Running head: ANATOMY 260 SIGNATURE ASSIGNMENT

Anatomy 260 Signature Assignment

Alexander Metea
West Coast University

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A. Medical History Definitions:

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Diabetes mellitus: a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and

defects in insulin secretion and/or action which result in disturbances of carbohydrate, fat,
and protein metabolism. Hyperglycemia can result in increased thirst, urination, hunger,
and weight loss. It can cause damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves, induce diabetic
ketoacidosis, as well as increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and poor circulation to
the legs.
o

There are two main types of diabetes:

Type 1 diabetes: results from the immune system destroying pancreatic

beta cells, which produce insulin. Type 1 diabetes develops in childhood
and requires lifelong insulin injections for survival. There is a genetic
component to developing type 1 diabetes, but viral infections which target
the pancreas and autoimmune diseases coincide with the disorder.

Types 2 diabetes: the body produces insulin, but their cells dont use it
effectively. The pancreas makes more insulin to compensate, but this is
ineffective at stemming hyperglycemia. This disorder develops in
adulthood in individuals who are obese, inactive, and those with unhealthy
diets, though there is also a genetic component. This type of diabetes
represents the vast majority of diabetic cases. Treatment involves lifestyle

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changes and weight loss, but oral medications or insulin injections may be
necessary.
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Anemia: a decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, which may result from
either too little hemoglobin or nonfunctional hemoglobin. More commonly, too little
hemoglobin is the cause. Blood loss, decreased or faulty red blood cell production, or
destruction of red blood cells can all result in anemia. Women and older adults are at
greater risk for developing anemia.
o Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type, and is treatable with diet
changes and iron supplements.
o Vitamin deficiency anemia caused by insufficient levels of vitamin B12 or folate
can cause anemia. These vitamins are necessary for the body to manufacture red
blood cells.

Hemiplegia: a severe form of hemiparesis which results in paralysis of one side of a

persons body. Hemiplegia is commonly caused by stroke or cerebral palsy. Less
commonly, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, or nervous disorders may cause hemiplegia.
Physical therapy and assistive devices may be useful in treating hemiplegia.

B. Normal Adult Values for:

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Blood glucose level:

o Fasting: less than 100 mg/dL
o Before eating: less than 110 mg/dL

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o After eating: less than 140 mg/dL
o Bedtime: less than 120 mg/dL
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Blood pressure: below 120 (systolic) and 80 (diastolic) mm/Hg

Blood calcium level: 8.8 10.4 mg/dL

Hemoglobin:
o Males: 13.8 17.2 g/dL
o Female: 12.1 15.1 g/dL

C. Homeostatic Disturbances Related to Medical History:

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Diabetes mellitus: hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose levels) may result in short-term
symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, numbness or pain in the extremities,
fatigue, blurred vision, loss of consciousness, ketoacidosis, or coma.

Anemia: lack of red blood cells or insufficient hemoglobin may cause fatigue, rapid
heartbeat, shortness of breath, headache, dizziness, difficulty concentrating, pale skin, leg
cramps, and insomnia can all result from anemia.

Hemiplegia: Damage to the left side of the brain which results in paralysis of the right
side of the body may also result in problems with talking and understanding others.
Damage to the right side of the brain which results in paralysis of the left side of the body
may also cause a person to talk excessively as well as memory and attention problems.

D. Pancreatic Tissue Slide:

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a) Islet of Langerhans: 2

b) Interlobular connective tissue septa: 4

c) Acinus: 1

d) Intralobular duct: 3

E. Coronary Anatomy Identification:

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a) Right coronary artery: 2

b) Left coronary artery: 5

F. G.E.R.D:
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Anatomical structures involved in gastroesophageal reflux disease:

o Esophagus: lower esophageal sphincter
o Stomach
o Diaphragm: some doctors believe diaphragmatic hiatus may weaken the lower
esophageal sphincter

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References
Fritsma, G. A., Keohane, E. M., Rodak, B. F. (2012). Hematology: Clinical principles and
applications. (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier
Joslin Diabetes Center. (2015). Goals for blood glucose control. Retrieved October 4, 2015 from
http://www.joslin.org/info/Goals-for-Blood-Glucose-Control.html
United States National Library of Medicine (n.d.). Hemoglobin. Retrieved October 4, 2015 from
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003645.htm
Web M.D. (n.d.). Diabetes health center. Retrieved October 4, 2015, from
http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/default.htm
Web M.D. (n.d.). Heartburn/GERD health center. Retrieved October 4, 2015, from
http://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/guide/reflux-disease-gerd-1
Web M.D. (n.d.). Understanding anemia The basics. Retrieved October 4, 2015, from
http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-anemia-basics
Weiss, T.C. (2010). Hemiparesis Facts and information. Retrieved October 4, 2015, from
http://www.disabled-world.com/health/neurology/hemiparesis.php
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Diabetes programme. Retrieved October 4, 2015, from
http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/