Electrical

Quan--es,
KCL, KVL
EEE 3 Lecture 01

Objec-ves

Identify different SI units and pre6ixes used for electrical

quantities

Differentiate current, voltage, power, and energy

Perform KCL and KVL

Outline
1. System of units and pre6ixes
2. Interaction of Charges
3. Current and KCL
4. Voltage and KVL
5. Electrical Energy and Power

System of Units
Quantity

Symbol

Unit of Measure

Charge

Q, q

Coulomb (C)

Current

I, i

Ampere (A)

Voltage

V, v

Volt (V)

Power

P, p

Watt (W)

W, w

Joule (J)
Watt-hour (W-hr)

Energy

Standard Prexes
International System of Units (SI)

atto- (a-)

10-18

deci- (d-)

10-1

femto- (f-)

10-15

deka- (da-)

101

pico- (p-)

10-12

hecto- (h-)

102

nano- (n-)

10-9

kilo- (k-)

103

micro- (-)

10-6

mega- (M-)

106

milli- (m-)

10-3

giga- (G-)

109

centi- (c-)

10-2

tera- (T-)

1012

Charges
Interaction of charges
Responsible for electrical forcesattractive or repulsive

Electric Field

Electrical Forces

Electric Potential
Energy

Movement of
charges

Difference in
Potential Energy

CURRENT

VOLTAGE

Current (I, i)
Movement of charges
Rate at which net charges move past a given area in a

speci6ied direction
De6ined by magnitude and direction
Ampere: 1A = 1C/s (passing through an area)

I1 = I2
I1

I2

Kirchhos Current Law (KCL)

The algebraic sum of the currents at a node must equal zero.

Network elements are considered electrically neutral
No net charge (positive or negative) can accumulate
Net current entering = Net current leaving

I1
I3

I2

In = 0

I4

I1 + I2 + I3 + (-I4) = 0

10

Voltage (V, v)
Difference in potential energy of two points
Requires two points with one point considered as reference
A point charge under an electric 6ield requires work to go
from one location to another.
Voltage = work required to move 1C of charge from one

terminal to another
1V = 1 Joule/C

11

Voltage (V, v)
A

VAB

+
+

VAC

Electric Field
"(x, t)

+
VBC

Reference Point

Double-subscript notation for voltage across A and B

VAB = Voltage at A wrt B
VAB = VBA
Single-subscript notation
De6ines voltages wrt an absolute reference point
VA= VAC, VB= VBC
VAB = VA VB

12

Example
Given VXY = 20V, VXZ = 10V, and VZ = -5V, 6ind

VX and VY

Find VB in terms of VC if VAB = VC and VA = 20V

13

Kirchhos Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of the voltages around a loop must equal zero.

VAB

+
+

VAC

+
VBC

Reference Point

Vn = 0
VAC VAB VBC = 0

14

Energy (W, w)
Work expended on forcing electrical charges

through an element
1 Joule = 1 Nm

W = QV

15

Power (P, p)
Rate at which energy is being transferred, supplied,

or consumed
p = dw/dt
1 W = 1J/s
1 W = 1V*1A = 1 J/C * 1C/s

16

Power (P, p)
Polarity of voltage and direction of current

determines whether power is being supplied or

consumed.
Power consumed
current enters terminal with higher voltage.

Power supplied
current leaves terminal with higher voltage.

17

Power (P, p)
Electrical power consumed
(rate at which electric energy is being
converted to other forms of energy)

$&'()=*+

(a)

Electrical power generated

(rate at which other forms of energy is
being converted to electrical energy)

$,-(=*+

+
V

(b)

18

Power (P, p)

2 A

In both cases, P = 10 W.

(a): consuming 10 W or
supplying -10 W.


(b): supplying 10 W or
consuming -10 W.

+
5 V

(a)

2 A

+
5 V

(b)

19

Example
A

VAB= 5V
-

A +3-C Charge was placed on point B at t = 0s.

Without mechanical/manual, interven-ons, the
charge was transferred to point A through circuit
element in a 1-second interval. Find the electrical
energy and power supplied by .

Solu-on:

Electrical Energy=.=5*3/=15 0

Electric Power=$=5*3//1)=15 .
Electric power was supplied by since the posi-ve
charge went to a point with higher poten-al energy.

20

Summary
1. Movement of charges is current
Convention for current: 6low of positive charges
KCL: Algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero
2. Voltage is potential difference between charges
Accumulation of charges results in voltage
KVL: Algebraic sum of voltages in a loop is zero
3. Electrical energy is work done to move charges through an

element

4. Energy per unit time is power

An element supplies power if current goes out of the positive terminal
An element consumes power if current goes into the positive terminal