UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1
(CPE465)
NAME
:
ANUAR
STUDENT ID.
:
GROUP
:
EXPERIMENT
:
DATE PERFORMED
SEMESTER
PROGRAMME / CODE
SUBMIT TO

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

WAN MUHAMMAD MUQARRABIN B. HAIRUL

2014230694
EH2202A
PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT / PVT
: 28 APRIL 2015
:2
: EH220 / CPE465
: PUAN DIYANAH BINTI KAMARUDIN

Title
Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims
Theory
Apparatus
Methodology/Procedure
Results
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Reference / Appendix
Supervisors grading
TOTAL MARKS

Allocated Marks
(%)
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
20
5
5
5
10
100

Marks

Remarks:
Checked by:

Rechecked by:

-------------------------------------------------Date:

Date:

ABSTRACT
The lab practical is divided into seven different experiments, each with objectives to
study the relationship between ideal gas and various other factors to deliver
better understanding of the First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of
Thermodynamics and relationship between P-V-T to the students. Perfect Gas
Expansion Apparatus (Model TH11) was used in this experiment. However, we only
conducted four experiments from seven experiments. The objectives for each
experiment were achieved. We conducted the first experiment to show the Boyles
Law and to determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal
gas. Second experiment is to determine the Gay-Lussac Law and it was repeated for
three times to get the average value of the temperature at pressurize and
depressurize vessels. After got the total average value, the graph of pressure
versus temperature is plotted. The third experiment is to determine the ratio of heat
volume and only pressurized chamber and compressive pump are used during this
experiment. The fourth experiment is to determine the isentropic expansion process
to demonstrate the isentropic expansion of gases, where pressure and temperature
of pressurized chamber is taken before and after expansion.
INTRODUCTION
The Perfect Gas Expansion Apparatus from model TH11 is a sufficient bench top unit
designed in order to expose the student and familiar with the fundamental
thermodynamic processes. Comprehensive understanding of First Law of
Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics and the P-V-T relationship is
fundamentally important in the applicationsof thermodynamics in the industry. This
experiment likely safe and more convenient to demonstrate thermodynamic
properties. The apparatus have two vessel, one is for pressurized chamber and the
other one is for vacuum chamber. This apparatus also equip with pressurized pump
and vacuum pump and several valve which can connect between chambers and
also to the surrounding. The chamber is made from glass that can withstand
maximum pressure of apparatus can operate.The apparatus also equipped with
temperature and pressure sensors for both tanks which can be read on the board.
These sensors used to monitor and manipulate the pressure and temperature.The
board displays the temperature and pressure in a digital indicator that dealt with
the PVT laws.Gas particles in the chamber collide with each other and the walls
which transfer momentum in each collision. The gas pressure is equal to the
momentum delivered to the wall per unit time. A single particles moves arbitrarily
along some direction until it strikes back and forth with wall and change direction
and speeds. Equations are derived directly from the law of conservation of linear
motion ofconservation of energy

OBJECTIVES/ AIMS
Experiment 1 :
-

To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas

To compare the experimental results with theoretical results

Experiment 2 :
-

To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal

gas

Experiment 3 :
-

To demonstrate the isentropic expansion process

Experiment 4:
-

To determine the ratio of heat capacity

THEORIES
Perfect Gas
Theories of perfect gas can be divided into three which is Charless law, Boyles law
and Gay-Lussacs law. Perfect gas is same with ideal gas where there is none
attractive forces exist in the ideal gas. Since perfect gas is an ideal gas, they collide
between atoms or molecules elastically with no intermolecular attractive forces.
Some assumption has been respect to kinetic theory of ideal gas which is the
gasses are made up of molecules that always move in a constant straight line. An
equation had been introduced in 1662 where it has been named as ideal
gas equation of state:
P=R(T/V)
The subscript R refer to gas constant where different gas would have different value
of R. Anygas that obeys this law is called an ideal gas. The equation also can be
written as:
PV=mRT
The properties of ideal gas at two different state is related to each other as long as
they has one constant property throughout the experiment where:

Boyles Law experiment

The relationship between volume and pressure of a gas can be explained with
Boyles
law:at constant temperature, the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is
inversely proportional to the applied (external) pressure (Silberberg, 2007: 144).
Or it can also be expressed in terms of equation as below:
V

1
r

PV = constant or V =

constant
P

According to the mathematical expressions derived from Boyles law above,

provided that T and n are fixed, pressure and volume are indirectly related to one
another in a sense that if the volume increases, then the pressure shall decrease,
and vice versa. This can also be explained through gas particles collisions theory
(kinetic molecular theory) in which when the volume of a chamber containing a gas
is reduced, the probability of gas particles to come in contact with one another
during collision and with the walls of the container will increase,hence the elevated
pressure (Adamson, 1979). This law works when the pressure increase inversely
with the volume of gas where the temperature held constant along the process. The
gas inside a system loosely packed and move randomly. If the volume is reduce,
then the pressure become high asthe molecules having less space to move, to hit
the wall of container more frequently.

Graph of boyles law

Gay-Lussac Law Experiment

Gay-Lussac law is also commonly known as Charless law. The law explains about
therelationship between pressure and temperature of gases. The law was
established in the early 19th century by Jacques Charles and Joseph Louis GayLussac who did a study on the effect of temperature on the volume of a sample of
gas subjected to constant pressure (Atkins,2002). Charles did the original work,
which was then verified by Gay-Lussac.
The third law involving ideal gas is Gay-Lussacs law where the volume of the
system become constant throughout the process. This law stated that the pressure
and temperature are indirect relation. That means as the pressure increase, the
temperature also increase. Temperature is a parameter for kinetic energy, as the
temperature increase, the kinetic energy also increase, therefore the frequency of
collision also increase which causing the pressure to be increase with the constant
volume. The equation below can prove the relationship between pressure and
temperature in a particular system with constant volume.

Where,
P is the pressure of the gas
T is the temperature of the gas (measured in Kelvin).

kG is a appropriate proportionality constant

the temperature must be calculated in Kelvin unit. If the constant value of k is not
known then, the equation is derived as follow:

V
=k
T

V1 V2
=
T 1 T2

Graph below show the relationship of temperature and pressure in the Gay-Lussacs
law with constant volume. The conclusion is that the pressure directly proportional
to the temperature.

Graph of Gay-Lussac's Law

First law of thermodynamics
Based on first law of thermodynamics statement, energy can be neither created
nor destroyed but it can only change in the form of energy. For example the change
of energy of lamp, fromelectric energy convert to light and heat energy. Therefore,
the conservation of energy principleintroduced as the net change in the total energy
of the system equivalent to the difference in the totalenergy enter the system and
total energy leaving the system.
Ein Eout =

Esystem

That equation also referred as energy balance equation that applicable to any kind
system any kind ofprocess. Since the energy has numerous form such as internal,
kinetic, potential, electrical and magneticand their sum constitutes the total energy
of the system. Simple compressible system has the following equation which the
change in the total energy of a system is the sum of the changes in its
internal,kinetic, potential energy can be expressed as:

Where internal energy, UW here kinetic energy, KEW here the potential energy, PE
Energy can be transfer in or out of a system in three forms such as heat, work and
mass flow. As there is one of any three form cross the boundary of an open system,
it can be concluded as energy gained orlost during a process. In a closed system,
there is only two form can pass through the boundary whichcan change the energy
which are heat and work. Temperature difference in a system with its surrounding is
not an energy interaction. Work interactions refer as rising piston and rotating
shaft.Commonly sense when the work transfer into the system, the energy of the
system increase and vice versa. As mass transfer in the system, energy also
increase as the mass carries energy with it and vice versa. Equation below
represent the concluded energy balance.Amount of energy required to raise the
temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree is adefinition of specific
heat. There are two specific heat use widely which is specific heat at
constantvolume and specific heat at constant pressure. Cp value larger than Cv as
at constant pressure system isallowed to expand and the energy must supplied to
system. Specific heat capacity at constant pressureis the energy required to raise
the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree as thepressure
remain constant. It can be concluded that Cv is related to internal energy and Cp
involvedenthalpy value.

Isentropic Expansion Process Theory

An isentropic process or can be called isentropic process is a process
takes place from initiation to completion without an increase or decrease in the
entropy of the system. Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) processes are often desired
and are often the processes on which device efficiencies are based. One example of
a process that approaches being isentropic are the rapid depressurization of gas in a
cylinder. The entropy of the system remains in constant. The type of energy entropy
is like heat, work and enthalpy is by definition energy which is lost in a process
which is characterized by:
S = 0 or S1 = S2
If a process is both reversible and adiabatic, then it is an isentropic
process. An isentropic process is an idealization of an actual process, and serves as
a limiting case for an actual process. For adiabatic, there is no transfer of heat
energy.
Determination of Ratio of Heat Capacity
The heat capacity is a constant that tells how much heat is added per unit
temperaturenrise .The heat capacity can be represented as Cp, which indicates the
heat capacity of a gas in a system with constant pressure. Also, the heat capacity
can be represented as Cv, for heat capacity of a gas in a system with constant
volume (Materials and Enegery Balance). These are derived for an equation of
relating to the isobaric and isochoric processes, which finally led to a simple
equation for the heat capacity of ideal gas:
Cp Cv = R
For the ideal gas state, the heat capacity may be expressed through statistical
mechanics in terms of the contributions to the translational and internal energies of
the molecules (Rushbrooke, 1949). In turn, some of the internal contribution a rising
from rotational, vibrational and electronic modes of motion can often then be

determined fromspectroscopic measurement of the frequencies of the normal mode

of motion of the molecule.For many molecules, this process provides a more
accurate means of determining the ideal-gas heat capacity of the material than
direct measurement (de Reuck & Craven, 1993).As the density is increased from the
ideal gas state, the energy of the ensemble of molecules acquires a component
arising from the interactions between molecules (theconfigurational part) and this
cannot be evaluated theoretically for any but the simplest molecules so that the
only source of information on the heat capacity is then from direct or indirect
measurement. When there are no measurements available it is necessary to
haverecourse to estimation methods (Reid, Prausnitz & Sherwood, 1975).

APPARATUS
There was only one equipment used for this lab practical (10) for all the
experiments, and thatis the SolteqPerfect Gas Expansion Apparatus (Model:
TH11).

Pressure Transmitter (1), Pressure Relief Valve (2), Temperature Sensor (3), BigGlass
(4), Small Glass (5), Vacuum Pump (6) and Electrode (7)
PROCEDURE
General start-up procedures
1. The equipment was connected to single phase power supply and then
switched on the unit.

2. All valves were fully opened and the pressure reading on the panel was
checked. This was to make sure that the chambers were under atmospheric
pressure.
3. Then, all the valves were closed.
4. The pipe was connected from compressive part of the pump to pressurized
chamber or the pipe connected from vacuum port of the pump to vacuum
chamber.
5. Now, the unit was ready for use.
General shut-down procedures
1. The pump was switched off and both pipes were removed from the chambers.
2. The valves were fully opened to release the air inside the chambers.
3. The main switch and power supply were switched off.
Experiment 1 : Boyles Law Experiment
1. The general start up procedures were performed. All valves were made sure
closed.
2. The compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside chamber
was allowed to increase up to about 150kPa. Then, the pump was switched
off and the hose from the chamber.
3. The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilizes.
4. The pressure reading for both chambers after expansion were recorded.
5. V 02 was fully opened and the pressurized air was allowed to flow into the
atmospheric chamber.
6. The pressure reading for both chambers after expansion was recorded.
7. The experimental procedures can be repeated for the following conditions:
a) From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
b) From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber
8. The PV value was calculated and the BoylesLaw was proven.
Experiment 2 : Gay-Lussac Experiment
1. The general start-up procedures were performed. Make sure that all valves
were fully closed.
2. The hose from compressive pump was connected to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump was switched on and the temperature for every
increment of 10kPa in the chamber were recorded. The pump was stopped
when the pressure PT 1 reached about 160kPa.
4. Then, valve V 01 was slightly opened and the pressurized air was allowed to
flow out. The temperature reading for every decrement of 10kPa were
recorded.
5. The experiment was stopped when the pressure reached atmospheric
pressure.
6. The experiment was repeated for three times to get the average value.
7. The graph of pressure versus temperature was plotted.
Experiment 3 : isentropic Expansion Process

1. The general start up procedures were performed. All valves were fully closed.
2. The hose was connected from compressive pump to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside chamber
was allowed to increase until about 160kPa. Then, the pump was switched off
and the hose was removed from the chamber.
4. The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilizes.
The pressure reading PT 1 and the temperature TT 1 were recorded.
5. Then, valve V 01 was slightly opened and the air was allowed to flow out
slowly until it reached atmospheric pressure.
6. The pressure reading and temperature reading were recorded after the
expansion process.
7. The isentropic expansion process was discussed.
Experiment 4 : Determination of ratio of heat capacity
1. The general start up procedures were performed. All valves were fully closed.
2. The hose was connected from compressive pump to pressurized chamber.
3. The compressive pump was switched on and the pressure inside chamber
was allowed to increase until about 160kPa. Then, the pump as switched off
and the hose was removed from the chamber.
4. The pressure reading inside the chamber was monitored until it stabilized.
The pressure reading PT 1 and the temperature TT 1 were recorded.
5. Valve V 01 was fully opened and brought back to the closed position after few
seconds. The pressure reading PT 1 and TT 1were monitored and recorded
until it becomes stable.
6. The ratio of heat capacity was determined and the theoretical value was
compared.

RESULTS
EXPERIMENT 1
A. EXPERIMENT 1.1
PT 1 (kPa abs)
PT 2 (kPa abs)

Before expansion
149.4
102.9

After expansion
133.1
132.7

Before expansion
103.5
62.2

After expansion
89.9
89.6

B. EXPERIMENT 1.2
PT 1 (kPa abs)
PT 2 (kPa abs)
C. EXPERIMENT 1.3

Before expansion
153.4
51.5

PT 1 (kPa abs)
PT 2 (kPa abs)

After expansion
119.9
118.9

EXPERIMENT 2
PRES

TRIAL 1
TEMPERATURE (C)

TRIAL 2
TEMPERATURE (C)

TRIAL3
TEMPERATURE (C)

SURE
(kPa
abs)

103
110
120
130
140
150
160

PRESSURI

DEPRESSU

PRESSURIZ

DEPRESSU

PRESSURI

DEPRESSU

ZED

RIZED

ED VESSEL

RIZED

ZED

RIZED

VESSEL
27.2
27.2
28.0
29.0
30.0
30.8
31.0

VESSEL
26.1
26.2
26.4
26.7
27.6
29.5
31.4

26.0
26.0
26.5
27.2
28.0
29.0
29.9

VESSEL
24.7
24.8
25.5
26.1
26.8
27.4
31.1

VESSEL
24.9
25.0
25.3
26.0
27.0
27.8
28.7

VESSEL
24.7
25.5
25.8
26.9
28.1
29.3
29.5

EXPERIMENT 3

PT 1 (kPa abs)
TT 1 ( C)

BEFORE EXPANSION
159.2
29.3

AFTER EXPANSION
112.1
24.6

EXPERIMENT 4

PT 1 (kPa abs)
TT 1 ( C)

INITIAL
160.5
29.3

INTERMEDIATE
104.0
27.7

FINAL
110.7
26.4

CALCULATIONS
EXPERIMENT 1
A. CONDITION 1
V1 = 0.025m3
V2 = 0.01237m3
By using Boyles law
P1V1 = P2V2
(P1V1 + P2V2)before = (P1V1 + P2V2)after
(149.4 0.025) + (102.9 0.01237) = (133.1 0.025) + (132.7 0.01237)
5.008 = 4.969
The difference is only 0.039, therefore the Boyles Law is verified.

B. CONDITION 2
V1 = 0.025m3
V2 = 0.01237m3
By using Boyles law
P1V1 = P2V2
(P1V1 + P2V2)before = (P1V1 + P2V2)after
(103.5 0.025) + (62.2 0.01237) = (89.9 0.025) + (89.6 0.01237)
3.357 = 3.356
The difference is only 0.001, therefore the Boyles Law is verified.

C. CONDITION 3
V1 = 0.025m3
V2 = 0.01237m3
By using Boyles law
P1V1 = P2V2
(P1V1 + P2V2)before = (P1V1 + P2V2)after
(153.4 0.025) + (51.5 0.01237) = (119.9 0.025) + (118.9 0.01237)
4.472 = 4.468
The difference is only 0.004, therefore the Boyles Law is verified.

EXPERIMENT 2
PRESSURE (kPa abs)
103
110
120
130
140
150
160

TEMPERATURE (C)
25.60
25.78
26.25
26.98
27.92
28.97
30.27

Pressure vs Temperature
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Graph of pressure against temperature

The pressure is directly proportional to temperature. Hence, the Gay-Lussacs Law is
verified.

EXPERIMENT 3
For isentropic process,

24.6 112.1 k1
k
=
29.3 159.2

0.840=0.704

k1
k

ln 0.840=

k 1
ln 0.704
k

k =1.987
The difference is The expansion process is proven as isentropic.

EXPERIMENT 4

ln 160.5ln 104.0
ln 160.5ln110.7
1.168

The ideal k ,

Cp
=1.4
Cv

Deviation=

( 1.41.168 )
100
1.4

16.57

DISCUSSION
Boyles law
Boyles law stated that the pressure of gas inversely proportional to the volume of
a container.From the results recorded, some calculation have been made in order to
know the difference value between before and after of the experiment one. For
conditions 1, 2 and 3 the value are 0.039, 0.001 and 0.004 . These values are very
small and close with the theoretical value, therefore the Boyless Law is verified.
According to the data tabulated, it can been said that the pressure and volume

inversely proportional. When the pressure increase, the volume start to decrease.
This is happenbecause if the gas of the same pressure with constant temperature
injected into small and big containerwhich means have different volume. The gas
molecule in small container have less spacious room andwill collide to the wall and
with each other more often which exert more pressure.
Gay-Lussacs Law
the Gay-Lussac law (Charles law) was studied in determining the
relationship between pressure and temperature. Gay-Lussacs Law stated that
pressure is directly proportional to the temperature which means ifthe pressure
increase, the temperature also increase with constant volume. According to result,
as the pressure increases in the chamber when the compressive pump pressurized
them, the temperature increases. This confirmed Charles and Gay-Lussacs work
and theory as well as the law.
Isentropic expansion
Isentropic expansion process occurs when the systems are reversible and
adiabatic where no heat will be transferred in or out and no energy transformation
occurs. From the data recorded, a constant k is now known which is equal to 1.987.
It was obtained that both temperature and pressure of the gas before expansion
were higher compared to after the expansion. The process is said to be isentropic
since there was no change in the entropy throughout the process.
Determination of ratio of heat capacity
By using the expression of the heat capacity ratio and it givesthe 1.168. The
theoretical value of this experiment is 1.4. The deviation which now is equal to
16.57%.The deviation is due to measurement error. The actual intermediate
pressure supposed to be loweredthat the measured one. Unfortunately the error
occur due to heat loss and sensitivity of pressuresensors. Supposed, the
intermediate pressure taken as the lowest pressure at the moment the valve
isclosed. Since the percentage difference is more than 10%, the experiment can be
declared as failed.
CONCLUSION
Basically the experiment was a success considering all the objectives were achieved
despite the large deviation of figures between the theoretical ratio values and the
obtained figures. Throughout the studies, it is found that some of the gas laws for
the perfect or ideal gas are just limiting laws because gas dont actually behave
perfectly in the real world. Nevertheless, in this experiment, the gas seemed to
have obeyed Boyles law and Gay-Lussac law in the relationship between pressure,
volume and temperature. The ratio of the volume of the gas indicates and
expresses the dynamics of compression and expansion of the gases. The ratio of
heat capacity gives the capacity or amount of heat that could be taken up by the

gas in expansion process. Even during conducting the experiment we make some
parallax error but we can still manage to get the result to prove that the Boyles law
that is when pressure decrease the volume will increase and vice versa. In fact, the
result shown that the Gay-Lussac law is where pressure is proportional to
temperature.

RECOMMENDATION
The experiments must be done under the ideal gas properties measurement and
obeying the P-V-T relationship. Before the experiment begun, the general start up
method had to be performed repeatedly in order to minimize side effects which
could in turn also jeopardize the results. The apparatus must be handled carefully to
avoid any accidents in the lab such as explosion due to excessive pressure within
the chambers. during recording data, keep eye on the sensor while monitoring the
board because the parameter can increase and decrease really fast and read the
procedure carefully. Get an average reading by repeating the experiment normally
three times in order to reduce amount of deviation. Handle the valve carefully and
do not make mistake by choosing the valve because it will affect the data. The place
where the experiment is conducted also must be at stable and no vibration.
REFERENCES
1) Nakhleh (1998) Division of Chemical Education Department of Chemistry ,
from
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/gaslaws.php
(retrieved : 1 /5 /2015)
2) Charles's Law. (2010). Retrieved fromSparknotes:
http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/chemistry/chapter5section8.r
html (retrieved : 1 /5 /2015)
3) Charles's Law. (n.d.). Retrieved from how stuff works:
http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/physics-terms/charles-lawinfo.htm (retrieved : 1 /5 /2015)
4) http://www.scribd.com/doc/177444955/The-Perfect-Gas-ExpansionExperiment-TH-11#scribd
5) http://www.scribd.com/doc/217642669/PROPERTIES-MEASUREMENTPVT#scribd
6) Yusus A. Cengel, M. A. (2011). Second Law of Thermodynamics. In
Thermodynamics an engineering apploach (pp. 274-309). New York: McGraw
Hill. ( retrieved : 1 / 5 / 2015 )