Session 4A3

Optics, Fiber, Lasers and Optical Sensors

Phase Control in the Ramsey Resonance Cavity with 2 Ring Cavities at both Ends by Inserting Loop
Antenna Using Varactor in Series in the Rings for Cesium Beam Frequency Standard
Koji Nakagiri, Yusuke Kawano, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Study of Sapphire Loaded H-Maser in Shanghai Observatory
Ke Dai, Wei Qun Zhang, Yan Jun Zhang, Wen Ming Wang, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Improvements on Phase-Shifted Distributed-Coupling-Coefficient Distributed Feedback Laser Structures
for Single Longitudinal Mode Operation
Jose Maria Bastardo De Miranda Boavida, Carlos Alberto Ferreira Fernandes, Jose Augusto Passos Morgado, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
On the Performance of DFB Laser Structures Specially Designed for Directly-Modulated Optical Communication Systems
Jose Maria Bastardo De Miranda Boavida, Carlos Alberto Ferreira Fernandes, Jose Augusto Passos Morgado, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reduction of Four-wave-mixing Noises by Unequally-spaced Allocations with Dual Base Units in FDM
Optical Fiber Transmission Systems
Toru Nakamura, Takahiro Numai, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reduction of Four-wave-mixing Noises by FSK Modulation with Dual Deviation Frequencies in FDM
Optical Fiber Transmission Systems
Takuya Tamo, Takahiro Numai, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fabrication of Separately Formed Electro-spun Fibers
Hirohisa Tamagawa, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Performance Improvement of Phase Modulation with Interferometric Detection through Low-biasing
Lan Liu, Shilie Zheng, Xianmin Zhang, Xiaofeng Jin, Hao Chi, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Profile Measurement for Micro-optical Component Using Lensless Fourier Digital Holography
Yunxin Wang, Dayong Wang, Yan Li, Jie Zhao, Yizhuo Zhang, Yuhong Wan, Zhuqing Jiang, . . .
A Novel Data Transmission Security via a Noisy Channel Using a Microring Resonator System
Thanunchai Threepak, Somsak Mitatha, Preecha P. Yupapin, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ferroelectric Properties of BiFeO3 Thin Film Grown on LaNiO3 Buffered Si (100) Substrate via Pulsed
Laser Deposition
Feng Yan, Li Lu, Man On Lai, Tiejun Zhu, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

699

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701

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709

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Xian, China, March 2226, 2010

Phase Control in the Ramsey Resonance Cavity with 2 Ring

Cavities at both Ends by Inserting Loop Antenna Using Varactor
in Series in the Rings for Cesium Beam Frequency Standard
Koji Nakagiri and Yusuke Kawano
Kinki University, Kinokawa City, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan

Abstract A vertical cesium beam experimental frequency standard is under construction.

It aims at an accuracy of around 7 1015 or less by adopting new techniques such as 4-pole
electromagnets for energy selection and beam focus including velocity selection, and a Ramsey
resonance cavity in which the microwave phase of interactions with the cesium beam may be
controlled by changing the cesium beam velocity electrically by the magnet and measuring the
cavity frequency shift, because the cavity phase and Doppler frequency shifts are proportional to
the cesium beam velocity.
The investigation on phase control of ring cavities has been conducted, to which the microwave
is supplied through a single-U type waveguide which has a E-plane T-couple in the center and is
connected with the E-plane T-couple of ring cavity at both ends. We inserted a single or double
loop antenna using the varactor (variable capacitance tip diode) in series to the H-plane of ring
type cavities to control the phase of the microwave and the cesium beam interaction region in
the ring cavities, respectively. The phase of ring cavity is measured by using a loop antenna.
The positions of antenna are separately placed 1/4g away from a E-plane T-couple of the ring
cavity, in right or left direction. The varactor loop antenna is connected in series with a coaxial
semi-rigid cable of variable length, which is shorted at the end.
The frequency center of resonance in ring cavity is influenced by the varactor loop antenna in
the same ring cavity more than that in another ring cavity. This unbalance makes the difference
between the both ring cavities by the voltage supply to the varactors, respectively.
The phase difference about 2 degrees between the both detection antennas were typically obtained
by the voltage change of 10 V in the case of double loop varactor antenna. In the case of single
loop varactor antenna the phase change will be less than 1 degree due to the small frequency
change between the both ring cavities. But the small power change and distortion of resonance
curve between the cavities at both ends is better for the phase control of frequency standard.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Xian, China, March 2226, 2010

Study of Sapphire Loaded H-Maser in Shanghai Observatory

Ke Dai1, 2 , Wei Qun Zhang1 , Yan Jun Zhang1 , and Wen Ming Wang1, 2
1

Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China

2
Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China

Abstract Sapphire loaded cavity for active H-maser was designed to minimize the mass and
volume of the traditional active H-maser. The ability of sapphire loaded cavity to achieve selfoscillation was calculated. Then we made the experiment for sapphire loaded cavity in traditional
H-maser as bed. The signal was found with oscillation power of 102 dBm while the beam flux
is about 1 mA. For the temperature coefficient of sapphire loaded cavity is too high, the way to
compensate the temperature-coefficient was studied. The region of zero temperature coefficient
point was discussed.

701

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Xian, China, March 2226, 2010

Improvements on Phase-Shifted Distributed-Coupling-Coefficient

Distributed Feedback Laser Structures for Single Longitudinal
Mode Operation
J. Boavida1 , C. Fernandes1 , and J. Morgado1, 2
1
2

Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal

Portuguese Air Force Academy, Portugal

Abstract Optical communication systems (OCS) have earned great attention from the scientific community, due to the increasing demand for high-bit rate data links. An OCS depends
heavily on the performance of the light emitter, usually a Distributed Feedback (DFB) laser.
However, not every DFB laser structure is considered an efficient device, creating the need to optimize, as much as possible, these structures. This paper presents optimized Phase-Shifted (PS)
Distributed-Coupling-Coefficient (DCC) DFB laser structures specially designed for single longitudinal mode operation in the OCS context. The optimization and analysis process is divided
into two stages: near and above threshold.
Near threshold, the purpose is simultaneously the maximization of the normalized mode selectivity (S) and the minimization of the electric field flatness (F ). These figures of merit are given,
RL
2 dz, where (th L) is the normalized
respectively, by S = (L) (th L) and F = L1 0 [I(z) I]
threshold gain, (L) is the normalized gain of the main side mode, and I(z) is the normalized
electric field intensity at an arbitrary position z, inside the L-length laser cavity. In order to
evaluate these figures of merit, a simulation model was built using the transfer matrix method,
which is based on the coupled wave equations.
Above threshold, the power emission spectrum is assessed, as well as the Side Mode Suppression
Ratio (SMSR). Besides, the wavelength stability with current injection is also assessed. This
model takes into account the undesired effects of the spatial hole burning, which deteriorate the
laser performance with increasing biasing current.
The structure achieved after optimization contains a single phase-shift, and has a coupling coefficient profile that includes three distinct values, which is designated as a 1PS-3DCC-DFB
structure. For the 1PS-3DCC-DFB, S 2.34, F 0.021 and SM SR 49 dB are achieved, as
well as a tight wavelength stability, which clearly outperforms similar laser structures proposed
elsewhere, harder to manufacture.
This analysis shows that, if this structure was manufactured, it could be extremely useful to
attain an exceptional light emitter in the OCS context.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Xian, China, March 2226, 2010

703

On the Performance of DFB Laser Structures Specially Designed for

Directly-Modulated Optical Communication Systems
J. Boavida1 , C. Fernandes1 , and J. Morgado1, 2
1
2

Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal

Portuguese Air Force Academy, Portugal

Abstract Nowadays, directly-modulated (DM) distributed-feedback (DFB) lasers are playing

an important role as transmitter sources in high bit rate optical-communication-systems (OCS)
due to its low cost operation, small size, low dynamic voltage and high optical output power, when
compared with other transmitters using external modulation schemes. In this context, it is very
important to develop a suitable design for DM-DFB lasers in order to achieve a stable singlelongitudinal-mode (SLM) operation with high power efficiency and ensuring the best emitted
wavelength stability (
) to avoid pulse transmission dispersion. Accordingly, it is crucial to
minimize the impact of spatial-hole-burning (SHB) effect on DM-DFB lasers operation. Such
effect is straightforwardly responsible for the degradation of both the side-mode-suppressionratio (SMSR) and the wavelength stability.
In this paper, we propose two very easily manufacturable distributed-coupling-coefficient (DCC)DFB optimized laser structures with asymmetric facet configuration with a high-reflectivity
(HR) facet and an anti-reflection (AR) facet in order to channel all the output power to the
AR facet. The difference between these two structures lies on the DCC profile design, which is
considerably more sophisticated for the second structure, enhancing the mode selectivity. The
proposed structures both present, simultaneously, high power efficiency ( 0.32 WA1 ), tight
5
wavelength tolerance ( 0.15 nm), a good SHB immunity (SMSR 41 dB and
)
1.3 10
and high yield (> 50%) that is the probability of the modal selectivity exceeding a preset value.
The proposed lasers fulfill all the requirements concerning the usage of DM-DFB lasers in the
OCS context. Similar performances have been recently reported but at the expense of laser
structures demanding a much more intricate fabrication process than the ones associated with
the laser structures proposed in this paper.

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Xian, China, March 2226, 2010

Reduction of Four-wave-mixing Noises by Unequally-spaced

Allocations with Dual Base Units in FDM Optical Fiber
Transmission Systems
Toru Nakamura and Takahiro Numai
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan

Abstract Transmission characteristics in frequency-division-multiplexing (FDM) optical fiber

transmission systems with low-dispersion optical fibers such as dispersion-shifted fibers (DSFs)
are limited by four-wave mixing (FWM). In recent years, several FWM suppression techniques
such as optical multiplexers and demultiplexers with the combination of delay lines, modified
return-to-zero (RZ) signals, hybrid wavelength-/time-division multiplexing (WDM/TDM) technique, arrangement of polarization allocations of channels, separation between signal frequencies
and the zero-dispersion frequency, combination of frequency/polarization allocations and separation of signal frequencies from the zero-dispersion frequency, the hybrid amplitude-/frequencyshift keying (ASK/FSK) modulation with prechirped pulses, and unequal channel spacing have
been reported.
Characteristics of FWM are also closely related to frequency allocations and modulation formats.
From the viewpoint of frequency allocations, unequally-spaced (US) allocations, repeated US
(RUS) allocations, and modified RUSs such as equally-spaced RUS (ERUS) and unequally-spaced
RUS (URUS) allocations have been demonstrated to overcome the problems in equally-spaced
(ES) allocation. It was found that RUS, ERUS, and URUS have lower FWM light intensities
with channel frequencies than ES and narrower total bandwidths than US. From the viewpoint of
modulation formats, FWM noises have been analyzed for non-return-to-zero (NRZ), random RZ,
differential phase-shift keying (DPSK), and bit-phase arranged RZ (BARZ) in ES, RUS, ERUS,
and URUS, and it has been revealed that FWM noises are lowest in URUS with BARZ.
In this paper, to reduce FWM noises further, US with dual base units, which have different frequency spacings, is proposed. It is found that the allowed input optical power is improved by 4.7 dB than URUS in an FDM lightwave transmission system with intensity modulation/direct detection. In our calculations, it is assumed that an oscillation wavelength for a
light source is 1550 nm. A DSF is assumed to have the derivative dispersion coefficient dDc /d
of 0.07 ps/km/nm2 , the fiber length L of 80 km, and the decay rate of 0.2 dB/km. The base
unit and the channel spaces are common in all frequency allocations which are studied in this
paper, and the frequency separations are the same as those in to make the pulse delay and pulse
broadening as small as possible.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was partially supported by the Japan Society for Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific
Research (C) 20560379, 2009.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Xian, China, March 2226, 2010

705

Reduction of Four-wave-mixing Noises by FSK Modulation with

Dual Deviation Frequencies in FDM Optical Fiber Transmission
Systems
Takuya Tamo and Takahiro Numai
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan

Abstract Transmission characteristics in frequency-division-multiplexing (FDM) optical fiber

transmission systems with low-dispersion optical fibers such as dispersion-shifted fibers (DSFs)
are limited by four-wave mixing (FWM). In recent years, several FWM suppression techniques
such as optical multiplexers and demultiplexers with the combination of delay lines, modified
return-to-zero (RZ) signals, hybrid wavelength-/time-division multiplexing (WDM/TDM) technique, arrangement of polarization allocations of channels, separation between signal frequencies
and the zero-dispersion frequency, combination of frequency/polarization allocations and separation of signal frequencies from the zero-dispersion frequency, the hybrid amplitude-/frequencyshift keying (ASK/FSK) modulation with prechirped pulses, and unequal channel spacing have
been reported.
Characteristics of FWM are also closely related to frequency allocations and modulation formats.
From the viewpoint of frequency allocations, unequally-spaced (US) allocations, repeated US
(RUS) allocations, and modified RUSs such as equally-spaced RUS (ERUS) and unequally-spaced
RUS (URUS) allocations have been demonstrated to overcome the problems in equally-spaced
(ES) allocation. It was found that RUS, ERUS, and URUS have lower FWM light intensities
with channel frequencies than ES and narrower total bandwidths than US. From the viewpoint of
modulation formats, FWM noises have been analyzed for non-return-to-zero (NRZ), random RZ,
differential phase-shift keying (DPSK), and bit-phase arranged RZ (BARZ) in ES, RUS, ERUS,
and URUS, and it has been revealed that FWM noises are lowest in URUS with BARZ.
In this paper, to reduce FWM noises further, FSK modulation with dual deviation frequencies
is proposed. It is found that the crosstalk is improved by 4.9 dB, and the power penalty is
improved by 2.5 dB than FSK modulation with a single deviation frequency in an FDM lightwave
transmission system with FSK modulation/direct detection. In our calculations, it is assumed
that an oscillation wavelength for a light source is 1550 nm. A DSF is assumed to have the
derivative dispersion coefficient dDc /d of 0.07 ps/km/nm2 , the fiber length L of 80 km, and the
decay rate of 0.2 dB/km. The base unit and the channel spaces are common in all frequency
allocations which are studied in this paper, and the frequency separations are the same as those
in to make the pulse delay and pulse broadening as small as possible.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was partially supported by the Japan Society for Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific
Research (C) 20560379, 2009.

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Xian, China, March 2226, 2010

Fabrication of Separately Formed Electro-spun Fibers

Hirohisa Tamagawa
Department of Human and Information Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan

Abstract Electrospining has been known as a strong tool for the fabrication of fine polymer
fibers. However, the extraction of single electro-spun fiber is a tough task. Electro-spun fibers are
inevitably stick together or entangled one another during their spinning process. They cannot
be separately formed. The author of this paper found that simply placing a paper mesh between
the syringe needle and counter electrode of electrospinning unit, the straight fibers were separately formed between the paper mesh and counter electrode. As an ingredient of electro-spun
fiber, polynorbornen was employed. Polynorbornen was dissolved into THF, and the mixture of
polynorobornen-THF was electro-spun into short fine fibers. The resulting fibers were separately
formed, and those fibers were extracted individually without their sticking or entangling. The
formation process of such fibers of polynorobornen was investigated. Fiber formation process
was captured by the high speed camera. It elucidated that the fiber was quite slim and waved
vehemently in the early stage of its electro-spun process, but it gradually grew fat and its dynamic wavy motion calmed down, resulting in a bit fat straight and rigid short fiber. Using this
simple technique employing a paper mesh, the composite fibers fabrication was attempted, which
consisted of polymer and metal powder. As the ingredients of composite fiber, polyvinylacetate
and copper powder were employed. Poyvinylacetate was dissolved into THF, and subsequently
copper powder was mixed with this polyvinylacetate-THF mixture. This composite ingredient
underwent the electrospinning process employing a paper mesh. Finally, the composite fibers
were separately formed successfully and extracted easily.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Xian, China, March 2226, 2010

707

Performance Improvement of Phase Modulation with

Interferometric Detection through Low-biasing
Lan Liu, Shilie Zheng, Xianmin Zhang, Xiaofeng Jin, and Hao Chi
Department of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

Abstract Phase modulation (PM) offers many advantages in analog-photonic link. The most
important one is that PM neednt bias circuitry, which may not only reduce the complication
of transmitting end, but also avoid the problems caused by bias-voltage drift. Moreover, PM
provides linear conversion of input voltage to optical phase. However, suitable detection through
PM to intensity modulation (IM) conversion is needed in the phase modulated system. In this
paper, PM-to-IM is realized via interferometric detection, whose performance is improved through
tuning the laser wavelength while not complicating the system configuration.
In our interferometric detection scheme, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) composing of two
couplers and two fiber arms with different length is used. The theory of PM-to-IM through
this interferometric detection is fully investigated, including the link gain, NF, SFDR and IP3 ,
OIP3 (the input and output RF signal power, respectively, when the third-order intermodulation
output equals to the fundamental output). It is said that the link gain, noise figure (NF) and
spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) are related with the input optical power, laser frequency, input
RF signal frequency, link loss, and the differential delay between the two arms of the MZI. If
is fixed, NF can be improved through tuning the laser wavelength. Both the theory calculation
and simulation results show that there is an optimum wavelength for NF, which can be seen in
Fig. 1. The curve a is with input optical power of 0.1 W and curve b is with input optical power
of 1 W. Besides, the expression for the effective half-wave voltage of phase modulator with MZI
is also developed, which only affects the value of NF, but not SFDR.
70
60

NF (dB)

50
40
30

20
10
0
15.4915 15.4916

15.4917

15.4918

15.4919

15.492

wavelength (100 nm)

Figure 1: The simulation results of NF with respected to wavelength.

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Xian, China, March 2226, 2010

Profile Measurement for Micro-optical Component Using Lensless

Fourier Digital Holography
Yunxin Wang, Dayong Wang, Yan Li, Jie Zhao, Yizhuo Zhang,
Yuhong Wan, and Zhuqing Jiang
College of Applied Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) profile measurement for micro-optical component has attracted remarkable attention recently for its wide application in many filed such as optical imaging, transmission and communication. Digital holography (DH) has become a research focus in
3D profile reconstruction discipline in view of its high resolution, non-invasion, non-contact, and
full wave field mode. In this contribution, digital holography imaging method based on off-axis
lensless Fourier transform (LFT) is presented for 3D profile detection of micro-optical component. Since the phase is proportional to the height of transparent object under the condition
of constant refractive index, the quantitative 3D profile can be acquired with the combination
of phase and amplitude. Firstly, the LFT holography configuration is designed, and the amplitude and phase of the whole wave field are reconstructed from only a single recorded hologram
by Fresnel reconstruction method. Then phase compensation is adopted to remove the quadric
phase aberration, and the accurate phase information is extracted in use of the least-squares
phase-unwrapping algorithm. Finally, the performance of LFT holography imaging is validated
with two kinds of micro-lens array, one is the spherical micro-lens array with 3.07 m height and
860.70 m half width, and another one is cylindrical micro-lens arrays with 2.77 m height and
166.90 m half width. Properties like lens height, radius of curvature (ROC), and surface roughness of micro-lens arrays are measured by LFT holography configuration. In order to verify the
feasibility and effectiveness of the developed method, we acquire and compare the profile parameters of the aforementioned micro-lens arrays using the stylus profilometer. The results indicate
that the profile parameters obtained above are in good agreement, which demonstrates that LFT
holography method provides an effective tool for 3D profile detection, and has wide application
perspective in quality evaluation and machining guidance for micro-optical component.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Xian, China, March 2226, 2010

709

A Novel Data Transmission Security via a Noisy Channel Using a

Microring Resonator System
T. Threepak1 , S. Mitatha1 , and P. P Yupapin2
1

Hibrid Computing Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering

King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
2
Advance Research Center for Photonics, Department of Applied Physics
King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand

Abstract A novel verification and encryption methods using microring resonator is presented.
By using the proposed system, the confidentiality and integrity of information in optical communication can be formed. In this paper, chaostic noise sophisticates irreversible and unpredictable
in nonlinear microring resonator that is used as the encrypted function. In our successfully
simulation results, the microring resonator and add/drop filter are uses to generate the message authentication code for maintaining data integrity. Additionally, the noisy signals/channels
created by the microring resonator are combined with the encoded information to protect the
man-in-the-middle attacks (decipher). By using the extremely small processing device, the propose design can be easily applied to secure any form of communication in wireless network,
mobile communication network and military applications with low power consumption and very
high-speed procedures.

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Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Xian, China, March 2226, 2010

Ferroelectric Properties of BiFeO3 Thin Film Grown on LaNiO3

Buffered Si (100) Substrate via Pulsed Laser Deposition
Feng Yan1 , Li Lu1 , Man On Lai1 , and Tiejun Zhu2
1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore

9, Engineering Drive 1, 117576, Singapore
2
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University
Hangzhou 310027, China

Abstract Ferroelectric properties of multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films have been grown
on a LaNiO3 conductive layer buffered Si (100) substrate via pulsed laser deposition method. The
crystalline structure and surface morphology of the film were characterized by X-ray diffraction
studies and atomic force microscopy, which confirmed the strong (100) texture growth, the surface
roughness, RMS 7.832 nm, and the polarization direction is close to h100i. The BFO film
showed a well saturated ferroelectric hysteresis loops with a remanent polarization of 55 mC/cm2 ,
and coercive field of approximately 180 kV/cm The dielectric property was obtained in a frequency
range of 100 1 MHz. The ferroelectric domain structure and piezoresponse behavior in the BFO
thin film were also studies by piezoelectric force microscopy.