IECEP FILES ESAT PROBLEM SOLVING

Compiled by : Mark Djeron C. Tumabao

Calculate the beam width between
nulls of a 2-m paraboloid reflector
used at 6GHz. Note: such reflectors
are often used at that frequency as
antennas outside broadcast
television microwave links.
A CDMA mobile measures the
signal strength from the base as
-100 dBm. What should the mobile
transmitter power be set to as a first
approximation, considering - 76 dB
at mobile power control?

: A telephone signal takes 2ms to

reach its destination. Calculate the
via net loss required for an
acceptable amount of echo.

0=

2x

70
0.05
=140 x
D
2

0=3.50

PT = -76 dB PR
Where:
PT = transmitted power in dBm
PR = received power in dBm
PT = -76 dB - PR
= -76 dB (-100dBm)
= 24 dBm
= 250 mW
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
Where:
VNL = minimum required via net loss in dB
t = time delay in ms for propagation one way
along line
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
= 0.2 X 2 + 0.4
= 0.8 dB

For a total capacity of 36 Mbps and

64-QAM of digital modulation, what
is the ideal RF bandwidth?

For a 64-QAM, the total number of symbol

combinations is 64 symbols and the
number of bits to produce this is
n = log2 64 = 6 bits per symbol
Therefore the ideal RF bandwidth is
BW = fB / n = 36 Mbps / 6 bits
BW = 6 MHz

What is the wavelength of a radio

signal travelling at a frequency of
220 MHz in a coaxial line having
Teflon foam as its dielectric, r = 2?

c = 3 x 108 m/sec = 300 x 106 m/sec

velocity factor vf = 1 / sqrt (r) = 1 / sqrt (2)
= 0.707 = vP / c
Therefore the velocity of the radio signal
in the coaxial line is
vP = 0.707c = 0.707 (300 x 106) =
212,132,034.36 m/sec (or 212 x 106

IECEP FILES ESAT PROBLEM SOLVING

Compiled by : Mark Djeron C. Tumabao

m/sec approx.)
so that the wavelength of the signal is
= vP / f = 212 x 106 / 220 x 106 = 0.963636
m or 0.96 m approx.
What is the angle of refraction in a
Teflon (r2 = 2) medium of a radio
wave from air (r1 = 1.0) if its angle
of incidence is 45?

Using Snells Law

Sqrt (r1) sin i = Sqrt (r2) sin r
Sqrt (1) sin 45 = Sqrt (2) sin r
r = sin-1 [(Sqrt (1) sin 45) / Sqrt (2)] =
sin-1 (0.5) = 30

What is the critical frequency of a

layer if the maximum value of
electron density is 2 x 106 per cm3?

Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x 106 x 106 per m3

= 2 x 1012 per m3
fc = 9 x sqrt (Nmax) = 9 x sqrt (2 x 1012)
fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx.

A radio communication link is to be

established via the ionosphere. The
maximum virtual height of the layer
is 110 km. at the midpoint of the
path and the critical frequency is 4
MHz. If the distance between the
radio stations is 500 km, what is the
suitable value for the optimum
working frequency? Use flat terrain
analysis.
The efficiency of an antenna is 82
%. Its radiation resistance is 30 .
What is the value of its loss
resistance?

For flat terrain analysis, tan i = d/2hv

i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1 [500/2(110)] = tan1 [2.273] = 66.25 angle of incidence
MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i = 4 / cos
66.25 = 4 / 0.40275 = 9.932 MHz via
Secant Law
OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 (9.932) = 8.4422 MHz
or 8.4 MHz approx
= Rd/(Rd + Rloss)
0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss)
0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82
Rloss
Rloss = (30 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854 or
6.58 approx.

A radio station operates at 11 meter

wavelength. What is the designated
band of stations frequency?

c = 3 x 108 m/sec
= 11 m = c / f
f = 3 x 108 / 11 = 27 MHz approx., which
is within 3 30 MHz range designated as
HF band

What is the total radio horizon

distance between an 80 ft

dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x hT) + sqrt (2 x hR)

IECEP FILES ESAT PROBLEM SOLVING

Compiled by : Mark Djeron C. Tumabao
transmitting station and a 20 ft
receiving station?

dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt (2 x 20)

A power density of 1.57 x 10-4

W/m2 is measured 50 meters from
a test antenna whose directive gain
is 2.15 dB. How much power was
fed into the test antenna?

From Inverse Square Law, PD = PR/4d2

dRH (TOT) = 18.97 mi

PR = PD x 4d2 = 1.57 x 10-4 x 4(50)2 = 4.93
W approx. is the radiated power
GANT = log-1 [2.15 dB/10] = 1.64
PR = PFED x GANT
PFED = PR / GANT = 4.93 / 1.64 = 3.007 W or 3
W approx.

The output power of an FM

transmitter is 5 kW. If the power
loss in transmission line is around
10 W and the antenna has a power
gain of 6 dB, what is the ERP of the
station in kW?
Determine the visual carrier
frequency of TV channel 9.

GANT = 6 dB = 4
ERP = (5000 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4 = 19,960 W or
19.96 kW

fNLB = 174 + (N 7)6, using Arithmetic

Progression
f9LB = 174 + (9 7)6 = 174 + (2)6 = 174 + 12 =
186 MHz, low band frequency of channel 9
fVC = 186 + 1.25 = 187.25 MHz, visual carrier
frequency of channel 9

At NTSC standard, line frequency =

15734.264 Hz. What is the
equivalent line period

fH = 15734.264 Hz
H = 1 / fH = 1 / 15734.264
H = 63.556 x 10-6 = 63.556 usec

Determine the radio horizon for a

transmit antenna that is 200 m high
and a receiving antenna that is 100
m high

D = 17ht + 17hr

A group of filters has 1/3 octave of

spacing. If the initial frequency is 25
Hz, what is the next frequency
available for the filter?
+ 26 dBu is how many volts?

f2 = 2x f1 where x = 1/3, fraction of an octave

= 17(200) + 17(100)
= 99.5 km
f2 = 21/3 x 25 = 31.5 Hz
V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 Volts ]
26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ]
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ] = 1.3
Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775 V
Voltage = 15.5 V

IECEP FILES ESAT PROBLEM SOLVING

Compiled by : Mark Djeron C. Tumabao
Determine the sound power in
Watts produced by the banks alarm
if a by-stander heard the alarm at a
sound pressure level of 100 dBSPL. The by-stander is 100 ft away
from the bank.

PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8

PWL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) + 8 = 137.68 dBPWL
137.68 = 10 log W + 120
W = log-1 [(137.68 120)/10]
W = 58.65 Watts

A loudspeaker produces an SPL of

85dB-SPL at 1 meter distance and
input electrical power of 1 W. How
loud is the SPL at distance of 20
meters if this speaker is driven to 10
W of electrical power?
The moon orbits the earth with a
period of approximately 28 days.
How far away is it? Assume circular
orbit.

SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL (given)

SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log (20m/1m) = 59 dBSPL
SPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log (10W/1W) = 69
dB-SPL
C 2 R
T= =
v
v
v=

2 R
2 R
=
(where R=d km +6400)
T
28 days

v=

2 R
4 x 1011 m
=
28 days
( d km +6400 ) s

d km =384,000 km
What is the length of the path to a
geostationary satellite from an Earth
station if the angle of elevation is
300?
Find the velocity of a satellite in a
circular orbit 500 km above the
earths surface.

Find the orbital period of a satellite

in a circular orbit 36,000 km above

the earths surface if the earths

2
2
2
0
( r+ h ) ( r cos ) r sin = ( 6400+ 36000 ) ( 6400 cos 30 ) 6400

4 x1011
v
d 6400
Formula :
Where : v = velocity in meters per second
d = distance above earths surface in

km
4 x1011
v
(500 6400)

Formula :

C
v

IECEP FILES ESAT PROBLEM SOLVING

Compiled by : Mark Djeron C. Tumabao
radius is 6400 km.

Where :

T = orbital period
C = circumference
v = orbital velocity
C = 2r
= 2 ( 6400 + 36,000 ) = 266.4 x 106

4 x1011
v
3.07km /s
(36,000 6400)

Calculate the length of the path to a

geostationary satellite from an earth

station where the angle of elevation

is 30.
(earths radius = 6400 km, height of
satellite above earth is 36 X 103
km)

C 266.4 x10 6 m
T
24hrs
v 3.07x10 3 m /s

d (r h) 2 (r cos ) 2 r sin

Formula :

d = distance to the satellite in km

r = radius of the earth in km (6400 km)
h
=height of satellite above equator ( 36 x 103
km)
= angle of elevation to satellite at antenna site
Solution :
d (6400 36x10 3 ) 2 (6400cos 30) 2 6400sin 30
=

By how much should two antennas

be separated for space diversity in
the 11 GHz band?

What is the phase velocity of a

rectangular waveguide with a wall
separation of 3 cm and a desired
frequency of operation of 6 GHz?

39,000 km

200 3 x10 8
200 c
s

d 200

5 .5 m
f
9
11x10
s
8m
3 x 10
c
s
f c= =
=5 GHz
2 a 2 ( 0.03 m)

v p=

A transmitter and a receiver is 45

km apart. Suppose that there is an
obstacle midway between the

or 1440 minutes

3 x 108

( ff )

H 1=17.32

m
s
2

( 56GHz
GHz )
c

=5.43 x 10 8

m
s

d1 d2
22.5 ( 22.5 )
=17.32
=17.52 m
fD
11 ( 45 )

IECEP FILES ESAT PROBLEM SOLVING

Compiled by : Mark Djeron C. Tumabao
transmitter and receiver. By how
much must the path between the
towers clear the obstacle in order to
avoid diffraction at a frequency of 11
GHz?
How far from the transmitter could a
signal be received if the transmitting
and receiving antennas where 40 m
and 20 m, respectively, above level
terrain?
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7
dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A
source provides 1 W to the isolator,
and the load is resistive with an
SWR of 3. How much power is
dissipated in the load?
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7
dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A
source provides 1 W to the isolator,
and the load is resistive with an
SWR of 3. How much power returns
to the source?

H 1=10.51 m

d= 17 ht + 17 ht= 17 ( 40 ) + 17 ( 20 )=44.5 km

1W

Pout

0 .7
anti
log
10
SW R
1

0 .5
SW R
1

851.14 mW

PLOAD Pout 1 2 638.35 mW

1W

Pout

anti
log

0.7
10

851.14 mW

SW R
1
0.5
SW R
1

PLOAD Pout 1 2 638.35 mW

Preflected Pout 2 212.78 mW
Preturned

Determine the Hamming distance

for the codewords ( 10101, 11001)
A multiplexer combines four 100kbps channels using a time slot of 2
bits, determine the frame duration
For the given parameters,
determine the energy per bit-to
noise power density ratio
C = 10e-12 W
fb = 60 kbps
N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W
B = 120 kHz

212.78 mW
534.49 W
26
anti
log
10

10101 XOR 11001 = 01100 ( presence of two 1)

The link carries 50,000 frames /sec
The frame duration = 1/50,000 = 20s
Eb
C B
=10 log
x
N0
N fb

Eb
1012 W
120 kHz
=10 log
x
14
N0
1.2 x 10 W 60 kbps

IECEP FILES ESAT PROBLEM SOLVING

Compiled by : Mark Djeron C. Tumabao
A signal at the input to a mu-law
compressor is positive with its
voltage one-half the maximum
value. What proportion of the
maximum output voltage is
produced?

uVin
)
Vmax
ln(1+u)

ln(1+
v =Vmax

ln(1+
v =Vmax

( 255 ) (0.5 Vmax )

)
Vmax
ln(1+255)

v =0.876 Vmax
A network with bandwidth of 10
Mbps can pass only an average of
12000 frames per minute with each
frame carrying an average of 10000
bits. What is the throughput of this
network?
A telephone subscriber line must
have anSNRdB above 40. What is
the minimum number of bits?
A mammography service examined
327 patients during the third
calendar quarter of 1996. 719 films
were exposed during this period,
eight of which were repeats. What
is the repeat rate?

Throughput=

12000 x 10 000
60

= 2 Mbps

SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40

n = 6.35
repeat rate=

no . repeated films
x 100
total no . of films

repeat rate=

8
x 100
719

repeat rate=1.1

Determine the time taken for a

signal to travel down a 10 m
transmission line, if its velocity
factor is 0.7.
The maximum voltage standing
wave of an RG-11/U foam coaxial
cable is 52 V and its minimum
voltage is 17 V. How many percent
of the incident power is the reflected
power?

T= L/ (Vf x Vc)
T= 10 m/ (0.7)(3x108 m/s)
T= 47.6 ns
2 = Pr/Pi
= SWR-1
3.05
SWR+1

; SWR = Vmax/ Vmin = 52/17 =

= 3.05 1 = 0.51
3.05 +1
Thus : 2 = (0.51)2 = 0.26
The reflected power is 26 % of the incident
power

IECEP FILES ESAT PROBLEM SOLVING

Compiled by : Mark Djeron C. Tumabao
Determine the phase-shift
represented by a 75 ns delay of a 4
MHz signal to a 75-ft cable with a
dielectric constant of 2.3.

= 360 td / T

The modulated peak value of a

signal is 125V and the unmodulated
carrier value is 85V. What is the
modulation index?

m = Em/ Ec
Emax = Ec + Em ; Em = Emax Ec = 125 85 =
40 V
m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47

The total transmitted power of an

AM broadcast transmitter with a
carrier power of 50kW when
modulated 80 percent is:
The input to an FM receiver has a
S/N of 2.8. What is the frequency
deviation caused by the noise if the
modulating frequency is 1.5KHz
and the permitted deviation is 4KHz

Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2)
Pt = 66,000 W
Pt = 66kW
= fm
= sin -1 N/S = sin -1 1/2.8 = 0.3652

Calculate the gain (relative to an

isotropic) of a parabolic antenna
that has a diameter of 3 m, an
efficiency of 60% and operates at a
frequency of 4 GHz.

G = 2 D2/ 2

Determine the worst-case output

S/N for a narrowband FM receiver
with deviation maximum of 10 kHz
and a maximum intelligence
frequency of 3 kHz. The S/N input is
3:1.
The sensitivity of a radio receiver is
given in terms of dBm. If the
receiver is receiving 200 mW, what
is the corresponding dBm of this
signal?
An antenna with a noise
temperature of 75 Kelvin is
connected to a receiver input with a
noise temperature of 300 K. Given

T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns

= 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees

= (0.3652)(1.5KHz) = 547.8 Hz

= 3x108/ 4MHz = 0.075 m

G = 0.62(3)2
0.0752
G= 9474.8
G = 10 log 9474.8
G = 39.8 dBi
= sin-1 (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad
= x fi
= 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz
The S/N will be
10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10
dBm for 200 mW = 10 log (200mW/1mW) = 23
dBm

The total noise temperature of the antenna and

receiver is NTtot = 75+ 300 = 375.
The noise temperature is given by:

IECEP FILES ESAT PROBLEM SOLVING

Compiled by : Mark Djeron C. Tumabao
the reference temperature T0 = 290
K, find the noise figure of the
system.

The modulation index of an AM

radio station is 0.75. If the carrier
power is 500W, what is the total
transmitted power?
An FM transmitter system is using a
1MHz crystal oscillator to generate
a very stable 108MHz final carrier
frequency. The output of the crystal
oscillator is fed to a x36 multiplier
circuit then mixed with a 34.5 MHz
signal. The sum output of the mixer
is filtered out, while the difference is
fed to another multiplier in order to
generate the final carrier frequency.
What is the multiplier value?

Find the maximum dynamic range

for a linear PCM system using 16bit quantizing.
Compute the baud rate for a 72000
bps 64-QAM signal.

NT T 0 NR 1

where: NT noise temp, NR =

Noise ratio
Rearranging the above to find NR gives:
NR = (375/290) +1 = 2.29
The Noise figure is the decibel equivalent of the
noise ratio, such that:
NF = 10 log NR = 3.6 dB
641 W

Basic Block Diagram of the FM carrier generator:

1 MHz carrier > x 36 > Mixer > Multiplier >
108MHz carrier
First Multiplier output:
1MHz x 36 = 36 MHz
Mixer output:
36MHz + 34.5 MHz = 70.5MHz (filtered
output)
36MHz 34.5 MHz = 1.5 MHz (difference fed
to the next multiplier)
Multiplier stage:
Output = 108MHz
Output = 1.5MHz x n
N = 108/1.5
= 72
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m; dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(16)
DR = 98.08 dB
A 64-QAM signal means that there are 6 bits per
signal element since 26 = 64.
Fc
Therefore, baud rate = 72000/6 cos
baud rate = 12000 baud

A telephone signal takes 2ms to

reach its destination. Calculate the
via net loss required for an
acceptable amount of echo
We have an audio signal with a
bandwidth of 4KHz.What is the

VNL = 0.2t + 0.4dB

VNL = 0.2 (2ms) + 0.4 dB
VNL = 0.8 dB
BW = 2 x 4 KHz
= 8 KHz

IECEP FILES ESAT PROBLEM SOLVING

Compiled by : Mark Djeron C. Tumabao
bandwidth needed if we modulate
the signal using AM? Ignore FCC
regulations for now.
We have an audio signal with a
bandwidth of 4 MHz. what is the
bandwidth if we modulate the signal
using FM? Ignore FCC regulations.
For PCM system with the following
parameters determine the minimum
number of bits used.
Maximum analog frequency= 4 khz,
maximum decoded voltage=2.55,
Minimum dynamic range= 199.5
Find the maximum dynamic range
for linear PCM system using 8-bit
quantizing
An attempt is made to transmit base
band frequency of 30khz using a
digital audio system with a sampling
rate of 44.1khz. What audible
frequency would result?
Calculate the capacity of a
telephone channel that has a S/N of
1023?
A line of sight radio link operating at
a frequency of 6GHz has a
separation of 40km between
antennas. An obstacle in the path is
located 10km form the transmitting
antenna. By how much must the
beam clear the obstacle?
Determine the peak frequency
deviation for a binary FSK signal
with a mark frequency of 49 kHz,
space frequency of 51kHz and an
input bit rate of 2kbps.

BW=10x4
= 40 MHz

n=

log ( 199.5+1)
log2
= 7.63
=8

DR = 1.76 + 6.02(m)
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8)
fa = fs fm
= 44.1KHz 30KHz
= 14.1 KHz
The telephone channel has a bandwidth of about
3KHz
C= BW log2 (1+ S/N)
= 3 x 103 log2 (1+ 1023)
=30000 b/s
d1d 2
R=10.4
f (d 1+ d 2)
R=10.4

10 x 30
6(10+30)

R = 11.6m
f f
f= m s
2

| |
kHz
|49 kHz51
|
2

f=

f =1 kHz

For a PCM system with a maximum

analog frequency of 4kHz,
determine the minimum sample

f s=2 f a

IECEP FILES ESAT PROBLEM SOLVING

Compiled by : Mark Djeron C. Tumabao
rate.

f s=2( 4 kHz)
f s=8 kHz

A dipole antenna has a radiation

resistance of 67 ohms and a loss
resistance of 5 ohms, measured at
the feedpoint. Calculate the
efficiency
Find the binary equivalent of
x8+x3+x+1.
A telephone line has a bandwidth of
4.5 kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio
of 40dB. A signal is transmitted
down this line using a four level
code. What is the maximum
theoretical data rate?
The GSM radio system uses GMSK
in a 200kHzchannel, with a channel
data rate of 270.883 kbps.
Calculate the frequency shift
between mark and space.
For Ethernet system with a length of
2.5km on coaxial cable with a
velocity factor of 0.66. What is the
propagation delay?
A signal at the input to a -Law
compressor is positive, with its
volatage one-half the maximum
value. What proportion of the
maximum output voltage is
produced?
How long does it take to dial the
number 784-3745 using pulse
dialing with .5s inter digit time?
An optic fiber is made of glass with
a refractive index of 1.55 and is clad
with another glass with a refractive
index of 1.51. Launching takes
place from air. What numerical
aperture does the fiber have?
An optic fiber is made of glass with

Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) = 93%

x8+x7+x6+x5+x4+x3+x2+x+k
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
C = 2Blog2M = 2(4.5x103)log2(4) = 18 kbps
S/N = antilog (40/10) = 10000
C = Blog2(1+S/N) = (4.5x103)log2(1+10000) =
59.795 kbps
Since both results are maxima, we take the
lesser of the two, 18 Kbps
Fm-fs=0.5fb=0.5*270.833kHz=135.4165kHz

T=d/(VfC)=2.5km/(0.66*300000000m/s)=12.6 s

Vo=Vo(ln(1+(255*0.5)))/ln(1+255)=0.876Vo

0.7 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.4 + 0.5 (6x0.5) =

6.8s
=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical aperture is
found to be:
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
By equation (20.10), the fractional difference

IECEP FILES ESAT PROBLEM SOLVING

Compiled by : Mark Djeron C. Tumabao
a refractive index of 1.55 and is clad
with another glass with a refractive
index of 1.51. Launching takes
place from air. What is the
acceptance angle?

For a single-mode optical cable with

0.25-dB/km loss, determine the
optical power 100km from a 0.1mW light source.

between the indexes is:

=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical aperture is
found to be:
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
By equation (20.8), the acceptance angle is:
0(max)=sin-1NA= sin-10.352=20.6
P=0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}
=1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)]
=(1 x 10-4)(1 x 10-25)
=0.316W
(0.316 W )
P(dBm)= 10log
0.001
= -35dBm

For an optical fiber 10km long with

a pulse-spreading constant of
5ns/km, determine the maximum
digital transmission rates for returnto-zero.
For an electronic device operating
at a temperature of 17C with a
bandwidth of 10 kHz, determine the
thermal noise power in dBm .

A 300 resistor is connected across

the 300 antenna input of a
television receiver. The bandwidth
of the receiver is 6MHz, and the
resistor is at room temperature
.Find the noise voltage applied to
the receiver input.
The signal power at the input to an
amplifier is 100W and the noise
power is 1 W. At the output, the
signal power is 1W and the noise
power is 30mW. What is the
amplifier noise figure, as a ratio?

1
Fb= 5 ns x 10 km =20Mbps
km
N = KTB
T(kelvin) = 17C + 273 = 290
K
B = 1 x 104 Hz
= (1.38 x 10-23)(290)(1 x 104) = 4 x 10-17
W
10log (4 x 10-17) = -134 dBm
0.001
4
kTBR
VN =
= 4(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(293 K)(6 x 106 Hz)
(300 )
= 5.4 x 10-6 V
= 5.4 V
(S/N)p = 100W = 100
1W
(S/N)o = 1W
= 33.3
0.03W
NF (ratio) = 100 = 3
33.5

IECEP FILES ESAT PROBLEM SOLVING

Compiled by : Mark Djeron C. Tumabao
It is desired to operate a receiver
with NF = 8dB at S/N = 15 dB over
a 200-KHz bandwidth at ambient
temperature. Calculate the
receivers sensitivity.

S = Sensitivity = -74dBm + NF + 10logf +

desired S/N
S = -174 + 8 + 10log(200,000) + 15
S = -98 dBm

A Satellite receiving system

includes a dish antenna ( Teq = 35
K) connected via a coupling
network (Teq= 40 K) to a microwave
receiver (Teq=52 K referred to its
input). What is the noise power to
the receivers input over a 1-MHz
frequency range?

PN = KTf
= 1.38 x 10-23 J/K (35 + 40 + 52)K
(1MHz)
= 1.75 x 10-15 W

VN =
The noise voltage produced across
a 50 is input resistance at a
temperature of 302C with a
bandwidth of 6 MHz is ______

4 KTBR

4(1.38 x 10-23)(302)(6 x 106)

(50)
= 2.24V