Digital Systems & Labs

Course overview

KAIST

maeng@kaist ac kr
maeng@kaist.ac.kr

Syllabus
y
Instructors:
Seungryoul Maeng
Office : Room 4403
E-mail :maeng@kaist.ac.kr
g@
Office Hours: Mo/We 13:00 14:00 or by appointment

C
Course
H
Home page
http://camars.kaist.ac.kr/~maeng/cs211/digital09.htm

Class meets
Mo/We 11:00 12:15

Lab schedule
TBD

TAs
Hyotaek Sim(),
Sim() Jinho Seol(),
Seol()

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

Syllabus
y
(contd)
(
)
Course Text
Brown & Vranesic, Fundamentals of digital logic with VHDL
design, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill, 2009.
Handouts for Lab.

What will we learn?

Fundamental concepts of digital systems at all levels
More practical aspects of digital system design
VHDL design,
g , CAD tools
Implementation of digital systems
Programmable logic device such as FPGA
Hands-on experiments
CAD tools and Programmable Logic Devices

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

Design
g methodologies
g
Schematic drawing by hand or
Tools (logic design)

Design conception
DESIGN ENTRY
Schematic capture

VHDL
Synthesis
F
Functional
ti
l simulation
i l ti

No

Design correct?
Yes
Physical design

Simulation and verifying

(separate)

CAD Tools

Timing simulation
No

Timing requirements met?

Chip configuration

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

Experimental
p
Environment
Design conception

DESIGN ENTRY
Schematic capture

VHDL

Synthesis

Functional simulation

No

Design correct?
Yes

Physical
y
design
g

Timing simulation

No

Ti i requirements
Timing
i
t met?
t?

Chip configuration

Breadboard and discrete components

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

CAD tools and Programmable logics

5

Syllabus
y
(contd)
(
)
Lab Outline (Tentative)

VHDL, Quartus Simulation

S it h LED,
Switch,
LED 7
7-Seg
S
control
t l programs
BCD add/sub Design
Multiplier, lpm_mult
lpm mult Design
Register, Counter Design and Implementation
3-digit BCD Counter Implementation
Latch, Flip-flop, Counter Implementation
8 FSM Design and Implementation
RAM Design and Implementation using LPM

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

Syllabus
y
(contd)
(
)
BBS
Course BBS : home page

Course Grading (Tentative)

Labs : 30%
E
Exams(2)
(2) : 20% each
h
HW, Reading Assignments & Class attendance : 30%
Cheating and Copying of solutions : F
Lazy HW submission may lose points or may not be graded

Attend all lectures

To encourage these college study habits,

I may give a few simple quizzes at any time during lecture

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

Syllabus
y
(contd)
(
)
Reading Assignments are important!
Must submit a chapter summary report before coming to
lecture on that chapter
Submit a report on Chapter 2 by Feb 9 (Mon)
No class on Wed(2/4)
y report
p
Summary
More than 3-page summary
If you have questions, write down them at the end of
the report
epo t
You can download the slide files before lectures
You can download the previous examinations (sorry, only
in Korean)

Questions?

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

Chapter 1
Design Concepts

KAIST

maeng@kaist ac kr
maeng@kaist.ac.kr

Chapter
p
Objectives
j
Digital Hardware Components
IC Technology
Design Process for Digital Hardware

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

10

What is digital
g
hardware?
Physical devices that carry a digital value
digital value: digits of information
information, discrete values
binary: a physical quantity that can be interpreted as a 0 or 1
voltage <0.5V is a 0 and >2.8V is a 1
orientation
i
i
off magnetization
i
i
: 0
or 1

direction of current flow : 0 or 1

Primitive digital hardware devices

logic computation devices
logic: the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference
and demonstration
both 1 make another be 1 (AND)
at least one of two 1 make another be 0 (OR)
( )
Memory devices
store a value
recall a value previously stored

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

11

Logic computation:
abstract vs.
vs implementation
Up to now, computation a mental exercise
paper, programs,

Basic units of computation

representation: 0, 1 on a wire
assignment:
x=y
data operation: x+y-1,
x+y-1 x and y
y,
control:
sequential, conditionals, loops, procedures

Now in this class

physical implementation using physical devices that use
voltages to represent logical values

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

12

Switches: basic element of physical

implementations

x =0

x =1

(a) Two states

off a switch
it h

Battery

Light

(a) Simple connection to a battery

x
(b) Symbol for a switch

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

Output
O t t
State of the light : L =1 if the light is
on, L=0 (off)
The state of the light can be
described as a function of
the input variable x
L(x) = x : logic function
13

Basic two functions

Power
supply

x1

x2

Light

L(x1,x2) = x1 x2 or (x1 x x2 )
where L=1 if x1 = 1 and x2=1,
L=0
0o
otherwise

(a) The logical AND function (series connection)

S
x1
Power
supply

Light

L(x1,xx2) = x1 + x2
where L=0 if x1 = x2=0,
L=1 otherwise

x2
(b) The logical OR function (parallel connection)

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

14

Transistor Networks
Relays (switches) are not used much anymore
Relays a simple way to implement switches
electro-mechanical

Modern digital systems

Transistors CMOS technology
MOS Metal-Oxide on Semiconductor

MOS transistors act as voltage-controlled switches

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

15

NMOS transistor as a switch

Transistors: Voltage controlled switches
x = "low"

x = "high"

(a) A simple switch controlled by the input x

Gate
Source

Drain
Substrate (Body)
(b) NMOS transistor

VG
VS

VD

(c) Simplified symbol for an NMOS transistor

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

16

Chapter
p
Objectives
j
Digital Hardware Components
IC Technology
Design Process for Digital Hardware

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

17

Hardware implementation
p
technology
gy
Technology used to build digital hardware
Until 1960s : transistors and resistors individual parts
Advent of IC
1970 : microprocessor
i
on a single
i l chip
hi

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

18

A silicon wafer ((courtesyy of Altera Corp.).

p)

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

19

Moores Law
Moores Law
Chip density doubling the number of transistors on a
chip every 1.5 to 2 years

A sample
p of the International Technology
gy Roadmap
p
for Semiconductors
Year
2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

Technology
feature size

78nm

68nm

59nm

52nm

45nm

36nm

Transistors
per cm2

283 M

357 M

449 M

566 M

714 M

1,133M

Transistors
per chip

2,430 M

3,061 M

3,857 M

4,859 M

6,122 M

9,718 M

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

20

Transistor Count Growth Rate

Core 2 Duo
291 M in 2006

100,000,000

Trans
sistors

10,000,000

R10000
Pentium

Intel Core i7
45nm, 781 M in 2008

Pentium 4
55M
In 2002

1,000,000
i80386
R3000
R2000

i80286

100,000

80486
1.18M
I 1989
In

i8086

10 000
10,000
i8080
i8008
i4004

1,000
1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

100 million transistors on chip by early 1990s A.D.

Itanium 2
(1.5GHz)
221M
In 2003

Transistor count grows much faster than clock rate

- 40% per year, order of magnitude more contribution in 2 decades

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

21

Types
yp of Chips
p
Standard chips
7400, 7408, etc.

Programmable Logic Devices

Programmable logic devices (PLDs)
Field-programmable gate array (FPGA)
Group of 8 logic cells

Memory block

Interconnection
wires

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

22

Types
yp of Chips
p ((contd))
Custom-Designed Chips
Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs)
Custom
Semi-custom
S
i
t
Gate array
Standard Cell
Structured ASIC

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

23

Chapter
p
Objectives
j
Digital Hardware Components
IC Technology
Design Process for Digital Hardware

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

24

What is logic
g design?
g
Design
given a specification of a problem
come up with a way of solving it
choosing
h
i
appropriately
i t l from
f
a collection
ll ti
off available
il bl
components
meeting
g some criteria for size,, cost,, power,
p
, etc.

Logic design
determining the collection of digital logic components to
perform specified functions
which logic components to choose
many implementation technologies
Design
g may
y need to be optimized
p

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

25

Application
pp
of logic
g design
g
Computer system
CPU, Register files, Busses, Peripherals

Embedded products
phones, cars, toys, appliances, etc.

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

26

What is happening now in digital

design?
Big change in the hardware design over the last
decade (mainly due to VLSI technologies)
larger designs VLSI
shorter
h t time
ti
to
t market
k t
cheaper products

design method

CAD tools over hand methods

Automatic synthesis techniques
Programmable rather than fixed function components
Higher levels of integration
Use of simulation to debug designs

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

27

Development
p
Process

Basic Design
g Loop
p
CAD Tools

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

28

Modern Electronic System

y
Design
g
Computer-Aided Design and Synthesis tools
map more abstract representation to more physical
representation

High Level
Languages
(VHDL,
Verilog)

Behavioral
Synthesis

Boolean Function
Description (ABEL)

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

Boolean
Equations

Logic
g
Synthesis

Schematics

Gate
Libraries

29

Representation
p
of digital
g
designs
g
Hierarchical abstraction levels

Physical devices (MOS transistors)

Switches
T th tables
Truth
t bl
Boolean algebra
Gates
Waveforms
Finite state behavior
RTL behavior
Concurrent abstraction specification

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

30

Theory
y and Practice
CAD tools
CAD tools perform many tasks automatically
Why should one study the theory that is no longer needed
when we use CAD tools?

Why not simply learn how to use the CAD tools?

Th
The d
designer
i
h
has tto give
i th
the original
i i l description
d
i ti
off the
th
logic circuit for good quality
Not possible to understand what the tools do without
grasping the underlying theory
To choose many optional processing steps

Tools can produce good digital HW design

A designer thoroughly understands the nature of
logic circuits

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

31

What is the scope

p of this class?
Structure of a computer

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

32

PCB ((Printed Circuit Board))

2004
2009Spring
CS211 Digital(jinsoo@cs.kaist.ac.kr)
Systems & Lab

33