Also, since cosh 2 sinh2 = 1, then

= cosh1

407

Exercise 161 Further problems on

integration using the cosh substitution
!


x
1
dt .
cosh1 + c
1. Find 
4
(t 2 16)

408 Higher Engineering Mathematics

!
2. Find
3. Find

4. Find


! 

! 

3
(4x 2 9)


dx.

3
2x
cosh1
+c
2
3

( 2 9) d.


 2

9
1
( 9) cosh
+c
2
2
3
(4 2 25) d.




25
2
25
1
2

cosh
+c

4
4
5

5. Evaluate

6. Evaluate

! 3
2

2
(x 2 1)

dx.

(t 2 4) dt .

[2.634]

[1.429]