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HARMONICS AND FILTERS

UNIT 4

Book Referred by :
1. HVDC Power Transmission by K.R Padiyar

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INTRODUCTION
HVDC converters introduce both AC and DC harmonics which are injected into the AC
system .
There are several problems associated with the injection of harmonics are listed below:
Telephone interference
Extra power losses and consequent heating in machines & capacitors connected in the S/Y
Overvoltage's due to resonances
Instability of converter controls, primarily with Individual Phase Control (IPC) scheme of
firing pulse generation
Interference with ripple control systems used in load management
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GENERATION OF HARMONICS
Characteristics Harmonics

Non Characteristics Harmonics

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CHARACTERISTICS HARMONICS
The characteristic harmonics are harmonics which are always present even under
ideal operation - balanced AC voltages, symmetric three phase network and
equidistant pulses.
In the converter, the DC current is assumed to be constant.
In this case, there are Harmonics in AC current of the order
= 1 -------------------------- (1)
Where, p is the pulse number
n is any integer

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There are Harmonics in converter DC voltage of the order

= -------------------------- (2)
When reactor smoothing is used then harmonics in the dc current also of the order
given by equation 2

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CALCULATION OF CHARACTERISTICS AC HARMONICS

Consider a 12 pulse converter
From fig, Neglect over lap, waveform for 1 and 2 are shown
For convenience, the ordinate axis is chosen that the waveform have even
symmetry [ = 0]
The waveform has half wave symmetry so that even harmonics are zero
Hence we can express 1 ,

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we can express current 2 ,

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So the magnitude of the characteristics harmonics are shown below

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DC VOLTAGE HARMONICS
From the Fourier series analysis of DC voltage waveform, We can obtain

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NON CHARACTERISTICS HARMONICS

The harmonics of the order other than the characteristic harmonics are termed as
non-characteristic.
These are due to
(i) Imbalance in the operation of two bridges forming a 12 pulse converter
(ii) Firing angle errors
(iii) Unbalance and distortion in AC voltages and
(iv) unequal transformer leakage impedances.

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The harmonics produced due to the first cause are termed as residual harmonics.
These mainly due to the difference in the firing angles in the two bridges which
lead to unequal cancellation of the harmonics of order 5. 7, 17, 19, etc.
The unequal leakage impedances of the two converter transformers feeding the
two bridges also lead to residual harmonics.
The last three causes can lead to the generation of triplen and even harmonics and
their analysis is complex

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Effect of Firing Angle Errors

It is convenient to neglect overlap in the analysis.
The errors in the ring angles can be due to nature of the control system.
The equidistant pulse control scheme ideally, has inherent errors except due to the
jitter.
To study the effect of firing angle errors, we will simplify the analysis by
considering a single Graetz bridge fed from a star/star connected transformer,
We consider the error as the delay in the firing of valve j from the instant
corresponding to the desired value of the ring angle

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There is no loss of generality in assuming the firing error for valve 1 is zero as the
analysis
applies to steady state conditions, where it is assumed that the waveform is
periodic with the
Fundamental frequency of . Thus, there are five independent parameters 2, 3,
4. 5, and 6
To illustrate the analysis. we will consider an example with following data:
3 = 5 = 0,
2 = 4 = 6 =
The waveform of the phase similar to the waveform of 1 ,to analyze the waveform
consider the sum of two waveform and the other represents the effect of firing errors
= + ()
= + ()
= + ()
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By Neglecting Firing angle errors. For the delta given the waveform of , and

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Effect of unbalanced voltages

The presence of the negative sequence component in the AC voltage shifts the
zero crossing of the commutation voltages
With individual phase control (IPC) system. this introduces firing angle
dissymmetry and results in non-characteristic harmonics.
With a 5% negative sequence voltage, the third harmonic current generated can be
as large as 5% of the fundamental component.

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DESIGN OF AC FILTERS
Criteria of Design
The major design objective of AC filters is to reduce the telephone interference.
This can be measured by any of the following performance indices.
Harmonic Distortion
This can be measured in two ways:

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, 1 = Harmonics Current injected

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The second derivation is

In some cases Harmonics distortion can be defined individual for the single harmonic as

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TELEPHONE INFLUENCE FACTOR

This is an index of possible telephone interference and is defined as

Where
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is the C message weighting used by Bell

Telephone Systems (BTS) and Edison
Electric Institute (EEI) in USA. The
weighting reflects the frequency depends
sensitivity of the human ear and has a
maximum value 1.0 at the frequency of
1000Hz

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Telephone Harmonic Form Factor(THFF)

This is analogous to TIF except that

Where is the psophometric weight at the harmonic order n, as defined as the

cumulative commission on telephone and telegraph system(CCITT)
While TIF is used in USA ,THFF is popular in Europe.
The maximum values of =1.0 at the frequency of 800Hz.

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IT product
In BTS-EEI system, there is another index called IT product and is defined by

( )2 ]1/2

= [

=1

KIT Product is defined as

= 100

Although there are no specific standards in the performance requirements the

suggested values of the above mentioned indices are
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TYPES OF FILTER
The are basically two types of filter used.
They are
Passive Filter
Damped filters Low Q Filters

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Tuned filters High Q Filters

Active Filter

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Resonant frequency
=

Reactance of the Inductor or capacitor at the resonant frequency

1
= =
=

The reactance of the inductor or capacitor at the resonance frequency.

Note that both filter become identical when R = G = 0. In this case the impedance
of the filter is purely reactive becomes zero at = ,.. where . is the order of
the harmonic for which the filter is designed.

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We express the sharpness of tuning in terms of the quality factor (Q)

defined as,
0
=

1
=
for the Damped filter
0
Note that G is the conductance of the resistor in parallel with the
inductor do the damped resistor

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Impedance of single tuned filter

The impedance ( ) of the single tuned filter

at the harmonic order h is given by

Where is the fundamental frequency of which

can vary with the power system operating
conditions.
A tuned is designed to filter a single harmonics.
If = , then obviously
0
= =
.

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It is necessary to compute the impedance of the tuned filter as a

function of the detuning parameter (del) defined by,

Considering variations in the frequency (/), inductance (L) and

capacitance (C), we can express as

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It is to be noted that can be treated as the error in setting the value of L.

The variation in C can be due to
error in the initial setting of C and
the variation in C due to the temperature dependence of the dieiectric constant.

We can express ,

The quantity of inside the brackets in the RHS of ,

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From the above derived value RHS is equal to 2. Thus, We can finally derive

= + 0 2
= 0 (() + 2)
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IMPEDANCE OF DAMPED FILTER

The impedance in a damped filter is not critical, hence we will ignore

the effects variations in the system frequency ,impedance and
capacitance.

We can express the impedance of the filter as,

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The variation in the (normalized) magnitude of the damped filter

as the function of
for three different values of the quality factor Q It
is observed impedance remains practically constant at higher
frequencies.

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Design of Single tuned filter

Single tuned filter are designed to filter out
characteristics harmonics of single frequency
The harmonics current in filter are given by
| |
=
| + |
The harmonics voltages are given by

= =
=
| + | | |

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Basic objective in designing the filter is to select the filter admittance in order to
minimize voltage in the harmonics.
They are two possible representation of system impedance in the complex plane.
Impedance angle is limited.
Impedance is limited both in angle and impedance

The impedance is assumed to lie in the region shown in which R1 and R2 and
Obtained in the system characteristics.

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cot 2
=
2

1 + cos
=
2 sin

The corresponding Harmonics voltage is

=
| + |
4 0
=
1 + cos
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Minimum Cost Tuned filter

The cost of the reactor and the capacitor which make up the tuned
filter are dependent on their respective ratings.
The rating of the capacitor is given by
2
2
= (1 + )1
The rating of the reactor is given by
= 1 2 + 2 1
Where

= 2
1

1 =
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2
2 1

1
0
1

; =
; = 0

 The reactive power generated by the filter branch at the frequency is

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1 2
= 1 1 = 2
1 0
Eliminating 0 in the above equation and sub in the , equation we get
The cost of filter is

1
= +

Where A and B are the Constants.

When cost of filter is minimum ,so reactive power supply by the filter is at an
optimum value

=
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Design of High Pass Filter

For Harmonics frequencies of order equal to or higher than 17, a
common second order high pass filter is usually provided.
By defining the following parameters
0 1 = 1
0 =

= 0
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 The following values can be chosen

0.5 < < 2
0 2
Where is the smallest value of h to be handled by the filter.

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The filter impedance is given by

2

0
0 [ + 0 . ( 2 1
]

=
0 2
1+(
)
If Filtering is improved If Q1

increase So choose 0 is high Its

The reactive power supplied by the filter is
advantage then six pulse

=
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0
0 2 1

1 2
.( )
0

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Protection of Filters
The filter is exposed to an overvoltage during switching in and the magnitude.
The overvoltage is a function of the short circuit ratio (higher with low values of
SCR) and the saturation characteristics of the converter transformer.
During switching in, the filter current (at lter frequencies) can have magnitudes
ranging from 20 to 100 times the harmonic current in normal (steady-state)
operation.
The lower values are for tuned filters and higher values are applicable to high
pass llers.

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These overcurrent must be taken into consideration in the mechanical design of

reactor coils.
When filters are disconnected, their capacitor remain charged to the voltage at the
instant of switching.
If the network frequency deviates from the nominal value, higher currents and
losses will result in AC filters. li they exceed the limits, the filters have to be
disconnected.

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DC FILTERS
The harmonics in the DC voltage across the converter contain both characteristic and
non-characteristic orders.
These harmonics result in current harmonies in DC lines and cause noise in telephone
circuits.
The harmonic current generated in the line can be computed from the knowledge of
harmonic voltage sources at the converters, smoothing reactor, DC lter and line
parameters.
The effectiveness of the DC filter is judged by one of the following criteria:
1. Maximum voltage TIF on DC high voltage bus
2. Maximum induced noise voltage (INV) in milli voltsfkm in a parallel test line
one kilometer away from the HVDC line
3. Maximum permissible noise to ground in telephone lines close to HVDC lines.
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The second criterion is widely used and involves

the computation of harmonic currents and the
mutual impedance which depends upon factors
such as
Earth resistivity
Mono polar or bipolar operation
Grounder metallic returns.
Typically INV of 18-20 m\/[km for mono polar
operation is allowed.
The DC filters are also of single or double tuned
type to filter out 6th and 12th harmonics and a high
pass filter for higher order harmonics.
Computer Programmers are generally used in
evaluating the performance of filters and
dimensioning them.

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CARRIER FREQUENCY AND RI NOISE

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CARRIER FREQUENCY AND RI NOISE

HVDC converter stations can produce high levels of electrical noise in the Carrier
frequency band from 20 KHz to 490 KHZ.
They also generate radio interference noise in the mega Hertz range of
frequencies.
However, converters are usually located in buildings which are effectively
shielded against electromagnetic radiation.
PLC- RI filter can be reduced and minimized the impact of noise and elimination
of interference with power line carrier communication
The attenuation requirements of the filters must above the curve shown below

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