Library Teaching and Learning

Te Whareprkau o Te Whare Wnaka o Aoraki

APA Style Referencing

6th Edition

In-text Citations
Reference list entries
Books, theses and conference proceedings
Journal, magazine and newspaper articles
Web pages, online video , PDFs
Sample Reference List
Appendix 1 : Course books and lecture notes
Appendix 2 : Quotes, Paraphrasing, Tables and Images

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Unless your lecturer instructs otherwise, Lincoln University undergraduate students are advised to follow the
APA Style. For the definitive APA style, postgraduates, researchers and academic staff should consult:
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
(6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
(located at Z253 Pub 2010)
Additional help:

Look at Referencing: Why, when and how for the principles of when and what needs to be
referenced. Available from the Referencing section of the Library Teaching and Learning web site.

Staff in Library Teaching and Learning can help with referencing questions.

Library Teaching and Learning provide workshops and one-to-one appointments.

In-text Citations
In the text of your assignment support your argument by citing the author and year each time you quote
or paraphrase information from another source. The reference list is compiled from these citations.
One work by one
author

The author and year are placed in brackets after the relevant text.
In a study of harvesting techniques at sea (Collette, 1990)
When the authors name appears as part of your sentence, place only the year
in brackets.
Collette (1990) compared harvesting techniques at sea

One work by two

authors

List both authors every time the reference occurs.

Growth is strongly determined by the type of cultivar (Hirst & Ferree, 1995).

One work by three,

four or five authors

List all the authors the first time. In later citations, include only the first
author followed by et al.
Kaufman, Perlman and Speciner (1995) found [First citation]
Kaufman et al. (1995) found This security technique is not always
effective (Kaufman et al.) [Later citations]

One work by six or

more authors

In all cases give the first author followed by et al. and the year.
The disease is advancing rapidly (Yang et al., 2009)

Organisation as
author

Spell out the organisation name in full

(Lincoln University, 2007)
Associations and government agencies can be abbreviated if mentioned a
second time.
(New Zealand Qualifications Authority [NZQA], 2008) [First citation]
(NZQA, 2008) [Later citations]

APA 6th October 2011

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Works with no author

Use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and year.
For an article or book chapter place in quote marks
according to the media (Cane toad spread, 2008)
For a book or report, italicise the shortened title:
according to this definition of the word (Longman dictionary, 2003)

Authors with the

same family name

Include the authors initials to avoid confusion.

was observed in other studies (B. J. Simpson, 2005; L. M. Simpson, 2007)

Citing more than one

work at the same
time.

List citations in alphabetical order, separated with a semicolon (;)

as found in recent studies (Hirst & Ferree, 1995; Tucker, 1994)

Citing more than one

work by the same
author(s)at the same
time

Give the authors family name once, followed by the year of publication of
each work, separated with a comma
Past research (Gumble, 2001, 2005)

Citing more than one

work by the same
author(s) and in the
same year

Distinguish the works with suffixes a, b, c, Suffixes are assigned in the

reference list, in order, by title
Several studies (Flanders, 1999a, 1999b;)
reports high growth (Gumble, 2005a)
as demonstrated by other research (Gumble, 2005b)

No year of publication

When there is no date of publication, use n.d. (meaning no date) instead of

a year
(Frink, n.d.)

Personal
communications,
such as email,
personal interviews

Give initials and family name of the communicator, and as exact a date as
possible. Do not include in the reference list as the information is not
retrievable by the reader.
(T. Lovejoy, personal communication, June 17, 2008)

Citing Web sites

Each page you draw information from must be cited individually.

...reduced kiwi populations. (Department of Conservation, 2008)

Only use Anonymous if this is

how the author is designated
in the work.

If one citation is more important you emphasise it by listing it first, and then
listing the rest in alphabetical order after a see also.
(Smith, 2005; see also Flanders, 2001; Gumble, 2000)

You may point readers to the entire web site in your main text but it is not
included in the reference list.
More information can be found on the SPARC website www.sparc.govt.nz
Citing a source found
in another source
Always try to find the original
document and reference that
directly.

Specific parts of a
large work (pages,
charts, chapters, etc.)
For more information on
quotes, tables, images, etc.
see appendix 2.

APA 6th October 2011

Mention both sources in the text of your assignment, but in the reference list
include only the source you actually saw.
(Brockman, 1990, as cited in Peele, 1994, p. 45) [in-text citation]
Peele, S. (1994). The surprising truth about addiction. Psychology Today,
37(3), 43-45. [entry in the reference list no entry for Brockman]
You should indicate the page, chapter or section that you are citing.
Use p. for a single page
(Kaufman, Perlman, & Speciner, 1995, p. 125)
Use pp. for multiple pages (Kaufman et al., 1995, pp. 212-225)
Use Chapter
(Sadler, 2003, Chapter 5)
Use paragraph numbers or section headings if page numbers are missing.
Preceed the paragraph number with para.
(Hibbert, 2007, para. 5)
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(Smithers, 2006, Summary section, para. 1)

Statutes

Further guidance is provided

on the Library web site >
Referencing styles.

....employees who are not members ... (Employment Relations Act 2000, s 63).
Recent legislation (Immigration Act 2009) has ....

Reference List Entries

Books, theses or conference proceedings.
Basic format

Author(s). (year of publication). Title of book: Subtitle of book (edition

statement). City of publication, Country or U.S. State abbreviation:
Publisher.

Book as a whole

Kaufman, C., Perlman, R., & Speciner, M. (1995). Network security: Private
communication in a public world. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Book

Longman dictionary of contemporary English (4th ed.). (2003). Harlow, England:

Longman.

Book

Statistics New Zealand. (1998). Samoan people in New Zealand. Wellington,

New Zealand: Author.

Edited book

Persley, D. M. (Ed.). (1992). Diseases of fruit crops (2nd ed.). Brisbane, Australia:
Department of Primary Industries.

Book chapter

Collette, R. L. (1990). Harvesting techniques. In R. E. Martin & G. J. Flick (Eds.),

The seafood industry (pp. 471-526). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Only include an edition

statement for the second and
later editions.

Authors listed in the order

found on the title page
no author

author is an organisation

use when each chapter has its

own author[s];
Include the type of eBook
reader in square brackets.
[Google books]
[Kindle version}

ebook with DOI

Clark, W., & Bonham-Carter, C. (2009). Sustainable Communities in the United
Kingdom. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0219-1_10
eBook with no DOI
Hindson,J. C., & Winter, A. C. (2002) Manual of sheep diseases. Retrieved from
http://books.google.co.nz

Encyclopedia or
Dictionary Entry.

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26,

pp. 501-508). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Online Encyclopedia

Christchurch. (2007). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from

http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9082394

Thesis or dissertation

Brown, T. N. (1995). Simulation of the development of the root system and

associated microbial community of Pinus radiata. (Unpublished doctoral
thesis). Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.

Thesis from an
institutional Web site

Xie, Z. (2007). Modelling genetic regulatory networks: A new model for

circadian rhythms in Drosophila and investigation of genetic noise in a viral
infection process (Doctoral thesis, Lincoln University, 2007). Retrieved
from http://hdl.handle.net/10182/31

Statute

Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996.

eBook

Use the address of the article

page not the home page.

Further guidance for

referencing legal material is
provided on the Library web
site > Referencing styles.

APA 6th October 2011

Employment Relations Act 2000, s 63.

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Treaty of Waitangi
report

Waitangi Tribunal. (1995). The Whanganui-a-Orutu report 1995. Wellington,

New Zealand: Brookers.

Paper in a conference
proceedings

Brackley, P. (1995). Through other eyes. In D. H. Owen & B. F. Frey (Eds.),

Ergonomics tomorrow: Adapting the future: Proceedings of the Sixth
Conference of the New Zealand Ergonomics Society, Lincoln, 16-17
February 1995 (pp. 50-52). Palmerston North, New Zealand: New Zealand
Ergonomics Society.

Whole proceedings

Owen, D. H., & Frey, B. F. (Eds.). (1995). Ergonomics tomorrow: Adapting the
future: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the New Zealand
Ergonomics Society, Lincoln, 16-17 February 1995. Palmerston North, New
Zealand: New Zealand Ergonomics Society.

use the name on the title page,

not the cover

For proceedings retrieved

online remove place of
publication and publisher and
use a DOI or URL, as for an
online journal article.

Articles in a journal, magazine or newspaper

Basic format

A DOI is a unique and

persistent identifier for online
documents

Journal article

Online article with a

DOI
Online Article with no
DOI
List the homepage of the
journal or magazine instead of
a DOI.

No author
8 or more authors

Give the first 6 authors

followed by then the last
author.

Author(s). (year of publication). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Serial,

Volume number(issue number), pages. doi:###/###
Quarrie, K. L., Cantu, R. C., & Chalmers, D. J. (2002). Rugby union injuries to the
cervical spine and spinal cord. Sports Medicine, 32(10), 633-653.
Note: For undergraduates at Lincoln this form is acceptable for articles with no
DOI found in library databases.
Ancrenaz, M., Dabek, L., & O'Neil, S. (2007). The costs of exclusion: Recognizing a
role for local communities in biodiversity conservation. PLoS Biology, 5(11),
2443-2448. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050289
Nielsen, L. (2009). Green farm subsidies sponsoring eco labeling: Is the separation
of market access and subsidies regulation in WTO law sustainable?. Journal
of World Trade, 43(6), 1193-1222. Retrieved from
http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/productinfo.php?pubcode=TRAD
Painting life in the southern beech forest. (2000). Forest and Bird, 297(12), 24-25.
Hong-Van, T., Phanuphak, N., Ananworanich, J., Vatanparast, R., Jadwattanakul,
T., Pharachetsakul, N., Phanuphak, P. (2010). Acceptability of male
circumcision for the prevention of HIV among high-risk heterosexual men
in Thailand. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 37(6), 352-355.

Abstract only seen

Tucker, R. (1994). Cymbidium hybrids from New Zealand. American Orchid

Society Bulletin, 63, 1258-1263. Abstract obtained from CAB Abstracts
database.

Newspaper article
with author

English, P. (1996, December 28). Anguish as moths escape spraying. New Zealand
Herald, p. A1.

Newspaper article

Scientist discounts lamp radioactivity. (1995, January 16). The Press, p. 2.

Newspaper article

Bruce, D. (2007, December 13). Chairman frustrated by nonsense. Otago Daily

Times. Retrieved from http://www.odt.co.nz

no author

electronic version from

publisher Web site

APA 6th October 2011

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Web pages
Basic format

No full stop at the end of

the URL
Only include a retrieval
date if the page changes
frequently E.g Wikipedia

Author(s). (year, month date of last update). Title of page: Subtitle of page.
Retrieved from URL
or
Author(s). (n.d.). Title of page: Subtitle of page. Retrieved month day, year, from
URL

Web page

Kedgley, S. (2004, June 7). Greens launch Food Revolution. Retrieved from
http://www.greens.org.nz/searchdocs/PR7545.html

Undated Web Page

New Zealand Dragon Boat Association. (n.d.). NZDBA Membership.Retrieved from

http://www.nzdba.co.nz/Home/Membership.php

Web Page with no

author.

The New Zealand Kiwi: History and legends. (n.d.) Retrieved from
http://www.kamcom.co.nz/kiwi/historylegends.htm

Web Page with no

author and page
changes frequently

Kiwi. (2010, April 13). Retrieved April 14, 2010, from

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi

Online document
(PDF, Word,
PowerPoint etc)

Document has its own unique web address.

If the document has its own

web address use
Retrieved from address
If the document is only linked
from another page use
Available from and give the
address of the page it is linked
from.

Dyson, R. (2005) Drowning prevention strategy: Towards a water safe New

Zealand 2005-2015.Retrieved from http://www.acc.co.nz/PRD_EXT_CSMP
/groups/external_ip/documents/guide/wcm2_020949.pdf
Document linked from a web page.
Statistics New Zealand (n.d.) National accounts: Year ended March 2010 - GDP
breakdown Tables.Available from http://www.stats.govt.nz
/browse_for_stats/economic_indicators/NationalAccounts
/NationalAccounts_HOTPyeMar10.aspx

Blog Entry

Plait, P. (2010, April 13). 3D Apollo! [Blog post]. Retrieved from

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2010/04/13/3d-apollo

Online video

Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch
[Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs

e.g. YouTube

Entire Web site

APA 6th October 2011

Do not include in the reference list. Each page you use must have its own
individual reference entry.

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The Reference List

The reference list is placed on a new page under the heading References.
The reference list is double-spaced and listed in alphabetical order according to the first authors name.
Works by the same author(s) are listed in order by date of publication.
The second and later lines of each reference are indented by 5 characters.
Make sure that Word does not underline hyperlinks.
If a web address wraps accross 2 or more lines, break it before a punctuation mark such as ? / or #
Only items cited in text are included in the reference list. Works you have not identified in the text are
not included.
References

Ancrenaz, M., Dabek, L., & O'Neil, S. (2007). The costs of exclusion: Recognizing a role for local
communities in biodiversity conservation. PLoS Biology, 5(11), 2443-2448. doi:10.1371
/journal.pbio.0050289
Councillors narrowly reject no-smoke beach plan. (1999, July 5). New Zealand Herald, p. 2.
English, P. (1996, December 28). Anguish as moths escape spraying. New Zealand Herald, p. A1.
Hong-Van, T., Phanuphak, N., Ananworanich, J., Vatanparast, R., Jadwattanakul, T., Pharachetsakul, N.,
Phanuphak, P. (2010). Acceptability of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV among high-risk
heterosexual men in Thailand. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 37(6), 352-355.
Kaufman, C., Perlman, R., & Speciner, M. (1995). Network security: Private communication in a public
world. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kiwi. (2010, April 13). Retrieved April 14, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi
Owen, D. H., & Frey, B. F. (Eds.). (1995). Ergonomics tomorrow: Adapting the future: Proceedings of the
Sixth Conference of the New Zealand Ergonomics Society, Lincoln, 16-17 February 1995. Palmerston
North, New Zealand: New Zealand Ergonomics Society.
Ross, J. (2007). RECN 108 Professional Studies for Recreation Management reading resource book.
[Available from Lincoln University to enrolled students.]
Statistics New Zealand (n.d.) National accounts: Year ended March 2010 - GDP breakdown Tables.
Available from http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/economic_indicators/NationalAccounts
/NationalAccounts_HOTPyeMar10.aspx
Statistics New Zealand. (1998). Samoan people in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.

APA 6th October 2011

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Appendix 1: Citing and referencing Course materials

In all of the situations listed below if the material is copied from a journal article or book, reference it as a
journal article or book, as shown above.
Lecture notes and
comments by guest
speakers

If you are referring to notes you have made from a lecturers or guest
speakers spoken presentation, cite as a personal communication (no entry
in the reference list)
(J. Bowring, personal communication, October 3, 2009)

handouts

Handouts presented during lectures, tutorials and site visits are referenced as
an unpublished paper presented at a meeting
(Bowring, 2009) [in-text citation]
Bowring, J. (2009). Otahuna images in pictures. Paper presented at lecture
for LASC 316, Innovative Design, Lincoln University.
[reference list entry]

coursebook

Material written by the lecturer in a coursebook, is referenced as a

publication of limited circulation. Include the page number in the in-text
citation if present, otherwise the section heading
(Ross, 2009, pp. 23-45)
[in-text citation, page numbers]
(Ross, 2009, Outdoor Recreation, 4)
[in-text citation, section heading and paragraph]
Ross, J. (2009). RECN 110 Concepts in Sport and Recreation reading resource
book. [Available from Lincoln University to enrolled students.]
[reference list entry]

Learn@Lincoln

Material posted on the course Web site (Learn@Lincoln) by your lecturer, is

referenced as a publication of limited circulation
(Bowring, 2009)
[in-text citation]
Bowring, J. (2009). Lecture 4: Otahuna images in pictures [PowerPoint
slides]. [Available from Lincoln University myLincoln LASC 316 Web
site.] [reference list entry]

APA 6th October 2011

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Appendix 2: Quotes, paraphrasing, tables and images

Short Quotes
40 words or fewer

Place the quoted material in quotation marks and include the citation
immediately after the quote, include the page the quote is from.
Visible solar features symbolise conspicuous non-consumption (Thayer,
1979, p. 133) and are essential to rapid adoption of solar energy.

Long quotes

More than 40 words

Begin the quote on a new line and indent it. Place the citation at the end of
the quote, include the page(s) the quote is from. Do not use quote marks.
NCW is careful not to present its model as Utopian, identifying enduring
problems with great clarity:
Two themes emerged in the discussion of the problems professional
and grass roots women have in working together: the lack of equality of
respect in these working relationships, and the communication
problems which result from having different styles, backgrounds and
positions (Brown, 1987, p. 200).

Quotes containing
spelling mistakes and
other errors.

Because quotes must be copied exactly, you may mark errors in quotes with
[sic] to let the reader know there is an error in the original work.
"the hapless students in the study sttutttered [sic] unbearably."

All errors must be copied

exactly without correction.

Graphs, figures and

images

If you are copying a graph or figure, provide the author, date and page
number as for a quote, but with the word From before the author.

When publishing copied

graphs or images you need
written permission from the
copyright holder.

Table 1. Youth Unemployment Rates (From Smith, 1999, p. 37).

Paraphrasing

You must acknowledge all paraphrased information with an in-text reference.

This is when you use

information from a source but
do not quote it directly. (also
called re-wording or indirect
quotes).

If you have included the authors name as part of the sentence, only the date
is included in brackets, immediately after the authors name.
Arthur (1997) proposed a quantitative model with timber production
variables.
If you refer to the same source several times within one paragraph, you can
omit the date in the second and later references so long as there could be no
confusion with other studies you have cited.
The differences between the scales are significant (Kuenapas, 1981).
According to Kuenapas, the use of
If the source relates to only one part of the sentence, place the citation at the
end of that section. You can have several citations in one sentence.
Alcohol abuse is linked to genetic factors (Smith, 1991) as well as to
environmental factors (Dwyer, 1992).

APA 6th October 2011

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