ABSTRACT

Three types of digital modulation techniques, namely Amplitude shift keying (ASK), Frequency
shift keying (FSK) and phase shift keying (FSK) are observed and investigated in this experiment. ASK,FSK
and M-PSK modulated signals are produced using MATLAB software and Simulink. The coding for
MATLAB are troubleshoot from the questions given to produce modulated signals. For ASK, FSK and PSK
amplitude, frequency and phase of carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 and 0 respectively.

INTRODUCTION
Modulation is one of a technique of converting digital data to an analog signal. Analog signal takes a
discrete number of signal level. Discrete analog signals operate with a discrete number of levels like
digital signals. Discrete modulation technique begins with simple modulation technique(shift keying) and
ends with more complex techniques used for systems (quadrature amplitude modulation).
The simplest modulation technique is amplitude shift keying. ASK imparts to a sinusoid two or more
discrete amplitude level. By modulating a high-frequency sinusoid or carrier, a spectrum of a signal can
be shifted to a higher frequency range. s(t)=A cos 2 for binary =1 and s(t)=0 for binary=0. A data
value 1 (higher amplitude) and a data value 0 (lower amplitude) represented by two different
amplitudes of a signal as shown in figure 1. During each period, amplitude of the signal is constant. The
amplitude levels can also be represented in 2 bits (Figure 2). Every time amplitude changes, 2 bits are
transmitted. It is more efficient than one that require two signal changes every bit. ASK is susceptible to
sudden noise impulses. The signal will experience significant increase in amplitude. Hence, ASK is least
efficient in systems that require high transmission rate.

A cos(2f ct ), binary 1
s(t )
binary 0
0,

Frequency shift keying (FSK) uses two different frequency ranges to represent data values of 0
and 1 as in figure. The lower frequency might represent a 1 and the higher frequency might represent a
0. The frequency of signal is controlled by baseband signal. FSK does not affected by noise impulses.
However, it is subjected to intermodulation distortion which will create new frequencies when the
frequencies of two or more signals mix together.

A cos(2f1t ), binary 1
s (t )
A cos(2f 2t ), binary 0
Phase shift keying is the third modulation technique. It represents 0s and 1s by different
changes in the phase of a waveform. A 0 cannot be a phase change , while a 1 can be phase change of
180 degrees. It does not affected by amplitude changes or intermodulation distortion. PSK can be used
at a high frequency. PSK is accurate that the signal transmitter can increase efficiency by introducing
multiple phase shift angle.

binary 1
A cos(2f c t ),
s (t )
A cos(2f c t ), binary 0
binary 1
A cos(2f c t ),

A cos(2f c t ), binary 0
Ad (t ) cos(2f c t ),

d (t ) 1

In MPSK, the data bits to be modulated is grouped into symbols 2 M bits and take m possible
values 0,1,..,m-1. The modulator shifts the carrier to one m possible values of the input symbol during
each interval.

Results
TASK 1

Matlab program for ASK modulated signal before troubleshoot

%b is the input binary bit stream

%f is the frequency of the carrier
n= length(b); %determine the length of bit stream
t=0:0.01: n-0.01; %time axis
for i=1:n
bw(((i-1)*100+1:i*100)=b(i); %loop
end
carrier= cos(2*pi*f*t); %carrier signal
modulated = bw.*carrier; %modulated signal

Matlab program for ASK modulated signal after troubleshooting:

Enter binary bit stream=[1 -1 1 -1 1]

Enter carrier frequency=0.8 Hz

Enter binary bit stream= [1 -1 1 -1 1]

Enter carrier frequency=10Hz

Discussions:
In ASK modulation, the amplitude of carrier is varied to create signal elements. In this lab, the input
of binary bit stream is entered by users. In this case the input is [1 -1 1 -1]. This is because as in the
question wants the graph to be plotted for amplitude of binary code A=1V and A=-1V. In ASK, the
amplitude of carrier assumes one of the two amplitudes dependent on the logic stream of the input bit
stream. When the message signal is 1 or high, the modulated signal will show and high frequency, but
when message signal is 0 or low, the modulated signal will still remain at zero.Next, when
troubleshooting, a change is made that the value of x is added so that, x = 1:1:(n+1)*100.
This is to complete the formula for binary bit stream in the y-axis which is incomplete in this coding.
Hence the formula declared in the loop is bw(x(i*100:(i+1)*100)) = b(i). So it will loop to get the signal
value for ASK. The output graphs show that the first waveform is a message which initiates the second
waveform is an ASK signal. The third waveform is modulated signal. In this lab, two values carrier
frequencies are entered to compare the outputs waveforms of different values. The first carrier
frequency entered is 0.9 Hz. Digital signal is transmitted, modulates a carrier signal and varies its
amplitude in such a way as to make it coincide with the logical 1 and the logical 0, two different
amplitudes of the carrier. When the carrier frequency is change to a bigger value, which is 10 Hz. The
value of carrier frequency is higher than the amplitude of modulating signal. The modulation index,
m>1. Hence, overmodulation occur which in turns causing distortion. Both frequency and phase remains
constant while amplitude changes. The bandwidth required is two times the highest frequency content
including any harmonics for binary pulse modulating signals.

Conclusions
ASK is generated using matlab program. The most important characteristic of ASK signal is that the
two binary values, 1 and 0 are represented by two different amplitudes of the carrier frequency. When
changes from 1 to 0, the amplitude of modulated frequency also changes. In matlab, if the input carrier
frequency is high, modulation index,m will be greater than 1. Then distortion occurs.The source signals
are generally referred to as baseband signals. It sends analogue and digital signals directly over a
medium. The low-frequency signal is often frequency-translated to a higher frequency range for
efficient transmission. . The three basic ways of modulating a sine wave carrier for binary digital
modulation, are called binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK), binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) and
binary phaseshift keying (BPSK). Modulation also leads to the possibility of frequency multiplexing. ASK
is more susceptible to noise and inefficient to use for modulation technique. Instead, it is used typically
used only up to 1200 bps for voice-grade lines.The ASK technique is used to transmit digital data over

optical fiber, where one signal element is represented by a light pulse while the other signal element is
represented by the absence of light.

TASK 2
Frequency shift keying (FSK)

Enter binary bit stream to [1 0 1 0 1]

Enter carrier frequency = 0.8 Hz

Enter binary bit stream [1 0 1 0 1]

Enter carrier frequency=10 Hz

Discussions:
In FSK, frequency of carrier signal is varied to represent binary signal 1 or 0. A frequency shift keyed
transmitter has its frequency shifted by the message. In this lab, the input of binary bit stream is entered
by users. In this case the input is [1 0 1 0 1]. In FSK, two frequencies are transmitted which is one
corresponding to binary 1(mark) and another one is 0 (space). In this lab, two values of carrier frequencies
are entered. Frequency is shifted while amplitude and phase remains constant in each bit interval. The
first value is 0.8Hz. The results of modulated signal shows that the frequency is shifted when data is
transfer from binary signal 1 to 0. There is difference in frequency in the modulated signal when going
from 1 to 0.The two possible carriers with different frequencies that are coupled to logical binary
values 1 and 0 .When the frequency of carrier entered is 10Hz, it can be seen that there is distortion or
noise presence in carrier signal 1 and carrier signal 2. The modulation index, m>1. Hence, overmodulation
occur which in turns causing distortion. However it still can be seen that at modulated signal there is
difference in frequency in the modulated signal when going from 1 to 0.

Conclusions:
Matlab code obtained for ASK modulated signal can be altered to produce Matlab code for FSK
signal. Higgher frequency of carrier will produce distortion and noise, however the FSK modulated signal
is still can be seen when it is shifted from 1 to 0. The most common form of FSK is binary FSK (BFSK), in
which the two binary values are represented by two different frequencies near the carrier frequency.
There are three common form of FSK, that is Binary Frequency Shift Keying, BFSK, Multiple Frequency
Shift Keying, BFSK. BFSK literally implies using a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and
1s) information. With this scheme, the "1" is called the mark frequency and the "0" is called the space
frequency.
BFSK is less susceptible to error than ASK. On voice-grade lines, it is typically used up to 1200
bps. It is also commonly used for high-frequency (3 to 30 MHz) radio transmission, also be used at even
higher frequencies on local area networks that use coaxial cable.

TASK 3
M-PSK
Simulink Block Diagram:

Graph Results:

i)Noise

ii)

Results After Troubleshooting:

Changes that have been made
i)Change Bernoulli Binary Generator to Random Integer Generator
Change sample time to 1e-7

ii)AWGN Channel
Change symbol period to
Symbol period=log2(M)*1e-7

iii)Error Rate Calculation

Change maximum number of symbols=1e8

Simulink block diagram:

Graph Results:

Discussions
PSK is a modulation where there is only one carrier so that two numerical values 1 and 0 are
coupled to two different phases of the same frequency 0 and 180 respectively. In this lab, the Simulink
is triggered to produce a 8-PSK modulator. When troubleshooting, the Bernoulli Binary Generator is
changed to Random Integer Generator. Also the value of sample time is changed to 1e-7. The reasons
Random Integer Generator is used instead of Bernoulli Binary Generator is because it generates random
integers in the range [0, M-1], where M is the M-ary number defined in the dialog box. As in this lab, 8ary is need to be generated. Meanwhile, Bernoulli Binary Generator only can generate m binary
numbers using a Bernoulli distribution. That is why before we troubleshoot, the results is only 2-PSK
instead of 8-PSK. This is generally because it could not produce other than m-binary numbers. Next the
sample time is changed to 1e-7 because a smaller sample time can produce a more precise result. This is
also the same as in AWGN Channel and Error Rate Calculation where the sample time/ maximum
number of symbols is changed.
The output at discrete time plot shows a 8 plotted M-PSK. This plot refers as 8 phase. The
phase start with 0 degree, and it changes every 45 degree. M-ary number refers to the 8-PSK. In PSK,
the phase of the carrier is shifted to represent data. It use two phase (0 and 180) to represent the two
binary digits. When M=8, so the output of binary bit is equal to 3 bit. This 3 bit encoded, formatting
titbits and producing 3 different output phase. The data next to the scatter plot is Gaussian Noise that
presents to process zero mean and single-side power density spectral.

Conclusions:

Using Simulink can create a Phase Shift Keying modulation. In PSK, the phase of the carrier signal
is shifted to represent data. M-PSK where M=8 is popular on straight-forward extension of QPSK. 8=2^3.
Hence,3 bits fit into every symbol. If M>8, the distance between constellation point is small and Eb/No
ratio has to become larger to attain target BER. The mapping from the data bits arbitrary but generally
some data bits are used. In M-PSK constellation, every constellation point is always has two neighbors
with equal probabilities of an error to either neighbor. BER is for every symbol error there is one bit
error assumed but there are 4 bits per symbol. In PSK, the demodulator must be able to determine the
phase of received sinusoid with respect to some reference phase. PSK is less susceptible to errors than
ASK, while it requires the same bandwidths as ASK. Besides, it is more efficient to use bandwidth which
is a high data rate. One of the disadvantages of PSK includes it is more complex signal detection or
recovery process than ASK and FSK.

References:

1) B.P. Lathi : Modern Digital and Analog Communication, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998
2) Wayne Tomasi : Electronics Communications System, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2004
3) Blake: Electronics Communications System 2nd Edition, CENGAGE Learning, Delmar, 2002
4) N Vlajic: www.cse.yorku.ca/course...11/.../CSE3213_07_ShiftKeying_F2010.pdf ,
ASK,FSK,PSK,QAM, Fall 2010.

5) Harjot Kaur: www.iject.org/vol2issue3/2/harjot.pdf Comparative Performance Analysis of M-ary

PSK Modulation Schemes using Simulink, September 2011