Survey MST

The Grand Egyptian Museum GEMIII
COMMENT REPLY SHEET

TITLE:
Survey Method Statement
PMC NO:
1082-CN-GN-CT-MST-984101-033
Revision:
JVBO NO:
GEMIII-XX-XX-XX-BO-MST-XX-984101
Revision:
No.
1.
PMC Comments
PMC, SCA, BOJV meeting on Monday 4th March 2013:
As per section 2.1.3 of the Minutes of Meeting, to
resubmit the Survey Method statement updating the
Survey Log Section.
JV Besix-Orascom Reply
Done. RevD of the method
statement attached.
Remarks
The Egyptian Ministry of Culture

Supreme Council of Antiquities
The Grand Egyptian Museum
Document Type and Document Title

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SURVEY METHOD
STATEMENT
Approved
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Abbreviations and Definitions ..................................................................................3
2. COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND LOCAL GRIDS.............................................................. 4
2.1 Egyptian Transverse Mercator (ETM) ......................................................................4
2.2 From ETM to GEM Site Control Grid .......................................................................5
2.3 GEM Radial and Chronological Grids into Site Control Grid ....................................6
3. SURVEY METHODOLOGY........................................................................................... 11
3.1. Primary Control Network.......................................................................................12
3.1.1. Horizontal Datum...15
3.1.2. Vertical Datum17
3.1.3
Least Squares Network Adjustment...17
3.2. Setting Out Surveys .............................................................................................18

3.3. 3D As-built survey ................................................................................................20
3.4. Survey Log..20
3.4.1. Description......20
3.4.2. Availability...22
4. SURVEY MANPOWER AND EQUIPMENT RESOURCES......................................... ...24
4.1. Survey Personnel ................................................................................................. 24
4.1.1. Survey Manager....24
4.1.2. Senior Surveyor....24
4.1.3. Surveyors...25
4.1.4. Assistant - Trainee Surveyors....25
4.1.5. Chainman...25
4.2. PLANT AND EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................26
4.2.1. Total Stations.....26
4.2.2. Leveling Equipment..27
4.2.3. GNSS Receivers...28


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1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this document is to outline the methods by which survey activities will be
conducted on the GEM project. The main body of this method statement concerns the
establishment of the Primary Control Network, on which all future survey works will be based.
1.1 Abbreviations and Definitions
ETM
Egyptian Transverse Mercator
DWG, DGN, DXF
Electronic Drawing Formats
DGPS
Differential Global Positioning
GPS
Global Positioning Systems
GLONASS
Russian Navigational Satellite Constellation
GNSS
Global Navigational Satellite Systems (incl. GPS &

GLONASS)
RO
Reference Object
RTK
Real Time Kinematic
WGS84
World Geodetic System 1984


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2. COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND LOCAL GRIDS

It is standard practice to establish a local coordinate or grid system for construction
projects. In particular, projects where the construction phase spans a number of years.
Even where initial control and surveys have been carried out in the national coordinate
system, that system will be fixed to the site in question for the duration of the
construction. The resultant control, although it appears to be a national coordinate
system, is essentially a local coordinate system where scale is maintained and the
stability is ensured by the construction of permanent control points.
2.1. Egyptian Transverse Mercator (ETM)

The initial control issued by the client appears to have been established within the national
ETM coordinate system, below.


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RED BELT
HELMERT 1907
Semi-major axis
a = 6378200.000 m
Semi-minor axis
b = 6356818.168 m
Inverse flattening
1/f = 298.300
Projection
MERCATOR TRANSVERSE
Meridian of origin
GREENWICH
False Easting
E = 615000 m
False Northing
N = 810000 m
Meridian
WDO
EGYPTIAN TRANSVERSE MERCATOR,
Ellipsoid
Longitude of Central
31 East
Latitude of Origin
30 North
Scale Factor
2.2. From ETM to GEM Site Control Grid

Preliminary checks on the clients control have already been carried out and two reliable
control points M2 and M18 have been identified. These two points will form the baseline from
which the control will be extended to cover the entire GEM site.
A network of GNSS baselines will be observed and computed using Trimble Business Centre


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2. In addition suitable transformation or projection parameters will be computed. These

parameters will then define the geodetic component of the control system. The same
parameters will facilitate the transformation of GNSS observations to site control coordinates.
A suitable primary pillar will be adopted to become the GNSS base station from where
differential corrections will be broadcast to the site to introduce the RTK component and
accuracy to the GNSS rovers on site.
In addition to the GNSS static observations terrestrial observations of angles and distances
will be added to further enhance the networks accuracy and to introduce ground scale.
Heights will be also observed with double precise levelling runs. The resultant observations
will all be entered and simultaneously computed in a least squares adjustment of the control
network. The resultant computed control system will then become the GEM Site Control Grid.
The site control grid will be computed in ETM coordinates, but will essentially become a local
site coordinate system which will be fixed for the duration of the project. All surveying and
setting out will be conducted in the GEM Site Control Grid.
2.3. GEM Radial and Chronological Grids into Site Control Grid
GEM architecture is based on vanishing lines A.b and G.b and intersecting at Plan Grid Origin
(0,0,0) GEM, Figure 1 below. The architectural elements of the project are designed following
this radial configuration, as well as the Chronological Grid. This mixture of grids has huge
potential to confuse the setting out works and therefore it will be simpler to consider all
elements in terms of the GEM Site Control Grid. To this end all working drawings will be made
in the GEM Site Control Grid. This exercise will be undertaken by the Technical Office in
conjunction with the Survey Office. All coordinates will be given in the GEM Site Control Grid.
GEM architecture is based on vanishing lines A.b and G.b respectively coming from Giza


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Pyramids Menkaure and Khufu summits, and intersecting at Plan Grid Origin (0,0,0) GEM .
Architectural elements of the project are designed following this radial configuration, inside A.b
and G.b radial axis, and 24m/6m ordinate multiple lines parallel to West-East abscise axis.
As shown on the table / sketch below, a number of 383 additional radial lines (from n=1 to
383) are established between A.b (n=0) and G.b (n=384); defining 384 equidistant segment
units for the same ordinate Y GEM . From Origin, each equidistant segment units are increasing
about 25mm by 24m ordinate increase,
According above representations which are parts of the tender documentation; entire set of
radial lines can be easily expressed with following linear equation:
9,600 + 25
24,000
GEM =
R
GEM , with X GEM and Y GEM in (milli-)meters.

R


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For example:
@ S.01, Y GEM = 24,000mm (= 24.000m),
9,600 + 025
24,000
If n = 0 (A.b), then GEM =

R
9,600 + 38425
24,000
If n = 384 (G.b), then GEM =

R
24,000 = 9,600mm = 9.600m
24,000 = 2 x 9,600mm = 19.200m
@ S.12, Y GEM = 288,000mm (= 288.000m),

9,600 + 025
24,000
If n = 0 (A.b), then GEM =

R
9,600 + 38425
24,000
If n = 384 (G.b), then GEM =

R
288,000 = 115,200mm = 115.200m
288,000 = 230,400mm = 230.400m
Other example, to confirm correlation between equation and schematic table above:
@ S.24, Y GEM = 576,000mm (= 576.000m), on radial line D,
9,600 + 13825
24,000
For D.a, n = 138, then GEM =

R
9,600 + 15625
24,000
For D.b, n = 156, then GEM =

R
576,000 = 313,200mm = 313.200m

576,000 = 324,000mm = 324.000m
Distance D.a D.b = Abs (X D.a X D.b ) = Abs(313.200 324.000) = 10.800m


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Like this with a unique linear equation, we can determine all sets of (X,Y) GEM Cartesian
coordinates relatives to Radial Grid.
Practically, at the beginning of the project, set of radial lines can be imported and stored for
the entire duration of the construction, into the DGPS controllers and into the fix points data
memory of each electronic total station units, then setting out on site are facilitated with
embarked program Reference Line and COGO calculations. When operator selects the
required radial line, he can guide the chainman on the line up to the required ordinate Y GEM ,
then check and reduce distance offsets up to the radial line and ordinate intersection
precisely. Alternatively, some modern Total Stations have the ability to set out directly from 3D
drawings and by uploading a 3D drawing of the Girds and the coordinates of the points to be
set out the same can de achieved with an increased level of accuracy.


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Figure 1; the design grids
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3. SURVEY METHODOLOGY
Repeatable accuracy in setting out the construction elements of the project is the key element to
this method statement. The methodology is designed to eliminate gross and systematic error
and to manage random observational errors that are part of every observational procedure.
Given that the radial elements run the length of the project and that construction will be
scheduled to occur simultaneously in various places, the challenge is to maintain the alignment
along these radial grid lines. It is only by establishing a single Primary Control Network for the
entire project that the various elements will eventually join in correct alignment.
In addition to the primary control network, survey methods have to be controlled in order to
maintain vigilance over the occurrence of gross and systematic errors. Standards of good
practice have been established over many decades of surveying that eliminate the gross errors
and minimize the occurrence of the systematic ones.
A system of independent checks is best suited to
ensure that good practice is always employed. In
addition survey methods such as forced centering,
combined with three point resections where the
orientation rays are substantially longer than the
setting out ones will eliminate a number of
systematic errors and ensure setting out accuracy.
The best way to deal with the remaining random
observational error is to use the statistical method of
Least Squares.
Figure 2; a typical pillar setup


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3.1. Construction of the Primary Control Network

A system of 9No Primary Control Pillars and 7No ROs will
be constructed to form the Primary Control Network.
These primary control pillars will be constructed with a
substantial foundation. Each pillar will be approximately
0.5m in diameter and extend between 1.50m to 4.0m
above the top of foundation level. The actual heights if
these pillars will be determined on site to ensure clear
sight lines. This is to provide the maximum possible
coverage from each vantage point.
Each pillar will have a brass station plate (with 5/8

threaded stub) retro fitted stations and targets. Each
station plate is also equipped with a level point, which will
be leveled with a precise digital level.
Figure 3; an elevated pillar with

scaffold access
Figure 4; brass plate and 5/8"

thread


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In some instances the chosen location may not permit the construction of a concrete pillar, yet
the location is desirable. The pillar construction may have to be altered to suit the specific
situation. Two such intended locations are both on building roofs. In these instances the pillar
will be constructed of tubular steel and bolted directly to the concrete roof structure using
fixing bolts and epoxy resin to ensure a stable position. An example is depicted in figure 6
below.
The layout of the primary control points takes into consideration both longevity of the pillar as
well as the overall geometry of the network. The site will in time become congested and the
safety of the pillars is a concern. The pillar locations are chosen so that they do not interfere
with the actual construction elements of the final building or any process enabling the
construction of the building. As a result they are primarily located along the perimeter of the
site. This in turn will result in the pillars being elevated to ensure good lines of sight.
The figure below represents the planned layout of the Primary Control Network.


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Figure 5; the planned layout of the Primary Control Points


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The positions indicated by the black triangles represent the pillars to be constructed as
described above. The red triangles represent the Reference Objects. The intention is to utilize
the seven bill board positions and to install targets on either the columns of cross members to
serve as fixed points that can be used either as reference objects during the setting out
procedures. The type and design of the target still needs to be determined once access to the
top of one of the structures can be arranged.
The observational stage of the network establishment will be dealt with in two parts, the
horizontal datum (2D) and the vertical datum (1D). This is a typical land survey approach to
three dimensional control, brought about in part by the difference in observational accuracies
of the equipment used. This proposal will utilize the benefits of all three systems in the
establishment of the Primary Control Network.
The final coordinates will be the result of a fully three dimensional network adjustment. The
method of least squares will be used to derive these values.
3.1.1. Horizontal Datum

The GNSS receivers will provide the geodetic component of the network. By using the method
of differential global positioning systems (DGPS), it is possible to resolve baselines to the subcentimeter level. There is also the benefit of being able to resolve baselines irrespective of line
of sight, which will provide additional geometric strength to the network.
In addition total station observations will provide the required horizontal accuracies (TS30 0.5) required to the network. Another important contribution is the inclusion of accurately
measured distances. Instruments like the Leica TS30 have a distance accuracy of 0.6mm


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1ppm. Distances will contribute a necessary component to ensure that the scale remains set
at 1:1 in the network. This is important in controlling systematic error during the setting out of
construction works.
A
GNSS base station which broadcasts differential
corrections specific to the GEM Site Control Grid will be

established on site. The Primary Control Pillar constructed
on the roof of the contractors multi-story office block will be
the chosen location for this base station. The base station
will be connected to a
UPS system to protect
the charger from power
fluctuations
outages.
Figure 6; a steel pillar fixed

to a roof and being used as
a GNSS Base
In
and
addition
there are two 24Ah,

12v
directly
batteries
power
that
the
GNSS reciever and base radio which broadcasts the

corrections. The result is a robust 24h, 7 days per week
RTK system. Givin that RTK accuaracies are generally of
the order of 2-5cm, the system will be able to provide for
all lower accuracy setting out work, as well as providing Figure 7; the GNSS receiver,
quick checks to lower order requirements.
radio with 12v power supply
In addition the base station will log static observations during the establishment Secondary
Control Points throughout the projects duration. Again the advantage of not requiring sight
lines will improve overall positioning accuracy to the control system


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3.1.2. Vertical Datum

Whereas GNSS and Total Stations can be considered as fully three dimensional systems,
their height accuracies are not as high as their horizontal components. The vertical
component from the total station observations will be an improvement on the GNSS vertical
solution, but to achieve the required accuracy in height, it is necessary to use the method of
spirit leveling. The height component will be derived from the results of the digital leveling.
Digital levels remove most of the common systematic errors that are made during
observations. The use of bar coded leveling staves means that all reading and recording is
carried out by the instrument removing the human errors that commonly occur at this stage.
The accuracy that can be achieved with a digital level such as the Leica DNA10 (Standard
deviation of 1.5mm per 1km, double run) far out performs the other two systems. A fully
observed level network will provide the required height accuracy.
3.1.3
Least Squares Network Adjustment
The method of least squares is an iterative method that minimizes the residual and results in
the best possible fit solution to the network. In a typical fully observed network the number of
observations far outnumbers the observations required to define the network. The resultant
difference in observations is known as the degrees of freedom or redundancies of the
network. These in turn provide the opportunity to remove observations from the solution that
have an adverse effect on the solution (outliers).
This proposal includes the use of three observational systems each contributing what the
other cannot. The result is a network with a large number of redundancies. In addition the
introduction of an observation weighting system, where the most accurate observations carry
the most weight will ensure that best possible accuracy is obtained.
All observations will be entered into the Star*Net least squares software package. The


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software will compute several iterations of the network

solution until the residuals converge to an acceptable
magnitude. This process is largely iterative and several outlier
observations will be removed to produce the final Primary
Control Coordinates. A full residual report will be available to
scrutinize the accuracy of the coordinates produced.
3.2. Setting Out Surveys

All setting out surveys will be based on the Primary Control
Network.
As described above the GNSS base will provide a means of
Figure 9; setting out roof

elements
maintaining the primary network and simultaneously provide

the RTK corrections to enable a rapid means of surveying and
setting out certain elements such as foundation excavations, car parks, roads etc.
The survey teams will make use of total

stations and levels to set out and check the
construction works. All setting out surveys will
be base on the primary control pillars. Targets
will be installed on the pillars directly and three
point resections will provide the required
accuracy (<5mm) for setting out. In addition a
Secondary Control Network will be established
within construction boundaries to facilitate
setting out works. These secondary control
points will be of a less permanent nature as the
Figure 10; setting out with a total station


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construction progress will necessitate their eventual destruction. Their method of fixing and
establishment will however receive all the necessary attention and due care required to ensure
accurate results. These points will enable the surveyors to measure inside the building without
line-ofsight to Primary Control Network.
Where the setting out of more complex elements of construction demand additional setting out
consideration, these methods will be described in a paragraph in the method statement
connected to the element being constructed. Consideration for the survey control ITP for the
specific case will also be given in the dedicated paragraph of the particular method statement.
The planned Primary Control Points along with the Secondary Control that will be fixed on the
site as and when required will be published in an Official GEM Coordinate list with
accompanying GEM Control Plan.
This centralized control list and plan is a method of
managing setting out as only these published points will be accepted as control from which
construction elements can be set out or checked. During the course of the works it is normal for
control points to be destroyed as new building elements are added, others may become
obscured and fall into disuse. The periodic review of the coordinate list tracks the progression of
control points for the duration of the project. As new control is established, the list and plan will
be updated. New versions of the control lists will be presented to PMC for verification in line with
the ITP for survey control.
The approach adopted for the setting out will require significant input from our BIM department
who will be required to supply 3D-coordinates and updated drawings. Digital drawing formats
will be particularly important in the setting out process. A controlled flow of information with
checks and references will be required to ensure that only current data is being used.
From the survey point of view, a system of work sheets or folders will be implemented to ensure


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that the correct information flows down to the surveyor and vice versa where surveys are
required.
3.3. 3D As-built survey

As-built surveys will be carried out on the major elements as they are constructed. These
records will be kept in the Survey Log as described in section 3.4 below.
3.4. Survey Log

The Survey Department will maintain a Survey Log which will be made available for reference
to the Client. The purpose of the log is to facilitate the survey record keeping in an ordered
and retrievable way. There will be a monthly inspection request, where the client will be invited
to inspect the Survey Log to satisfy themselves that the log is being maintained.
3.4.1. Description of the Survey Log
The Survey Log is a direct consequence of the proposed survey work flow. Provision is
made for the storage of all survey data in one location. The storage is primarily digital
and is supported by field notes from the surveyors in the field. The system works as
follows:
3.4.1.1.
A work package is created from the required survey input for

construction of an element of design. The survey information
will be derived directly from the design information from our
Technical Office. It is envisaged that the data will be
predominantly digital. For instance a 3D drawing will be


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downloaded from our SDMS (site document management

system).
3.4.1.2.
The data from the drawing will be transferred to the Total Stations
for setting out. Again the preferred method of transfer is digital,
although hand entry via the Total Station keyboard will occur in
some cases. Setting out is completed and checked and the
observations are logged. Any additional information pertinent to the
survey operation that is not logged digitally by the instrument will be
logged in the surveyors field book.
3.4.1.3.
The Field book will be considered as a control document from a

survey point of view. All field books will be numbered and logged in
a Field Book Log. Most observations will be logged on the actual
equipment rather than in the field book. In this scenario the field
book will contain additional information that is generally not logged
digitally. Date and description of the task as well as any explanatory
sketches and the names of any log files and job numbers will serve
to tie together the digital and ancillary information.
3.4.1.4.
A Survey Job Register will also be created, which will assign each
survey job with a unique number. The numbering system will in part
mimic the GEM III Document Code Numbering System and contain
a date element that helps to pinpoint the inception date of the
particular survey. In addition each survey job will be stored (digitally)
in a central secure location. There will be a common file structure for
all survey jobs with sub-directories for items such as Observations,
Reports, Calculations, Drawings and Results.
3.4.1.5.
As the QA procedures require, As Built Surveys will be undertaken

and recorded as above to the relevant Survey Jobs thereby creating


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a log of survey information specific to the construction elements. In

this case the flow of information will be reversed, from the field to
the Technical Office. Data from the total Stations will be converted
into 3D AutoCAD drawings.
3.4.2. Availability of the Survey Log
The Field books will be stored in the Survey Managers office. The Field Book and
Job Registers are also stored on the server.
The Survey Log is currently available on the contractors server network and can be
accessed from any of the survey department computers. There are daily backups
from the server which help protect the Survey Log from damage or loss due to
accidental server outages.
The Directory Structure is outlined below. It should be noted that as the project
progresses, so the Survey Log will change to accommodate the additional
information.
3.4.2.1.
3.4.2.2.
3.4.2.3.
3.4.2.4.
3.4.2.5.
Folders within this outline contain data pertinent to the survey

log.
The Museum area folder is divided into various sub folders
arranged firstly by
Levels, followed by
Zones then Foundations & Slabs and Wall Elevations. The latter
two folders are then divided into Setting Out and As-Built folders
Finally the Registers are available directly in the Survey Log
folder.


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4. SURVEY MANPOWER AND EQUIPMENT RESOURCES

4.1. Survey Personnel
Survey Personnel will comply with Besix-OCI Health, Safety and Environmental Plan and
Quality procedures, or higher standard if required.
The proposal is to utilize a minimum of four Survey Teams. Each team will comprise of 1No.
Senior Land Surveyor, 4No. surveyors, 4No. trainee surveyors and 8No. chainmen.
The four teams will report directly to the Survey Manager who will have overall control of the
survey operations on site. A summary personnel list is included in Annexure A.
Their roles and responsibilities include but are not limited to the following:
4.1.1. Survey Manager

Overall management of the survey department, includes safety and resources
Survey data QA and management
Liaison with Client, Technical Office and Design Team on surveying matters
Survey team regular safety toolbox talks and technical trainings
Survey records and reporting
Establish and maintain survey systems
Survey operations Risk assessments
4.1.2. Senior Surveyor


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Proficient on all survey equipment

Carry out field checks and QA setting out
Proficient in Topo and CAD skills
Data acquisition and processing
Supervise and train surveyors
Report to Survey Manager
4.1.3. Surveyors
Proficient with Total Stations and level instruments
Proficient in setting out in XYZ
Data acquisition and as-built surveys
Report to Senior Surveyor
Carry out monthly Total Station Calibration checks
4.1.4. Assistant - Trainee Surveyors

Proficient with level instruments
Proficient in setting out levels / heights
Proficient in level reduction and calculations
Carry out weekly level calibration checks (two peg test)
Report to Senior Surveyor
4.1.5. Chainman
Approved
by:
WDO


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Proficient in setting up an instrument

Proficient in using a survey pole and staff correctly
Carry out daily equipment cleaning and safe storage
4.2.
PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
A summary of the equipment and their applications are set out below.
4.2.1. Total Stations

Each Surveyor will be equipped with a total station and the required accessories to
enable him to successfully carry out his survey duties. The Leica TS06 TS09 (Flexline
Range) or Trimble M3 is indicative of the required standard. This kind of total stations
will be equipped with embarked field programs and 400m laser to enable easy, quick
and accurate survey and setting out in all three dimensions with or without reflector
prism.
In addition to the setting out total stations, there will be a requirement for higher end
specification total stations as well. These will be critical to the accuracy of the Primary
Control Network, as discussed earlier. A suitable standard total station would be the
Leica TS30 or Trimble S8, with angular measurement accuracy to the order of 0.5 and
distance accuracy of 0.6mm +- 1ppm.
Total Stations are to be checked on site at monthly intervals, according Besix-OCI IMS
procedures and manufacturer instrument user manual. Quality check form will be filled
for QC record.
As well, each instrument will be sent to the third party service provider for annual


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maintenance and re-calibration with service and calibration certification.
4.2.2. Leveling Equipment

Each trainee surveyor will be equipped with a level instrument and accessories to enable
him to successfully carry out his survey duties. These levels may be digital or opticalmechanical but will be capable of reliable observations to the required accuracy.
In addition to the levels for the trainee surveyors, there will be a requirement for both
digital precise levels and laser levels. Laser levels will be used in the control of
foundation excavation level as well as concrete casting levels. There will be a mixture of
single and dual grade levels on site.
Precise digital levels of the Leica DNA10 standard or similar are required for the transfer
and establishment of accurate level control.
All Leveling equipment is to be checked on a weekly basis. A two peg test will be carried
out on a baseline that will be constructed on site in an appropriate location. Two peg
tests will be carried out as per Besix-OCI procedures and manufacturer instructions
described in user manual. Quality check form will be filled for QC record.
As well, each instrument will be sent to the third party service provider for annual
maintenance and re-calibration with service and calibration certification.
4.2.3. GNSS Receivers

One base station and three mobile rovers will be required to fulfill the primary control
role. All receivers must be capable of logging static observations. In the case of the three


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rovers, RTK capability is essential for the checks and lower accuracy setting out work
such as foundation excavation, roads and car parks. They will also fulfill any
Topographic roles that usually arise in construction projects.
A typical standard of equipment would be the Trimble SPS861 with Zephyr Geodetic
antennae for the base station and the Trimble R6 or R8 as a rover kit.

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The Grand Egyptian Museum GEMIII

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Survey Method Statement

The Egyptian Ministry of Culture

Document Type and Document Title

The Egyptian Ministry of Culture

Document Type and Document Title

Least Squares Network Adjustment...17

3.2. Setting Out Surveys .............................................................................................18

The Egyptian Ministry of Culture

Document Type and Document Title

1.1 Abbreviations and Definitions

Egyptian Transverse Mercator

DWG, DGN, DXF

Electronic Drawing Formats

Differential Global Positioning

Global Positioning Systems

Russian Navigational Satellite Constellation

Global Navigational Satellite Systems (incl. GPS &

Real Time Kinematic

World Geodetic System 1984

The Egyptian Ministry of Culture

Document Type and Document Title

2. COORDINATE SYSTEMS AND LOCAL GRIDS

2.1. Egyptian Transverse Mercator (ETM)

The Egyptian Ministry of Culture

Document Type and Document Title

EGYPTIAN TRANSVERSE MERCATOR,

2.2. From ETM to GEM Site Control Grid

The Egyptian Ministry of Culture

Document Type and Document Title

2. In addition suitable transformation or projection parameters will be computed. These

The Egyptian Ministry of Culture

Document Type and Document Title

GEM , with X GEM and Y GEM in (milli-)meters.

The Egyptian Ministry of Culture

Document Type and Document Title

If n = 0 (A.b), then GEM =

If n = 384 (G.b), then GEM =

24,000 = 9,600mm = 9.600m

24,000 = 2 x 9,600mm = 19.200m

@ S.12, Y GEM = 288,000mm (= 288.000m),

If n = 0 (A.b), then GEM =

If n = 384 (G.b), then GEM =

288,000 = 115,200mm = 115.200m

288,000 = 230,400mm = 230.400m

For D.a, n = 138, then GEM =

For D.b, n = 156, then GEM =

576,000 = 313,200mm = 313.200m

Distance D.a D.b = Abs (X D.a X D.b ) = Abs(313.200 324.000) = 10.800m

The Egyptian Ministry of Culture

Document Type and Document Title

The Egyptian Ministry of Culture

Document Type and Document Title

Figure 1; the design grids

The Egyptian Ministry of Culture

Document Type and Document Title

Figure 2; a typical pillar setup

The Egyptian Ministry of Culture

Document Type and Document Title

3.1. Construction of the Primary Control Network

Each pillar will have a brass station plate (with 5/8

Figure 3; an elevated pillar with

Figure 4; brass plate and 5/8"