Bangladesh National Building Code 2012 Part6 Chapter 6

Chapter6
StrengthDesignofReinforcedConcrete
Structures
6.1
AnalysisandDesignGeneralConsiderations
6.1.1
ConventionandNotation
Unlessotherwiseexplicitlystated,thefollowingunitsshallbeimplicitforthecorrespondingquantitiesin
thedesignandotherexpressionsprovidedinthischapter:
Lengths
mm
Areas
m m 2
Secondmomentsofarea
m m 4
Force(axial,shear)
Moment,torsion
Nmm
Stress,strength
MPa,N/mm 2
6.1.1.1 Notation
= Depthofequivalentrectangular stress blockasdefinedin6.3.2.7.1,mm,
= Shearspan,equaltodistance from center ofconcentratedloadtoeither:(a)faceofsupport
for continuous or cantilevered members, or (b) center of support for simply supported
members,mm,Sec6.4,AppendixA
= Areaofanindividualbarorwire,mm2,Sec6.3,Sec8.2
= Net bearing area of the head of stud, anchorbolt, or headed deformed bar, mm2, Sec8.2,
AppendixD
= Crosssectionalarea of concrete section resisting sheartransfer,mm2,Sec6.4,Sec8.3
= Crosssectional area of a structural member measured to the outside edges of transverse
reinforcement,mm2,Sec6.3,Sec8.3
= Area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross section, mm2, see 6.4.4.1, Sec 6.4,
8.3.8.3
= Crosssectionalareaat one end of a strut inastrutandtiemodel,takenperpendiculartothe
axisofthestrut,mm2,AppendixA
= Gross area of concrete section bounded by web thickness and length of section in the
directionofshearforceconsidered,mm2,Sec8.3
= Area of concrete section of an individual pier, horizontal wall segment, or coupling beam
resistingshear,mm2,Sec8.3
= Area of reinforcement in bracket or corbelresistingfactoredmoment,mm2,see6.4.7,Sec
6.4
= Gross area of concrete section, mm2 For ahollowsection, istheareaoftheconcreteonly
anddoesnotincludetheareaofthevoid(s), see 6.4.4.1, Secs6.2to6.4,6.6,6.7,6.10,8.3,
= Total area of shear reinforcement parallel to primary tension reinforcement in a corbel or
bracket,mm2,see6.4.7,Sec6.4
= Effective crosssectional area within a joint in a plane parallel to plane of reinforcement
generating shear in the joint, mm2, seeSec8.3
= Totalareaoflongitudinalreinforcementtoresisttorsion,mm2,Sec6.4,8.3
= Minimumareaoflongitudinalreinforcementtoresisttorsion,mm2,see6.4.4.5.3,Sec6.4
Part6
StructuralDesign
61
Part6
StructuralDesign
= Area of reinforcement in bracket or corbelresisting tensile force

, mm2, see 6.4.7,Sec
6.4
= Areaofa faceofa nodal zone or a sectionthroughanodalzone,mm2,AppendixA
= Projected concrete failure area of a single anchor or group of anchors, for calculation of
strengthintension,mm2,seeD.5.2.1,AppendixD
= Projected concrete failure area of a singleanchor, for calculation of strength in tensionif
not limited by edge distance orspacing,mm2,seeD.5.2.1,AppendixD
= Grossareaenclosedbyshearflowpath,mm2,Sec6.4
= Areaenclosedbycenterlineoftheoutermostclosedtransversetorsionalreinforcement,mm2,
Sec6.4
= Area of nonprestressed longitudinal tensionreinforcement,mm2,Sec6.3,6.4,6.6,6.8,
= Areaoftensionreinforcementcorrespondingtomomentofresistance
,see6.3.15.1(b)
= Areaofadditionaltensionsteel,see6.3.15.1(b)
= Areaofcompressionreinforcement,mm2,AppendixA
= Area of primary tension reinforcement in acorbelorbracket,mm2,see6.4.7.3.5,Sec6.4

= Effective crosssectional area of anchorintension,mm2,AppendixD
,
= Effective crosssectional area of anchorinshear,mm2,AppendixD
,
= Area of reinforcement required to balance the longitudinal compressive force in the

overhangingportionoftheflangeofaTbeam,see6.3.15.2(b)
= Total crosssectional area of transverse reinforcement (including crossties) within spacing s

andperpendicular to dimension ,mm2,Sec8.3
= Total area of surface reinforcement atspacing si in the ith layer crossinga strut,with
reinforcementatanangle totheaxisofthestrut,mm2,AppendixA
= Minimumareaofflexuralreinforcement,mm2,see6.3.5,Sec6.3
,
= Total area of nonprestressed longitudinalreinforcement (bars or steel shapes), mm2,Sec

6.3,8.3
= Areaofstructuralsteelshape,pipe,ortubinginacompositesection,mm2,Sec6.3
= Area of one leg of a closed stirrup resistingtorsionwithinspacings,mm2,Sec6.4

= Areaofprestressingsteelinatie,mm2,AppendixA
= Total crosssectional area of all transversereinforcement within spacingsthatcrossesthe

potential plane of splitting through thereinforcement being developed,mm2,Sec8.2
= Area of nonprestressed reinforcement in atie,mm2,AppendixA
= Areaofshearreinforcementspacings,mm2,Sec6.4,6.12
= Projected concrete failure area of a single anchor or group of anchors, for calculation of
strengthinshear,mm2,seeD.6.2.1,AppendixD
= Projected concrete failure area of a singleanchor, for calculation of strengthinshear,ifnot
limitedbycornerinfluences,spacing,ormemberthickness,mm2, see D.6.2.1,AppendixD
= Total area of reinforcement in each group ofdiagonalbarsinadiagonallyreinforcedcoupling

beam,mm2,Sec8.3
= Areaofshearfrictionreinforcement,mm2,Sec6.4,8.3
= Area of shear reinforcement parallel to flexural tension reinforcement within spacing ,

mm2,Sec6.4
2
,
= Minimum area of shear reinforcement within spacing s, mm , see 6.4.3.5.1 and 6.4.3.5.3,
Sec6.4
= Loadedarea,mm2,Sec6.3
= Area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone, or tapered wedge
containedwhollywithinthesupportandhavingforitsupperbasetheloadedarea,andhaving
sideslopesof1verticalto2horizontal,mm2,Sec6.3
= Width of compression face of member, mm,Sec6.3
= Perimeterofcriticalsectionforshear in slabsand footings, mm, see 6.4.10.1.2,Sec6.4
= Widthofstrut,mm,AppendixA
= Width of that part of cross section containing the closed stirrupsresisting torsion, mm, Sec
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Chapter1
UltimateStrengthDesignofReinforcedConcreteStructures
6.4
= Width of cross section at contact surfacebeinginvestigatedforhorizontalshear,mm,Sec
6.12
= Web width, or diameter of circular section,mm,Sec6.3,6.4,8.2,8.3
= Dimension of the critical section measuredinthedirectionofthespanforwhichmoments

aredetermined,mm,Sec6.5
= Dimensionofthecritical section
measuredin the direction perpendicularto ,mm,Sec6.5
= Distance from extreme compression fiber toneutralaxis,mm,Sec6.2,6.3,6.6,8.3
= Critical edge distance required to develop the basic concrete breakout strength of a post
installed anchor in uncracked concrete without supplementary reinforcement to control
splitting,mm,seeD.8.6,AppendixD
= Maximumdistancefrom center of an anchorshaft to the edge of concrete,mm,Appendix D
,
= Minimumdistancefrom center of an anchorshaft to the edge of concrete,mm,Appendix D
,
= Distance from the center of an anchor shafttotheedgeofconcreteinonedirection,mm.If

shear is applied to anchor, is taken in the direction of the applied shear. If tension is
appliedtotheanchor,
istheminimumedgedistance,appendixd
= Distance from center of an anchor shaft to the edgeofconcrete in thedirectionperpen

dicularto ,mm,AppendixD
= Smaller of: (a) the distance from center of abarorwiretonearestconcretesurface,and(b)

onehalfthecentertocenterspacingofbarsorwiresbeingdeveloped,mm,Sec8.2
= Clearcoverofreinforcement, mm, see6.3.6.4,Sec6.3
= Distancefromtheinterior face of the columnto the slab edge measuredparalleltoc1,butnot

exceeding ,mm,Sec8.3
= Dimension of rectangular or equivalent rectangular column, capital, or bracket

measuredinthe direction ofthespanforwhichmomentsarebeingdetermined,mm,Sec
6.4,6.5,8.3
= Dimension of rectangular or equivalent rectangular column, capital, or bracket

measured in the direction perpendicular to ,mm,Sec6.5
= Crosssectional constant to define torsionalproperties of slabandbeam,see6.5.6.4.2,Sec

6.5
= Factorrelatingactualmoment diagram to anequivalentuniformmomentdiagram,Sec6.3
= Distance from extreme compression fiber tocentroidoflongitudinaltensionreinforce ment,

mm,Sec6.26.4,6.6,6.12,8.18.3,
= Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal compression

reinforcement,mm,Sec6.2
= Outside diameter of anchor or shaft diameterof headed stud, headed bolt, or hooked bolt,
mm,seeD.8.4,AppendixD
= Valuesubstitutedfor whenanoversizedanchorisused,mm,seeD.8.4,AppendixD
= Nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, mm, Sec 8.1-8.3
= Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressing steel, mm, Sec
6.4
= Diameter of pile at footing base, mm, Sec 6.8
= Distance from extreme compression fiber tocentroidofextremelayeroflongitudinaltension

steel,mm,Sec6.2,6.3
= Deadloads,orrelated internal moments andforces,Sec6.1,6.2,6.11,8.3
= Distancefromtheinner surface of the shaft of aJ orLbolttotheoutertipoftheJorLbolt,mm,

AppendixD
= Distance between resultant tension load on a group of anchors loaded in tension and
the
Centroid of the group of anchors loaded in tension, mm; is always positive,
appendix d
= Distance between resultant shear load on a group of anchors loaded in shear in the
same
Direction, and the centroid of the group of anchors loaded in shear in the same
direction, mm; is always positive, appendix d
= Loadeffectsofearthquake,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2,8.3
= Modulusofelasticityofconcrete,mpa,see6.1.7.1,Sec6.16.3,6.6,6.9
BangladeshNationalBuildingCode2011
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Modulusofelasticityofbeamconcrete,mpa,Sec6.5
Modulusofelasticityofslabconcrete,mpa,Sec6.5
Flexuralstiffnessofcompressionmember,N mm2,see6.3.10.6,Sec6.3
Modulusofelasticityofprestressingsteel,mpa,see6.1.7.3,Sec6.1
Modulusofelasticityofreinforcementandstructuralsteel,mpa,see6.1.7.2,Sec6.1,6.3,6.6
Specifiedcompressivestrengthofconcrete,mpa,Sec6.16.4,6.6,6.9,8.2,8.3,AppendixesA,
D
Squarerootofspecifiedcompressivestrengthofconcrete,mpa,Sec6.1,6.2,6.4,6.9,8.2,8.3,
AppendixD
Effective compressive strength of the concrete in a strut or a nodal zone, mpa, Sec 6.8,
AppendixA
Averagesplittingtensilestrengthoflightweightconcrete,mpa,See6.1.8.1Sec6.1,6.4,8.2.3.4
(d),Sec8.2
Stressduetounfactoreddeadload,atextremefiberofsectionwheretensilestressiscaused
byexternallyappliedloads,mpa,Sec6.4
Compressive stress in concrete (after allowance for all prestress losses) at centroid of cross
sectionresistingexternallyappliedloadsoratjunctionofwebandflangewhenthecentroid
lieswithintheflange,mpa.(Inacompositemember, istheresultantcompressivestressat
centroidofcompositesection,oratjunctionofwebandflangewhenthecentroidlieswithin
theflange,duetobothprestressandmomentsresistedbyprecastmemberactingalone),Sec
6.4
Compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only (after allowance for all
prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally
appliedloads,mpa,Sec6.4
Stressinprestressingsteelatnominalflexuralstrength,mpa,Sec8.2
Specifiedtensilestrengthofprestressingsteel,mpa,Sec6.4
Modulusofruptureofconcrete,mpa,see6.2.5.2.3,Sec6.2,6.6
Calculatedtensilestressinreinforcementatserviceloads,mpa,Sec6.3
Stressincompressionreinforcementunderfactoredloads,mpa,AppendixA
Effective stress in prestressing steel (after allowance for all prestress losses), mpa, Sec 8.2,
AppendixA
Specifiedtensilestrengthofanchorsteel,mpa,AppendixD
Specifiedyieldstrengthofreinforcement,mpa,Sec6.26.4,6.6,6.9,6.12,8.18.3,AppendixA
Specifiedyieldstrengthofanchorsteel,mpa,AppendixD
Specifiedyieldstrength oftransversereinforcement,mpa,Sec6.3,6.4,8.28.3
Loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with welldefined densities and controllable
maximumheights,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2
Nominalstrengthofastrut,tie,ornodalzone,N,AppendixA
Nominalstrengthatfaceofanodalzone,N,AppendixA
Nominalstrengthofastrut,N,AppendixA
Nominalstrengthofatie,N,AppendixA
Factored force acting in a strut, tie, bearing area, or nodal zone in a strutandtie model, N,
AppendixA
Overallthicknessorheightofmember,mm,Sec6.26.4,6.6,6.11,6.12,8.2,8.3,AppendixA
Thickness of member in which an anchor is located, measured parallel to anchor axis, mm,
AppendixD
Crosssectional dimension of member core measured to the outside edges of the trans
versereinforcementcomposingarea ,mm,Sec8.3
Effectiveembedmentdepthofanchor,mm,seeD.8.5,AppendixD
ThicknessofoverhangingportionoftheflangeofaTbeam,see6.3.15.2(b)
Depthofshearheadcrosssection,mm,Sec6.4
Heightofentirewallfrombasetotoporheightofthesegmentofwallconsidered,mm,Sec
6.4,8.3
Maximum centertocenter horizontal spacing of crossties or hoop legs on all faces of the
column,mm,Sec8.3
Vol.2
Chapter1
= Loadsduetoweightandpressureofsoil,waterinsoil,orothermaterials,orrelatedinternal
momentsandforces,Sec6.2
= Momentofinertiaofsectionaboutcentroidalaxis,mm4,Sec6.3,6.4
= Momentofinertiaofgrosssectionofbeamaboutcentroidalaxis,mm4,see6.5.6.1.6,Sec6.5
= Momentofinertiaofcrackedsectiontransformedtoconcrete,mm4,Sec6.2
= Effectivemomentofinertiaforcomputationofdeflection,mm4,see6.2.5.2.3,Sec6.2
= Momentofinertiaofgrossconcretesectionaboutcentroidalaxis,neglectingreinforcement,
mm4,Sec6.2,6.3,6.6
= Momentofinertiaofgrosssectionofslababoutcentroidalaxisdefinedforcalculating and
,mm4,Sec6.5
= Momentofinertiaofreinforcementaboutcentroidalaxisofmembercrosssection,mm4,Sec
6.3
= Momentofinertiaofstructuralsteelshape,pipe,ortubingaboutcentroidalaxisofcomposite
membercrosssection,mm4,Sec6.3
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Effectivelengthfactorforcompressionmembers,Sec6.3,6.6
Coefficientforbasicconcretebreakoutstrengthintension,AppendixD
Coefficientforpryoutstrength,AppendixD
Transversereinforcementindex,see8.2.3.3,Sec8.2
Spanlengthofbeamoronewayslab;clearprojectionofcantilever,mm,Sec6.2
Additionalembedmentlengthbeyondcenterlineofsupportorpointofinflection,mm,Sec8.2
Length of compression member in a frame, measured centertocenter of the joints in the
frame,mm,Sec6.3,6.6
Developmentlengthintensionofdeformedbar,deformedwire,plainanddeformedwelded
wirereinforcement,orpretensionedstrand,mm,Sec6.9,8.18.3
Developmentlengthincompressionofdeformedbarsanddeformedwire,mm,Sec8.2
Development length in tension of deformed bar or deformed wire with a standard hook,
measured from critical section to outside end of hook (straight embedment length between
critical section and start of hook [point of tangency] plus inside radius of bend and one bar
diameter),mm,seeSec.8.2and8.3,Sec8.2,8.3
Developmentlengthintensionofheadeddeformedbar,measuredfromthecriticalsectionto
thebearingfaceofthehead,mm,Sec8.2
Loadbearinglengthofanchorforshear,mm,seeD.6.2.2,AppendixD
Lengthofclearspanmeasuredfacetofaceofsupports,mm,Sec6.16.5,6.10,8.2.9.3, Sec8.2,
8.3
Length, measured from joint face along axis of structural member, over which special
transversereinforcementmustbeprovided,mm,Sec8.3
Span of member under load test, taken as the shorter span for twoway slab systems, mm.
Span is the smaller of: (a) distance between centers of supports, and (b) clear distance
between supportsplus thickness of member. Span for a cantilever shall be taken as twice
thedistancefromfaceofsupporttocantileverend,Sec6.11
Unsupportedlengthofcompressionmember,mm,see6.3.10.1.1,Sec6.3
Lengthofshearheadarmfromcentroidofconcentratedloadorreaction,mm,Sec6.4
Lengthofentirewallorlengthofsegmentofwallconsideredindirectionofshearforce,mm,
Sec6.4,6.6,8.3
Lengthofspanindirectionthatmomentsarebeingdetermined,measuredcentertocenterof
supports,mm,Sec6.5
Lengthofspanindirectionperpendicularto ,measuredcentertocenterofsupports,mm,
see6.5.6.2.3and6.5.6.2.4,Sec6.5
Liveloads,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.1,6.2,6.11,8.3
Roofliveload,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2
Maximum moment in member due to service loads at stage deflection is computed, N mm,
Sec6.2,6.6
Factored moment amplified for the effects of member curvature used for design of
compressionmember,N mm,see6.3.10.6,Sec6.3
Crackingmoment,N mm,see6.2.5.2.3,Sec6.2,6.6
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StructuralDesign
= Momentcausingflexuralcrackingatsectiondue toexternallyappliedloads,N mm,Sec6.4

= Factored moment modified to account for effect of axial compression, N mm, see 6.4.2.2.2,
Sec6.4
= Maximumfactoredmomentatsectionduetoexternallyappliedloads,N mm,Sec6.4
= Nominalflexuralstrengthatsection,N mm,Sec6.4,6.6,8.2,8.3
= Nominalflexuralstrengthatsectionwithoutcompressionsteel,see6.3.15.1(b),andmoment
ofresistancedevelopedbycompressionintheoverhangingportionoftheTflange,see
6.3.15.2(b)
= Additional nominal flexural strength at section due to added compression steel and
additionaltensionsteel ,see6.3.15.1(b),andmomentofresistancedevelopedbytheweb
ofaTbeam,see6.3.15.2(b)
= Nominal flexural strength of column framing into joint, calculated for factored axial force,
consistentwiththedirectionoflateralforcesconsidered,resultinginlowestflexuralstrength,
N mm,Sec8.3
= Totalfactoredstaticmoment,N mm,Sec6.5
= Requiredplasticmomentstrengthofshearheadcrosssection,N mm,Sec6.4
= Probable flexural strength of members, with or without axial load, determined using the
propertiesofthememberatthejointfacesassumingatensilestressinthelongitudinalbarsof
atleast1.25 andastrengthreductionfactor, ,of1.0,N mm,Sec8.3
= Factoredmomentduetoloadscausingappreciablesway,N mm,Sec6.3
= Portionofslabfactoredmomentbalancedbysupportmoment,N mm,Sec8.3
= Factoredmomentatsection,N mm,Sec6.36.6,8.3
= Momentatmidheightofwallduetofactoredlateralandeccentricverticalloads,notincluding
effects,N mm,Sec6.6
= Momentresistancecontributedbyshearheadreinforcement,N mm,Sec6.4
= Smallerfactoredendmomentonacompressionmember,tobetakenaspositiveifmemberis
bentinsinglecurvature,andnegativeifbentindoublecurvature,N mm,Sec6.3
= Factored endmoment on a compressionmember at the end at which M1 acts, due to loads
thatcausenoappreciablesidesway,calculatedusingafirstorderelasticframeanalysis,N mm,
Sec6.3
= Minimumvalueof ,N mm,Sec6.3
,
= Factoredendmomentoncompressionmemberattheendatwhich M2 acts,duetoloadsthat
causenoappreciablesidesway,calculatedusingafirstorderelasticframeanalysis,N mm,Sec
6.3
= Factoredendmomentoncompressionmemberattheendatwhich acts,duetoloadsthat
causeappreciablesidesway,calculatedusingafirstorderelasticframeanalysis,N mm,Sec6.3
= Numberofitems,suchasstrengthtests,bars,wires,monostrandanchoragedevices,anchors,
orshearheadarms,Sec6.4,8.2,AppendixD
= Basic concrete breakout strength in tension of a single anchor in cracked concrete, N, see
D.5.2.2,AppendixD
= Nominalconcretebreakoutstrengthintensionofasingleanchor,N,seeD.5.2.1,AppendixD
= Nominalconcretebreakoutstrengthintensionofagroupofanchors,N,seeD.5.2.1,Appendix
D
= Nominalstrengthintension,N,AppendixD
= Pulloutstrengthintensionofasingleanchorincrackedconcrete,N,seeD.5.3.4andD.5.3.5,
AppendixD
= Nominalpulloutstrengthintensionofasingleanchor,N,seeD.5.3.1,AppendixD
= Nominalstrengthofasingleanchororgroupofanchorsintensionasgovernedbythesteel
strength,N,seeD.5.1.1andD.5.1.2,AppendixD
= Sidefaceblowoutstrengthofasingleanchor,N,AppendixD
= Sidefaceblowoutstrengthofagroupofanchors,N,AppendixD
= Factoredaxialforcenormaltocrosssectionoccurringsimultaneouslywith or ;tobetaken
aspositiveforcompressionandnegativefortension,N,Sec6.4
= Factoredtensileforceappliedtoanchororgroupofanchors,N,AppendixD
= Factoredhorizontaltensileforceappliedattopofbracketorcorbelactingsimultaneouslywith
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Vu,tobetakenaspositivefortension,N,Sec6.4
Outsideperimeterofconcretecrosssection,mm,see6.4.4.1,Sec6.4
Perimeterofcenterlineofoutermostclosedtransversetorsionalreinforcement,mm,Sec6.4
Nominalaxialstrengthatbalancedstrainconditions,N,see6.3.3.2,Sec6.2,6.3
Criticalbucklingload,N,see6.3.10.6,Sec6.3
Nominalaxialstrengthofcrosssection,N,Sec6.2,6.3,6.6
Maximumallowablevalueof ,N,see6.3.3.6,Sec6.3
Nominalaxialstrengthatzeroeccentricity,N,Sec6.3
Unfactoredaxialloadatthedesign(midheight)sectionincludingeffectsofselfweight,N,Sec
6.6
Factoredaxialforce;tobetakenaspositiveforcompressionandnegativefortension,N,Sec
6.3,6.6,8.3
Factoreddeadloadperunitarea,Sec6.5
Factoredliveloadperunitarea,Sec6.5
Factoredloadperunitarea,Sec6.5
Stabilityindexforastory,see6.3.10.5.2,Sec6.3
Radiusofgyrationofcrosssectionofacompressionmember,mm,Sec6.3
Rainload,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2
Centertocenter spacing of items, such as longitudinal reinforcement, transverse
reinforcement,prestressingtendons,wires,oranchors,mm,Sec6.3,6.4,6.9,6.11,6.12,8.2,
8.3,AppendixD
Centertocenter spacing of reinforcement in the ith layer adjacent to the surface of the
member,mm,AppendixA
Centertocenterspacingoftransversereinforcementwithinthelength ,mm,Sec8.3
Samplestandarddeviation,mpa,AppendixD
Centertocenterspacingoflongitudinalshearortorsionreinforcement,mm,Sec6.4
Snowload,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2,8.3
Moment, shear, or axial force at connection corresponding to development of probable
strength at intended yield locations, based on the governing mechanism of inelastic lateral
deformation,consideringbothgravityandearthquakeloadeffects,Sec8.3
Nominalflexural,shear,oraxialstrengthofconnection,Sec8.3
Yieldstrengthofconnection,basedon ,formoment,shear,oraxialforce,Sec8.3
Wallthicknessofhollowsection,mm,Sec6.4
Cumulative effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential settlement, and shrinkage
compensatingconcrete,Sec6.2
Nominaltorsionalmomentstrength,N mm,Sec6.4
Factoredtorsionalmomentatsection,N mm,Sec6.4
Requiredstrengthtoresistfactoredloadsorrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2
Nominalshearstress,mpa,see6.4.10.6.2,Sec6.4,8.3
Basicconcretebreakoutstrengthinshearofasingleanchorincrackedconcrete,N,seeD.6.2.2
andD.6.2.3,AppendixD
Nominalshearstrengthprovidedbyconcrete,N,Sec6.1,6.4,6.5,8.3
Nominalconcretebreakoutstrengthinshearofasingleanchor,N,seeD.6.2.1,AppendixD
Nominalconcretebreakoutstrengthinshearofagroupofanchors,N,seeD.6.2.1,AppendixD
Nominalshearstrengthprovidedbyconcretewhendiagonalcrackingresultsfromcombined
shearandmoment,N,Sec6.4
Nominalconcretepryoutstrengthofasingleanchor,N,seeD.6.3.1,AppendixD
Nominalconcretepryoutstrengthofagroupofanchors,N,seeD.6.3.1,AppendixD
Nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results from high
principaltensilestressinweb,N,Sec6.4
Shearforceatsectionduetounfactoreddeadload,N,Sec6.4
Designshearforcecorrespondingtothedevelopmentoftheprobablemomentstrengthofthe
member,N,Sec8.3
Factoredshearforceatsectionduetoexternallyappliedloadsoccurringsimultaneouslywith
,N,Sec8.3
Nominalshearstrength,N,Sec6.1,6.3,6.4,8.3,AppendixD
Nominalhorizontalshearstrength,N,Sec6.12
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Part6
StructuralDesign
= Verticalcomponentofeffectiveprestressforceatsection,N,Sec6.4
= Nominalshearstrengthprovidedbyshearreinforcement,N,Sec6.4
= Nominal strength in shear of a single anchor or group of anchors as governed by the steel
strength,N,seeD.6.1.1andD.6.1.2,AppendixD
= Factoredshearforceatsection, N,Sec6.4,6.5,6.12,8.2,8.3
= Factoredshearforceappliedtoasingleanchororgroupofanchors,N,AppendixD
= Factoredshearforceontheslabcriticalsectionfortwowayactionduetogravityloads,N,see
Sec.8.3
= Factoredhorizontalshearinastory,N,Sec6.3
= Density(unitweight)ofnormalweightconcreteorequilibriumdensityoflightweightconcrete,
kg/m3,Sec6.1,6.2
= Factoredloadperunitlengthofbeamoronewayslab,Sec6.1
= Windload,orrelatedinternalmomentsandforces,Sec6.2
= Shorteroveralldimensionofrectangularpartofcrosssection,mm,Sec6.5
= Longeroveralldimensionofrectangularpartofcrosssection,mm,Sec6.5
= Distancefromcentroidalaxisofgrosssection,neglectingreinforcement,totensionface,mm,
Sec6.2,6.4
= Angledefiningtheorientationofreinforcement,Sec6.4,8.3,AppendixA
68
= Coefficient defining the relative contribution of concrete strength to nominal wall shear
strength,Sec8.3
= Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of a width of slab bounded
laterallybycenterlinesofadjacentpanels(ifany)oneachsideofthebeam,see6.5.6.1.6,Sec
6.2,6.5
= Averagevalueof forallbeamsonedgesofapanel,Sec6.2
=
indirectionofl1,Sec6.5
=
indirectionof ,Sec6.5
= Anglebetweentheaxisofastrutandthebarsinthe ithlayerofreinforcementcrossingthat
strut,AppendixA
= Constantusedtocompute inslabsandfootings,Sec6.4
= Ratioofflexuralstiffnessofshearheadarmtothatofthesurroundingcompositeslabsection,
see6.4.10.4.5,Sec6.4
= Ratiooflongtoshortdimensions:clearspansfortwowayslabs,see6.2.5.3.3;sidesofcolumn,
concentratedloadorreactionarea,see6.4.10.2.1;orsidesofafooting,see6.8.4.4.2,Sec6.2,
6.4,6.8
= Ratioofareaofreinforcementcutofftototalareaoftensionreinforcementatsection,Sec8.2
= Ratio used to account for reduction of stiffness of columns due to sustained axial loads, see
6.3.10.6.2,Sec6.3
= Ratiousedtoaccountforreductionofstiffnessofcolumnsduetosustainedlateralloads,see
6.3.10.4.2,Sec6.3
= Factortoaccountfortheeffectoftheanchorageoftiesontheeffectivecompressivestrength
ofanodalzone,AppendixA
= Factorusedtocompute inprestressedslabs,Sec6.4
= Factor to account for the effect of cracking and confining reinforcement on the effective
compressivestrengthoftheconcreteinastrut,AppendixA
= Ratiooftorsionalstiffnessofedgebeamsectiontoflexuralstiffnessofawidthofslabequalto
spanlengthofbeam,centertocenterofsupports,see6.5.6.4.2,Sec6.5
= Factorrelatingdepthofequivalentrectangularcompressivestressblocktoneutralaxisdepth,
see6.3.2.7.3,Sec6.3
= Factor used to determine the unbalanced moment transferred by flexure at slabcolumn
connections,see6.5.5.3.2,Sec6.4,6.5,8.3
= Factorusedtodeterminetheportionofreinforcementlocatedincenterbandoffooting,see
6.8.4.4.2,Sec6.8
= Factorusedtodeterminetheunbalancedmomenttransferredbyeccentricityofshearatslab
columnconnections,see6.4.10.7.1,Sec6.4
Vol.2
Chapter1
= Moment magnification factor to reflect effects of member curvature between ends of

compressionmember,Sec6.3
= Moment magnification factor for frames not braced against sidesway, to reflect lateral drift
resultingfromlateralandgravityloads,Sec6.3
= Designdisplacement,mm,Sec8.3
= Computed, outofplane deflection at midheight of wall corresponding to crackingmoment,
,mm,Sec6.6
= Increaseinstressinprestressingsteelduetofactoredloads,mpa,AppendixA
= Computed, outofplane deflection at midheight of wall corresponding to nominal flexural
strength, ,mm,Sec6.6
= Relative lateral deflection between the top and bottom of a story due to lateral forces
computed using a firstorder elastic frame analysis and stiffness values satisfying 6.3.10.5.2,
mm,Sec6.3
= Differencebetweeninitialandfinal(afterloadremoval)deflectionsforloadtestorrepeatload
test,mm,Sec6.11
= Computed,outofplanedeflectionatmidheightofwallduetoserviceloads,mm,Sec6.6
= Computeddeflectionatmidheightofwallduetofactoredloads,mm,Sec6.6
= Measuredmaximumdeflectionduringfirstloadtest,mm,see6.11.5.2,Sec6.11
= Maximumdeflectionmeasuredduringsecondloadtestrelativetothepositionofthestructure
atthebeginningofsecondloadtest,mm,see6.11.5.2,Sec6.11
= Nettensilestraininextremelayeroflongitudinaltensionsteelatnominalstrength,excluding
strainsduetoeffectiveprestress,creep,shrinkage,andtemperature,Sec6.16.3
= Anglebetweenaxisofstrut,compressiondiagonal,orcompressionfieldandthetensionchord
ofthemember,Sec6.4,AppendixA
= Modification factor reflecting the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete, all
relative to normalweight concrete of the same compressive strength, see 6.1.8.1, 6.4.5.4.3,
8.2.3.4(d),8.2.6.2,8.2.10.2(b),Sec6.2,6.4,6.9,8.2,8.3andAppendixesA,D
= Multiplierforadditionaldeflectionduetolongtermeffects,see6.2.5.2.5,Sec6.2
= Coefficientoffriction,see6.4.5.4.3,Sec6.4,8.3
= Timedependentfactorforsustainedload,see6.2.5.2.5,Sec6.2
= Ratioof
to
,Sec6.4,6.5,8.3
= Ratioof
to
,see6.3.15.1(b), Sec6.2
= Ratioof to producingbalancedstrainconditions,see6.3.3.2,Sec6.3,6.5,6.6
= Ratioof
to
,see6.3.15.2(b)
= Ratioofareaofdistributedlongitudinalreinforcementtogrossconcreteareaperpendicularto
thatreinforcement,Sec6.4,6.6,8.3
= Maximum reinforcement ratio allowed for beams corresponding to
0.004 , see
6.3.15.1(a)
= Ratio of volume of spiral reinforcement to total volume of core confined by the spiral
(measuredouttooutofspirals),Sec6.3,8.3
= Ratio of area distributed transverse reinforcement to gross concrete area perpendicular to

thatreinforcement,Sec6.4,6.6,8.3
= Ratiooftiereinforcementareatoareaofcontactsurface,see6.12.5.3.3,Sec6.12
= Ratioof to
,see6.3.15.2(b),Sec6.4
=
Strengthreductionfactor,see6.2.3,Sec6.16.6,6.9,6.11,6.12,8.3,AppendixesA&D
= Factorusedtomodifytensilestrengthofanchorsbasedonpresenceorabsenceofcracksin
,
concrete,seeD.5.2.6,AppendixD
= Factorusedtomodifypulloutstrengthofanchorsbasedonpresenceorabsenceofcracksin
,
concrete,seeD.5.3.6,AppendixD
= Factor used to modify shear strength of anchors based on presence or absence of cracks in
,
concreteandpresenceorabsenceofsupplementaryreinforcement,seeD.6.2.7foranchorsin
shear,AppendixD
= Factorusedtomodifytensilestrengthofpostinstalledanchorsintendedforuseinuncracked
,
concretewithoutsupplementaryreinforcement,seeD.5.2.7,AppendixD
= Factorusedtomodifydevelopmentlengthbasedonreinforcementcoating,Sec8.2
= Factorusedtomodifytensilestrengthofanchorsbasedoneccentricityofappliedloads,see
,
69
Part6
StructuralDesign
D.5.2.4,AppendixD
= Factor used to modify shear strength of anchors based on eccentricity of applied loads, see
D.6.2.5,AppendixD
= Factor used to modify tensile strength of anchors based on proximity to edges of concrete
member,seeD.5.2.5,AppendixD
= Factor used to modify shear strength of anchors based on proximity to edges of concrete
member,seeD.6.2.6,AppendixD
= Factor used to modify shear strength of anchors located in concrete members with
1.5 ,seeD.6.2.8,AppendixD
= Factorusedtomodifydevelopmentlengthbasedonreinforcementsize,Sec8.2
= Factorusedtomodifydevelopmentlengthbasedonreinforcementlocation,Sec8.2
= Factor used to modify development length for welded deformed wire reinforcement in
tension,Sec8.2
= Effectivetensionareaofconcretesurroundingtheflexuraltensionreinforcementandhaving
the same centroid as that of the reinforcement, divided by the number of bars. When the
flexural reinforcement consists of different bar sizes the number of bars or wires shall be
computedasthetotalareaofreinforcementdividedbytheareaofthelargestbarused
= Areaofskinreinforcementperunitheightinasideface
= Factorrelatingshearandtorsionalstressproperties=
= Thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fibre to centre of bar or wire
locatedclosestthereto
= Momentofresistanceofasectionwithoutcompressionsteel
= Additional moment of resistance due to added compression steel and additional tension
steelas2
= Spacingofshearortorsionreinforcementindirectionparalleltolongitudinalreinforcement
= Torsionalmomentstrengthprovidedbyconcrete
= Torsionalmomentstrengthprovidedbytorsionreinforcement
= Shortercentretocentredimensionofclosedrectangularstirrup
= Longercentretocentredimensionofclosedrectangularstirrup
= Quantitylimitingdistributionofflexuralreinforcement,seeEq(6.2.35)
3 butnotmorethan1.5
= Coefficientequalto 2
= Factordefinedin6.2.3.7
= Timedependentfactorforsustainedload
= Minimumratiooftensionreinforcement
6.1.2
610
General
6.1.2.1
Membersshallbedesignedforadequatestrengthinaccordancewiththeprovisions
ofthischapter,usingloadfactorsspecifiedin2.6.5.1andstrengthreductionfactors
in6.2.3.1.
6.1.2.2
Design of reinforced concrete members using Working Stress Design method

(AppendixB)isalsopermitted.
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.1.3
6.1.4
6.1.2.3
Structures and structural members shall be designed to have design strength at all
sectionsatleastequaltotherequiredstrength(U)calculatedforthefactoredloads
and forces in such combinations as are stipulated in Chapter 2, Loads. The nominal
strengthprovidedforthesectionmultipliedbythestrengthreductionfactor shall
beequaltoorgreaterthanthecalculatedrequiredstrengthU.
6.1.2.4
MembersshallalsomeetalltheotherrequirementsofthisCodetoensureadequate
performanceatserviceloads.
6.1.2.5
Design strength of reinforcement represented by the values of and used in

design calculations shall not exceed 550 MPa, except for prestressing steel and for
transversereinforcementin6.3.9.3andSec.8.3. or mayexceed420MPa,only
iftheratiooftheactualtensilestrengthtotheactualyieldstrengthisnotlessthan
1.20,andtheelongationpercentageisnotlessthan16.
6.1.2.6
Forstructuralconcrete, shallnotbelessthan17MPa.Nomaximumvalueof
shallapplyunlessrestrictedbyaspecificCodeprovision.
Loading
6.1.3.1
Loadsandtheircombinationsshallbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsspecified
inChapter2,Loads.
6.1.3.2
Structuresshallbedesignedtoresistallapplicableloads.
6.1.3.3
Effects of forces due to prestressing, crane loads, vibration, impact, shrinkage,

temperature changes, creep, expansion of shrinkagecompensating concrete, and
unequalsettlementofsupportsshallbedulyconsidered.
Methodsofanalysis
6.1.4.1
Members of frames or continuous construction (beams or oneway slabs) shall be

designedforthemaximumeffectsoffactoredloadsasdeterminedbythetheoryof
elastic analysis, except as modified for redistribution of moments in continuous
flexuralmembersaccordingto6.1.5.Designispermittedtobesimplifiedbyusingthe
assumptionsspecifiedin6.1.6&6.1.9through6.1.12.
6.1.4.2
Frame analysis by approximate methods shall be permitted for buildings of usual

typesofconstruction,spans,andstoryheights.
6.1.4.3
Provided (a)through (e) below aresatisfied, the approximate moments and shears
given here shall be permitted for design of continuous beams and oneway slabs
(slabs reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one direction), as an alternate to
frameanalysis:
a) Therearetwoormorespans;
b) Spansareapproximatelyequal,withthelargeroftwoadjacentspansnotgreaterthan
theshorterbymorethan20percent;
c) Loadsareuniformlydistributed;
d) Unfactoredliveload, ,doesnotexceedthreetimesunfactoreddeadload, ;and
e) Membersareprismatic.
Forcalculatingnegativemoments, istakenastheaverageoftheadjacentclearspanlengths.
Positivemoment
Endspans
611
Part6
StructuralDesign
Discontinuousendunrestrained
11
Discontinuousendintegralwithsupport
14
Interiorspans
16
Negativemomentsatexteriorfaceoffirstinteriorsupport
Twospans
Morethantwospans
10
Negativemomentatotherfacesofinterior
11
Supports
Negativemomentatfaceofallsupportsfor
Slabswithspansnotexceeding3.048m;
andbeamswhereratioofsumofcolumnstiffnessestobeamstiffnessexceeds8
12
ateachendofthespan
Negativemomentatinteriorfaceofexteriorsupportformembersbuiltintegrallywith
supports
Wheresupportisspandrelbeam
24
Wheresupportisacolumn
16
Shearinendmembersatfaceoffirst
1.15
interiorsupport
Shearatfaceofallothersupports
6.1.4.4
6.1.5
Strutandtiemodels,providedinAppendixA,shallbepermittedtobeusedinthedesignof
structuralconcrete.
Redistributionofmomentsincontinuousflexuralmembers
6.1.5.1
Itshallbepermittedtodecreasefactoredmomentscalculatedbyelastictheoryatsectionsof
maximumnegativeormaximumpositivemomentinanyspanofcontinuousflexuralmembers
foranyassumedloadingarrangementbynotmorethan1000 percent,withamaximumof
20percent,exceptwhereapproximatevaluesformomentsareused.
6.1.5.2
Redistributionofmomentsshallbemadeonlywhen isequaltoorgreaterthan0.0075at
thesectionatwhichmomentisreduced.
612
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.1.5.3
6.1.6
Atallothersectionswithinthespans,thereducedmomentshallbeusedforcalculating
redistributedmoments.Staticequilibriumshallhavetobemaintainedafterredistributionof
momentsforeachloadingarrangement.
Spanlength
6.1.6.1
Thespanlengthofasimplysupportedbeamshallbetakenasthesmallerofthedistance
betweenthecentresofbearings,orthecleardistancebetweensupportsplustheeffective
depth.
6.1.6.2
Fordeterminationofmomentsinanalysisofframesorcontinuousconstruction,spanlength
shallbetakenasthedistancecentertocenterofsupports.
6.1.6.3
Designonthebasisofmomentsatfacesofsupportshallbepermittedforbeamsbuilt
integrallywithsupports.
6.1.6.4
Itshallbepermittedtoanalyzesolidorribbedslabsbuiltintegrallywithsupports,withclear
spansnotmorethan3m,ascontinuousslabsonknifeedgesupportswithspansequaltothe
clearspansoftheslabandwidthofbeamsotherwiseneglected.
6.1.7
6.1.7.1
Modulusofelasticity
Modulusofelasticity, ,forconcreteshallbepermittedtobetakenas . 0.043

(in
MPa)forvaluesof between1440and2560kg/m3.Fornormalweightconcrete, shallbe
permittedtobetakenas4700
6.1.7.2
Modulusofelasticity,
,forreinforcementshallbepermittedtobetakenas200,000MPa.
613
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.1.8
6.1.8.1
Lightweightconcrete
Toaccountfortheuseoflightweightconcrete,unlessspecificallynotedotherwise,a
inallapplicableequationsandsectionsof
modificationfactor appearsasamultiplierof
thisCode,where 0.85 forsandlightweightconcreteand0.75foralllightweight
concrete.Linearinterpolationbetween0.75and0.85shallbepermitted,onthebasisof
volumetricfractions,whenaportionofthelightweightfineaggregateisreplacedwith
normalweightfineaggregate.Linearinterpolationbetween0.85and1.0shallbepermitted,
onthebasisofvolumetricfractions,forconcretecontainingnormalweightfineaggregateand
ablendoflightweightandnormalweightcoarseaggregates.Fornormalweightconcrete,
1.0.Ifaveragesplittingtensilestrengthoflightweightconcrete, ,isspecified,
/ 0.56
6.1.9
1.0.
Stiffness
6.1.9.1
Forcomputingrelativeflexuralandtorsionalstiffnessesofcolumns,walls,floors,androof
systems,useofanysetofreasonableassumptionsshallbepermitted.Theassumptions
adoptedshallbeconsistentthroughoutanalysis.
6.1.9.2
Bothindeterminingmomentsandindesignofmembers,effectofhaunchesshallbe
considered.
6.1.10 Effectivestiffnessfordetermininglateraldeflections
6.1.10.1
Lateraldeflectionsresultingfromservicelateralloadsforreinforcedconcretebuildingsystems
shallbecomputedbyeitheralinearanalysiswithmemberstiffnessdeterminedusing1.4
timestheflexuralstiffnessdefinedin6.1.10.2and6.1.10.3orbyamoredetailedanalysis.
Memberpropertiesshallnotbetakengreaterthanthegrosssectionproperties.
6.1.10.2
Lateraldeflectionsresultingfromfactoredlateralloadsforreinforcedconcretebuilding
systemsshallbecomputedeitherbylinearanalysiswithmemberstiffnessdefinedby(a)or
(b),orbyamoredetailedanalysisconsideringthereducedstiffnessofallmembersunderthe
loadingconditions:
a) Bysectionpropertiesdefinedin6.3.10.4.1(a)through(c);or
b) 50percentofstiffnessvaluesbasedongrosssectionproperties.
6.1.10.3
Lateraldeflectionsresultingfromfactoredlateralloadsshallbepermittedtobecomputedby
usinglinearanalysis,wheretwowayslabswithoutbeamsaredesignatedaspartofthe
seismicforceresistingsystem.Thestiffnessofslabmembersshallbedefinedbyamodelthat
isinsubstantialagreementwithresultsofcomprehensivetestsandanalysisandthestiffness
ofotherframemembersshallbeasdefinedin6.1.10.2.
6.1.11
ConsiderationsforColumns
6.1.11.1
Columnsshallbedesignedtoresisttheaxialforcesfromfactoredloadsonallfloorsorroof
andthemaximummomentfromfactoredloadsonasingleadjacentspanofthefloororroof
underconsideration.Loadingconditionresultingthemaximumratioofmomenttoaxialload
shallalsobeconsidered.
6.1.11.2
Inframesorcontinuousconstruction,considerationshallbegiventotheeffectofunbalanced
floororroofloadsonbothexteriorandinteriorcolumnsandofeccentricloadingduetoother
causes.
614
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.1.11.3
Itshallbepermittedtoassumefarendsofcolumnsbuiltintegrallywiththestructuretobe
fixed,whilecomputinggravityloadmomentsincolumns.
6.1.11.4
Resistancetomomentsatanyfloororrooflevelshallbeprovidedbydistributingthemoment
betweencolumnsimmediatelyaboveandbelowthegivenfloorinproportiontotherelative
columnstiffnessesandconditionsofrestraint.
6.1.12 Liveloadarrangement
6.1.12.1
Thefollowingshallbepermittedtoassume:
a) Theliveloadisappliedonlytothefloororroofunderconsideration;and
b) Thefarendsofcolumnsbuiltintegrallywiththestructureareconsideredtobefixed.
6.1.12.2
Arrangementofliveloadshallbepermittedtobeassumedtobelimitedtocombinationsof:
a) Factoreddeadloadonallspanswithfullfactoredliveloadontwoadjacentspans;and
b) Factoreddeadloadonallspanswithfullfactoredliveloadonalternatespans.
6.1.13 ConstructionofTbeam
6.1.13.1
IntheconstructionofTbeam,theflangeandwebshallbebuiltintegrallyorotherwise
effectivelybondedtogether.
6.1.13.2
WidthofslabeffectiveasaTbeamflangeshallnotexceedonequarterofthespanlengthof
thebeam,andtheeffectiveoverhangingflangewidthoneachsideofthewebshallnot
exceed:
a) Eighttimestheslabthickness;and
b) Onehalfthecleardistancetothenextweb.
6.1.13.3
Theeffectiveoverhangingflangewidthforbeamswithaslabononesideonlyshallnot
exceed:
a) Onetwelfththespanlengthofthebeam;
b) Sixtimestheslabthickness;and
c) Onehalfthecleardistancetothenextweb.
6.1.13.4
Isolatedbeams,inwhichtheTshapeisusedtoprovideaflangeforadditionalcompression
area,shallhaveaflangethicknessnotlessthanonehalfthewidthofwebandaneffective
flangewidthnotmorethanfourtimesthewidthofweb.
6.1.13.5
WhenprimaryflexuralreinforcementinaslabthatisconsideredasaTbeamflange
(excludingjoistconstruction)isparalleltothebeam,reinforcementshallbeprovidedinthe
topoftheslabinthedirectionperpendiculartothebeamandinaccordancewiththe
following:
6.1.13.5.1
Transversereinforcementshallbedesignedtocarrythefactoredloadontheoverhanging
slabwidthassumedtoactasacantilever.Forisolatedbeams,thefullwidthofoverhanging
flangeshallbeconsidered.ForotherTbeams,onlytheeffectiveoverhangingslabwidthneed
beconsidered.
6.1.13.5.2 Spacing of transverse reinforcement shall be not farther apart than five times the slab
thickness,norfartherapartthan450mm.
6.1.14 Constructionofjoist
6.1.14.1
Constructionofjoistconsistsofamonolithiccombinationofregularlyspacedribsandatop
slabarrangedtospaninonedirectionortwoorthogonaldirections.
615
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.1.14.2
Widthofribsshallnotbelessthan100mm,andtheribsshallhaveadepthofnotmorethan
31/2timestheminimumwidthofrib.
6.1.14.3
Clearspacingbetweenribsshallnotexceed750mm.
6.1.14.4
Joistconstructionnotmeetingthelimitationsof6.1.14.1through6.1.14.3shallbedesignedas
slabsandbeams.
6.1.14.5
Whenpermanentburnedclayorconcretetilefillersofmaterialhavingaunitcompressive
strengthatleastequalto inthejoistsareused:
6.1.14.5.1
Forshearandnegativemomentstrengthcomputations,theverticalshellsoffillersincontact
withtheribsshallbepermittedtoinclude.Otherportionsoffillersshallnotbeincludedin
strengthcomputations.
6.1.14.5.2
Slabthicknessoverpermanentfillersshallbenotlessthanonetwelfththecleardistance
betweenribs,norlessthan40mm.
6.1.14.5.3 Reinforcementnormaltotheribsshallbeprovidedintheslabinonewayjoists,asrequired
by8.1.11
6.1.14.6
Whenremovableformsorfillersareused,whichdonotcomplywith6.1.14.5,then:
6.1.14.6.1 Slabthicknessshallbenotlessthanonetwelfththecleardistancebetweenribs,norlessthan
50mm.
6.1.14.6.2
Reinforcementnormaltotheribsshallbeprovidedintheslabasrequiredforflexure,
consideringloadconcentrations,ifany,butnotlessthanrequiredby8.1.11
6.1.14.7
Whereconduitsorpipesaspermittedbyrelevantprovisionsofembedmentsinconcreteare
embeddedwithintheslab,slabthicknessshallbeatleast25mmgreaterthanthetotaloverall
depthoftheconduitsorpipesatanypoint.Conduitsorpipesshallnotimpairsignificantlythe
strengthoftheconstruction.
6.1.14.8
Forjoistconstruction,
6.4.
shallbepermittedtobe10percentmorethanthatspecifiedinSec
6.1.15 Separatefloorfinish
6.1.15.1
Unlessplacedmonolithicallywiththefloorslabordesignedinaccordancewithrequirements
ofSec.6.12,floorfinishshallnotbeincludedaspartofastructuralmember.
6.1.15.2
Allconcretefloorfinishesshallbepermittedtobeconsideredaspartofrequiredcoveror
totalthicknessfornonstructuralconsiderations.
6.2
STRENGTHANDSERVICEABILITYREQUIREMENTS
6.2.1
6.2.1.1
616
General
Structuresandstructuralmembersshallbedesignedtohavedesignstrengthsatallsections
atleastequaltotherequiredstrengthscalculatedforthefactoredloadsandforcesinsuch
combinationsasarestipulatedinthisCode.
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.2.1.2
6.2.2
MembersalsoshallmeetallotherrequirementsofthisCodetoensureadequateperformance
atserviceloadlevels.
Requiredstrength
6.2.2.1
Requiredstrength shallbeatleastequaltotheeffectsoffactoredloadsinsuch
combinationsasarestipulatedinChapter2,Loads.
6.2.2.2
Ifresistancetoimpacteffectsistakenintoaccountindesign,sucheffectsshallbeincluded
with .
6.2.2.3
Estimationsofdifferentialsettlement,creep,shrinkage,expansionofshrinkagecompensating
concrete,ortemperaturechangeshallbebasedonarealisticassessmentofsucheffects
occurringinservice.
6.2.3
DesignStrength
6.2.3.1
Designstrengthprovidedbyamember,anditsconnectionstoothermembers,intermsof
flexure,axialload,shear,andtorsion,shallbetakenasthenominalstrengthcalculatedin
accordancewiththerequirementsandassumptionsofthischapter,multipliedbyastrength
reductionfactors asstipulatedin6.2.3.2,6.2.3.3,and6.2.3.4.
6.2.3.2
Strengthreductionfactor shallbeasgivenin6.2.3.2.1through6.2.3.2.6:
6.2.3.2.1
Tensioncontrolledsectionsasdefinedin6.3.3.4...............................................0.90
6.2.3.2.2
Compressioncontrolledsections,asdefinedin6.3.3.3:
Memberswithspiralreinforcementconformingto6.3.9.3........................
0.75
Otherreinforcedmembers.......................................................................... 0.65
Forsectionsinwhichthenettensilestrainintheextremetensionsteelatnominalstrength, ,isbetween
thelimitsforcompressioncontrolledandtensioncontrolledsections, shallbepermittedtobelinearly
increased from that for compressioncontrolled sections to 0.90 as increases from the compression
controlledstrainlimitto0.005(AlsoseeFig. 6.2.3.1). While interpolating, it shallbepermittedtoround
toseconddigitafterdecimal.
Fig.6.2.3.1Variationof withnettensilestraininextremetensionsteel, and

forGrade420reinforcementandforprestressingsteel(seesec.6.2.3.2.2)
617
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.2.3.2.3
Itshallbepermittedforcompressioncontrolledsections,asdefinedin6.3.3.3,thefollowing
optional, more conservative alternative values of strength reduction factor , where less
controlled construction environment justifies such selection according to engineering
judgmentofthedesigner:
Memberswithspiralreinforcementconformingto6.3.9.3
0.70
Otherreinforcedmembers
0.60
Forsectionsinwhichthenettensilestrainintheextremetensionsteelatnominalstrength, ,isbetween
thelimitsforcompressioncontrolledandtensioncontrolledsections, shallbepermittedtobelinearly
increased from that for compressioncontrolled sections to 0.90 as increases from the compression
controlledstrainlimitto0.005(AlsoseeFig. 6.2.3.2). While interpolating, it shallbepermittedtoround
toseconddigitafterdecimal.
Fig. 6.2.3.2Variation of with net tensile strain in extreme tension steel, and for Grade 420
reinforcementandforprestressingsteelwithreducedvaluesof(0.6and0.7)forcompression
controlled sections (see sec.6.2.3.2.3, Optional application in case of less controlled
environmentasperengineeringjudgment)
6.2.3.2.4
Shearandtorsion
6.2.3.2.5
Bearingonconcrete(exceptforposttensionedanchoragezonesandstrutandtiemodels:
0.65
6.2.3.2.6
Strutandtiemodels(AppendixA),andstruts,ties,nodalzones,andbearingareasinsuch
models:0.75
6.2.3.2.7
CalculationofdevelopmentlengthspecifiedinSec8.2doesnotrequirea strengthreduction
factor.
6.2.3.3
ForstructuresrelyingonintermediateprecaststructuralwallsinSeismicDesignCategoryD,
specialmomentframes,orspecialstructuralwallstoresistearthquakeeffects, , shallbe
modifiedasgivenin(a)through(c):
0.75
a) Foranystructuralmemberthatisdesignedtoresist ,ifthenominalshearstrengthof
thememberislessthantheshearcorrespondingtothedevelopmentofthenominal
flexuralstrengthofthemember, forshearshallbe0.60.Thenominalflexuralstrength
shallbedeterminedconsideringthemostcriticalfactoredaxialloadsandincluding ;
618
Vol.2
Chapter1
b) Fordiaphragms, forshearshallnotexceedtheminimum forshearusedforthe

verticalcomponentsoftheprimaryseismicforceresistingsystem;
c) Forjointsanddiagonallyreinforcedcouplingbeams, forshearshallbe0.85.
6.2.3.4
6.2.4
Strengthreductionfactor
structuralplainconcrete.
shallbe0.60forflexure,compression,shear,andbearingof
Designstrengthforreinforcement
The values of and

used in design calculations shall not exceed 550 MPa, except for transverse
reinforcementin6.3.9.3andSec.8.3.
6.2.5
Controlofdeflections
6.2.5.1
Reinforcedconcretememberssubjectedtoflexureshallbedesignedtohaveadequate
stiffnesstolimitdeflectionsoranydeformationsthatmayadverselyaffectstrengthor
serviceabilityofastructure.
6.2.5.2
Onewayconstruction(nonprestressed)
6.2.5.2.1
MinimumthicknessstipulatedinTable6.2.5.1shallapplyforonewayconstructionnot
supportingorattachedtopartitionsorotherconstructionlikelytobedamagedbylarge
deflections,unlesscomputationofdeflectionindicatesalesserthicknesscanbeusedwithout
adverseeffects.
6.2.5.2.2
Wheredeflectionsaretobecomputed,deflectionsthatoccurimmediatelyonapplicationof
load shall be computed by usual methods or formulas for elastic deflections, considering
effectsofcrackingandreinforcementonmemberstiffness.
TABLE 6.2.5.1 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NONPRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONEWAY SLABS UNLESS
DEFLECTIONSARECALCULATED
Minimumthickness,
Simplysupported
Member
Solidoneway
slabs
Beamsorribbed
onewayslabs
Oneend
continuous
Bothends
continuous
Cantilever
Membersnotsupportingorattachedtopartitionsorotherconstructionlikelytobe
damagedbylargedeflections
/20
/24
/28
/10
/16
/18.5
/21
/8
Notes:
Values given shall be used directly for members with normalweight concrete and Grade 420
reinforcement.Forotherconditions,thevaluesshallbemodifiedasfollows:
a) For lightweight concrete having equilibriumdensity, , in the range of1440 to1840kg/m3, the
valuesshallbemultipliedby 1.65 0.0003
butnotlessthan1.09.
b)For otherthan420MPa,thevaluesshallbemultipliedby 0.4
6.2.5.2.3
Ifnotstiffnessvaluesareobtainedbyamorecomprehensiveanalysis,immediatedeflection
shallbecomputedwiththemodulusofelasticityforconcrete, ,asspecifiedin6.1.7.1
(normalweightorlightweightconcrete)andwiththeeffectivemomentofinertia, ,as
follows,butnotgreaterthan
1
/700 .
6.2.1
619
Part6
StructuralDesign
where
6.2.2
and
0.62
6.2.3
6.2.5.2.4
shallbepermittedtobetakenforcontinuousmembersastheaverageofvaluesobtained
fromEq.(6.2.1)forthecriticalpositiveandnegativemomentsections.Forprismatic
members, shallbepermittedtobetakenasthevalueobtainedfromEq.(6.2.1)atmidspan
forsimpleandcontinuousspans,andatsupportforcantilevers.
6.2.5.2.5
Ifthevaluesarenotobtainedbyamorecomprehensiveanalysis,additionallongterm
deflectionresultingfromcreepandshrinkageofflexuralmembers(normalweightor
lightweightconcrete)shallbedeterminedbymultiplyingtheimmediatedeflectioncausedby
thesustainedloadconsidered,bythefactor
6.2.4
where shallbethevalueatmidspanforsimpleandcontinuousspans,andatsupportfor
cantilevers.Itshallbepermittedtoassume ,thetimedependentfactorforsustainedloads,
tobeequalto:
5yearsormore
2.0
12months
1.4
6months
1.2
3months
1.0
6.2.5.2.6
Thevalueofdeflectioncomputedinaccordancewith6.2.5.2.2through6.2.5.2.5shallnot
exceedlimitsstipulatedinTable6.2.5.2.
6.2.5.3
Twowayconstruction(nonprestressed)
6.2.5.3.1
Theminimumthicknessofslabsorothertwowayconstructiondesignedinaccordancewith
theprovisionsofSec.6.5andconformingwiththerequirementsof6.5.6.1.2shallbegoverned
bySection6.2.5.3.Thethicknessofslabswithoutinteriorbeamsspanningbetweenthe
supportsonallsidesshallsatisfytherequirementsof6.2.5.3.2or6.2.5.3.4.Thethicknessof
slabswithbeamsspanningbetweenthesupportsonallsidesshallsatisfyrequirementsof
6.2.5.3.3or6.2.5.3.4.
6.2.5.3.2
Ifslabsarewithoutinteriorbeamsspanningbetweenthesupportsandhavearatiooflongto
shortspannotgreaterthan2,theminimumthicknessshallbeinaccordancewiththe
provisionsofTable6.2.5.3andshallnotbelessthanthefollowingvalues:
Slabswithoutdroppanelsasdefinedin6.5.2.5
125mm;
Slabswithdroppanelsasdefinedin6.5.2.5
100mm.
TABLE6.2.5.2MAXIMUMALLOWABLECOMPUTEDDEFLECTIONS
Typeofmember
Deflectiontobeconsidered
Deflection
Flatroofsnotsupportingorattachedto
nonstructuralelementslikelytobedamaged
bylargedeflections
Immediatedeflectionduetoliveload
/180
620
Vol.2
Chapter1
Floorsnotsupportingorattachedto
nonstructuralelementslikelytobedamaged
bylargedeflections
Immediatedeflectionduetoliveload
Rooforfloorconstructionsupportingor
attachedtononstructuralelementslikelyto
bedamagedbylargedeflections
Thatpartofthetotaldeflection
occurringafterattachmentof
nonstructuralelements(sumofthe
longtermdeflectionduetoall
sustainedloadsandtheimmediate
deflectionduetoanyadditionallive
load)
Rooforfloorconstructionsupportingor
attachedtononstructuralelementsnotlikely
tobedamagedbylargedeflections
/360
/480
l /240
*Limit notintendedtosafeguardagainstponding.Pondingshouldbecheckedbysuitablecalculations
ofdeflection,includingaddeddeflectionsduetopondedwater,andconsideringlongtermeffectsofall
sustainedloads,camber,constructiontolerances,andreliabilityofprovisionsfordrainage.
Longtermdeflectionshallbedeterminedinaccordancewith6.2.5.2.5,butmaybereducedbyamount
ofdeflectioncalculatedtooccurbeforeattachmentofnonstructuralelements.Thisamountshallbe
determinedonbasisofacceptedengineeringdatarelatingtotimedeflectioncharacteristicsof
memberssimilartothosebeingconsidered.
Limitmaybeexceededifadequatemeasuresaretakentopreventdamagetosupportedorattached
elements.
Limitshallnotbegreaterthantoleranceprovidedfornonstructuralelements.Limitmaybeexceeded
TABLE6.2.5.3MINIMUMTHICKNESSOFSLABSWITHOUTINTERIORBEAMS*
, MPa
Without drop panels

Exteriorpanels
Interior
l
Without Withedge
edgebeams beams
With drop panels

Exteriorpanels
Interior
l
Without Withedge
edgebeams beams
280
/33
/36
/36
/36
/40
/40
420
/30
/33
/33
/33
/36
/36
520
/28
/31
/31
/31
/34
/34
*For twoway construction, is the length of clear span in the long direction,
measuredfacetofaceofsupportsinslabswithoutbeamsandfacetofaceofbeamsor
othersupportsinothercases.
For between the values given in the table, minimum thickness shall be
determinedbylinearinterpolation.
Droppanelsasdefinedin6.5.2.5.
Slabs withbeamsbetweencolumnsalongexterioredges.Thevalueof
fortheedge
beamshallnotbelessthan0.8.
6.2.5.3.3
Theminimumthickness, forslabswithbeamsspanningbetweenthesupportsonallsides,
shallbeasfollows:
a) For
b) For
equaltoorlessthan0.2,theprovisionsof6.2.5.3.2shallapply;
greaterthan0.2butnotgreaterthan2.0, shallnotbelessthan
.
(6.2.5)
621
Part6
StructuralDesign
andnotlessthan125mm;
greaterthan2.0, shallnotbelessthan
c) For
6.2.6
andnotlessthan90mm;
not less than 0.80 shall be provided at
d) An edge beam with a stiffness ratio
discontinuousedges,ortheminimumthicknessrequiredbyEq.(6.2.5)or(6.2.6)shallbe
increasedbyatleast10percentinthepanelwithadiscontinuousedge.
Term in(b)and(c)islengthofclearspaninlongdirectionmeasuredfacetofaceofbeams.
Term in(b)and(c)isratioofclearspansinlongtoshortdirectionofslab.
6.2.5.3.4
WhencomputeddeflectionsdonotexceedthelimitsofTable6.2.5.2,slabthicknesslessthan
the minimum required by 6.2.5.3.1, 6.2.5.3.2, and 6.2.5.3.3 shall be permitted. Deflections
shallbecomputedtakingintoaccountsizeandshapeofthepanel,conditionsofsupport,and
natureofrestraintsatthepaneledges.Themodulusofelasticityofconcrete, ,shallbeas
specified in 6.1.7.1. The effective moment of inertia, , shall be that given by Eq. (6.2.1);
othervaluesshallbepermittedtobeusediftheyresultincomputeddeflectionsinreasonable
agreement with results of comprehensive tests. Additional longterm deflection shall be
computedinaccordancewith6.2.5.2.5.
6.2.5.4
Compositeconstruction
6.2.5.4.1
Shoredconstruction
Where composite flexural members are supported during construction so that, after removal of
temporarysupports,deadloadisresistedbythefullcompositesection,itshallbepermittedtoconsider
the composite member equivalent to a monolithically cast member for computation of deflection. For
nonprestressedmembers,theportionofthememberincompressionshalldeterminewhethervaluesin
Table6.2.5.1fornormalweightorlightweightconcreteshallapply.Ifdeflectioniscomputed,accountshall
betakenofcurvaturesresultingfromdifferentialshrinkageofprecastandcastinplacecomponents,and
ofaxialcreepeffectsinaprestressedconcretemember.
6.2.5.4.2
Unshoredconstruction
When the thickness of a nonprestressed precast flexural member meets the requirements of Table
6.2.5.1,deflectionneednotbecomputed.Ifthethicknessofanonprestressedcompositemembermeets
the requirements of Table 6.2.5.1, it is not required to compute deflection occurring after the member
becomes composite, but the longterm deflection of the precast member shall be investigated for
magnitudeanddurationofloadpriortobeginningofeffectivecompositeaction.
6.2.5.4.3
The computed deflection in accordance with 6.2.5.4.1 or 6.2.5.4.2 shall not exceed limits
stipulatedinTable6.2.5.2.
6.3
AXIALLOADSANDFLEXURE
6.3.1
Scope
TheprovisionsofSec.6.3shallbeapplicabletothedesignofmemberssubjecttoflexureoraxialloadsor
acombinationthereof.
622
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.3.2
Designassumptions
6.3.2.1
Theassumptionsgivenin6.3.2.2through6.3.2.7,andsatisfactionofapplicableconditionsof
equilibriumandcompatibilityofstrainsshallformthebasisofstrengthdesignofmembersfor
flexureandaxialloads.
6.3.2.2
It shallbe assumed that strain inreinforcement and concrete is directly proportional to the
distancefromtheneutralaxis,exceptthat,fordeepbeamsasdefinedin6.3.7.1,ananalysis
that considers a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be used. Alternatively, it shall be
permittedtouseastrutandtiemodel.See6.3.7,6.4.6,andAppendixA.
6.3.2.3
Itshallbeassumedthatthemaximumusablestrainatextremeconcretecompressionfiberis
equalto0.003.
6.3.2.4
times steel strain. For strains

For stress in reinforcement below , it shall be taken as
greater than that corresponding to , stress in reinforcement shall be considered
independentofstrainandequalto .
6.3.2.5
Inaxialandflexuralcalculationsofreinforcedconcrete,thetensilestrengthofconcreteshall
beneglected.
6.3.2.6
Therelationshipbetweenconcretecompressivestressdistributionandconcretestrainshall
be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other shape that results in
predictionofstrengthinsubstantialagreementwithresultsofcomprehensivetests.
6.3.2.7
Anequivalentrectangularconcretestressdistributiondefinedby6.3.2.7.1through6.3.2.7.3
belowshallsatisfytherequirementsof6.3.2.6.
6.3.2.7.1
Concrete stress of 0.85 shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent

compressionzoneboundedbyedgesofthecrosssectionandastraightlinelocatedparallelto
theneutralaxisatadistance
fromthefiberofmaximumcompressivestrain.
6.3.2.7.2
Distance from the fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis, , shall be measured in a
directionperpendiculartotheneutralaxis.
6.3.2.7.3
For between17and28MPa, shallbetakenas0.85.For above28MPa, shallbe

reducedlinearlyatarateof0.05foreach7MPaofstrengthinexcessof28MPa,but shall
notbetakenlessthan0.65.For between28and56MPa, maybecalculatedfromEq.
(6.3.1).
0.85
0.007143
28
0.65
0.85
6.3.1
623
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.3.3
Generalprinciplesandrequirements
6.3.3.1
Stressandstraincompatibilityusingassumptionsin6.3.2shallbethebasisfordesignofcross
sectionssubjecttoflexureoraxialloads,oracombinationthereof.
6.3.3.2
A cross section shall be considered to be in balanced strain conditions when the tension
reinforcementreachesthestraincorrespondingto justasconcreteincompressionreaches
itsassumedultimatestrainof0.003.
6.3.3.3
Sectionsarecompressioncontrolledifthenettensilestrainintheextremetensionsteel, ,is
equal to or less than the compressioncontrolled strain limit when the concrete in
compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003 (Fig.6.3.3.1). The compression
controlled strain limit is the net tensile strain in the reinforcement at balanced strain
conditions. For Grade 420 reinforcement, it shall be permitted to set the compression
controlled strain limit equal to 0.002. For other grades compressioncontrolled strain limit
maybedeterminedbydividingtheyieldstrengthbymodulusofelasticityEandthenrounding
the value obtained to four significant digits after the decimal. For example, for Grade 500
reinforcement,thecompressioncontrolledstrainlimitshallequalto0.0025.
Fig.6.3.3.1Straindistributionandnettensilestrain
624
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.3.3.4
Sections are tensioncontrolled if the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel, , is
equaltoorgreaterthan0.005whentheconcreteincompressionreachesitsassumedstrain
limit of 0.003. Sections with between the compressioncontrolled strain limit and 0.005
constitute a transition region between compressioncontrolled and tensioncontrolled
sections.
6.3.3.5
Nettensilestrainintheextremetensionsteelatnominalstrength, shallnotbelessthan
0.004fornonprestressedflexuralmembersandnonprestressedmemberswithfactoredaxial
compressiveloadlessthan0.10
6.3.3.5.1
Useofcompressionreinforcementshall bepermittedinconjunctionwithadditionaltension
reinforcementtoincreasethestrengthofflexuralmembers.
6.3.3.6
Forcompressionmembers,designaxialstrength
computedbyEq.(6.3.2)or(6.3.3).
6.3.3.6.1
FornonprestressedmemberswithspiralreinforcementconformingtoSec.8.1orcomposite
membersconformingto6.3.13:
,
6.3.3.6.2
6.3.4
0.85
0.85
(6.3.2)
FornonprestressedmemberswithtiereinforcementconformingtoSec.8.1:
,
6.3.3.7
shallnotbetakengreaterthan
0.80
0.85
(6.3.3)
Memberssubjecttocompressiveaxialloadshallbedesignedforthemaximummomentthat
canaccompanytheaxialload.Thefactoredaxialforce atgiveneccentricityshallnotexceed
thatgivenin6.3.3.6.Themaximumfactoredmoment
shallbemagnifiedforslenderness
effectsinaccordancewith6.3.10.
Spacingoflateralsupportsforflexuralmembers
6.3.4.1
Distancebetweenlateralsupportsforabeamshallnotexceed50times ,theleastwidthof
compressionflangeorface.
6.3.4.2
Effects of lateral eccentricity of load shall be taken into account in determining spacing of
lateralsupports.
6.3.5
6.3.5.1
Minimumreinforcementformembersinflexure
At every section of a flexural member where tensile reinforcement is required by analysis,

except as provided in 6.3.5.2, 6.3.5.3, and 6.3.5.4,
provided shall not be less than that
givenby
.
,
andnotlessthan1.4
6.3.4
/ .
625
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.3.5.2
Forstaticallydeterminatememberswithaflangeintension, ,
valuegivenbyEq.(6.3.4),exceptthat isreplacedbyeither2
whicheverissmaller.
6.3.5.3
If,ateverysection, providedisatleastonethirdgreaterthanthatrequiredbyanalysis,the
requirementsof6.3.5.1and6.3.5.2neednotbeapplied.
6.3.5.4
Forstructuralslabsandfootingsofuniformthickness, ,
inthedirectionofthespanshall
be the same as that required by 8.1.11. Maximum spacing of this reinforcement shall not
exceedthreetimesthethickness,nor450mm.
6.3.6
shallnotbelessthanthe
orthewidthoftheflange,
Distributionofflexuralreinforcementinonewayslabsandbeams
6.3.6.1
Rules for distribution of flexural reinforcement to control flexural cracking in beams and in
onewayslabs(slabsreinforcedtoresistflexuralstressesinonlyonedirection)areprescribed
inthissection.
6.3.6.2
Distributionofflexuralreinforcementintwowayslabsshallbeasrequiredby6.5.3.
6.3.6.3
As prescribed in 6.3.6.4, flexural tension reinforcement shall be well distributed within

maximumflexuraltensionzonesofamembercrosssection.
6.3.6.4
Thespacingofreinforcementclosesttothetensionface, ,shallbelessthanthatgivenby
380
2.5
(6.3.5)
but shall not exceed 300 280/ , where

is the least distance from surface of
reinforcement to the tension face. If there is only one bar or wire nearest to the extreme
tensionface, usedinEq.(6.3.5)isthewidthoftheextremetensionface.
Calculated stress in reinforcement closest to the tension face at service load shall be
computedbasedontheunfactoredmoment.Itshallbepermittedtotake as2/3 .
6.3.6.5
Forstructuressubjecttoveryaggressiveexposureordesignedtobewatertight,provisionsof
6.3.6.4 are not sufficient. For such structures, special investigations and precautions are
required.
6.3.6.6
When flanges of Tbeam construction are in tension, part of the flexural tension
reinforcement shall be distributed over an effective flange width as defined in 6.1.13, or a
widthequaltoonetenththespan,whicheverissmaller.Iftheeffectiveflangewidthexceeds
onetenththespan,somelongitudinalreinforcementshallbeprovidedintheouterportions
oftheflange.
6.3.6.7
Longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed along both side faces of a
member(Fig.6.3.6.1),where ofabeamorjoistexceeds900mm.Skinreinforcementshall
extendforadistance 2 fromthetensionface.Thespacing shallbeasprovidedin6.3.6.4,
where istheleastdistancefromthesurfaceoftheskinreinforcementtothesideface.It
shall be permitted to include such reinforcement in strength computations if a strain
compatibilityanalysisismadetodeterminestressintheindividualbarsorwires.
626
Vol.2
Chapter1
Fig.6.3.6.1Skinreinforcementforbeamsandjoistswithh >900mm.
6.3.7
6.3.7.1
Deepbeams
Deep beams are members loaded on one face and supported on the opposite face so that
compressionstrutscandevelopbetweentheloadsandthesupports,andhaveeither:
a) clearspans, ,equaltoorlessthanfourtimestheoverallmemberdepth;or
b) regions with concentrated loads within twice the member depth from the face of the
support.
Deepbeamsshallbedesignedeithertakingintoaccountnonlineardistributionofstrain,orby
AppendixA.(Seealso6.4.6.1and8.2.7.6)Lateralbucklingshallbeconsidered.
6.3.7.2
ofdeepbeamsshallbeinaccordancewith6.4.6.
6.3.7.3
Minimumareaofflexuraltensionreinforcement,
6.3.7.4
Minimumhorizontalandverticalreinforcementinthesidefacesofdeepbeamsshallsatisfy
eitherA.3.3or6.4.6.4and6.4.6.5.
6.3.8
6.3.8.1
,shallconformto6.3.5.
Designdimensionsforcompressionmembers
Isolatedcompressionmemberwithmultiplespirals
Outerlimitsoftheeffectivecrosssectionofacompressionmemberwithtwoormoreinterlockingspirals
shallbetakenatadistanceoutsidetheextremelimitsofthespiralsequaltotheminimumconcretecover
requiredby8.1.7.
6.3.8.2
Monolithicallybuiltcompressionmemberwithwall
Outerlimitsoftheeffectivecrosssectionofaspirallyreinforcedortiedreinforcedcompressionmember
builtmonolithicallywithaconcretewallorpiershallbetakennotgreaterthan40mmoutsidethespiral
ortiereinforcement.
6.3.8.3
Equivalentcircularcompressionmemberreplacingothershapes
Inlieuofusingthefullgrossareafordesignofacompressionmemberwithasquare,octagonal,orother
shaped cross section, it shall be permitted to use a circular section with a diameter equal to the least
lateraldimensionoftheactualshape.Grossareaconsidered,requiredpercentageofreinforcement,and
designstrengthshallbebasedonthatcircularsection.
6.3.8.4
Limitsofsection
Foracompressionmemberwithacrosssectionlargerthanrequiredbyconsiderationsofloading,itshall
notless
bepermittedtobasetheminimumreinforcementandstrengthonareducedeffectivearea
627
Part6
StructuralDesign
thanonehalfthetotalarea.Thisprovisionshallnotapplytospecialmomentframesorspecialstructural
wallsdesignedinaccordancewithSec.8.3.
6.3.9
Limitsofreinforcementforcompressionmembers
6.3.9.1
Fornoncompositecompressionmembers,theareaoflongitudinalreinforcement, ,shallbe
not less than 0.01
or more than 0.06 . To avoid practical difficulties in placing and
compactingofconcreteaswellastodeliverductilitytononcompositecompressionmembers,
unlessabsolutely
areaoflongitudinalreinforcement, ,ispreferrednottoexceed0.04
essential.
6.3.9.2
Minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 4 for bars within
rectangularorcircularties,3forbarswithintriangularties,and6forbarsenclosedbyspirals
conformingto6.3.9.3.
6.3.9.3
Volumetricspiralreinforcementratio,
0.45
,shallbenotlessthanthevaluegivenby
wherethevalueof
usedinEq.(6.3.6)shallnotexceed700MPa.For
MPa,lapsplicesaccordingto8.1.9.3(e)shallnotbeused.
6.3.6
greaterthan420
6.3.10 Slendernesseffectsincompressionmembers
6.3.10.1
Slendernesseffectsshallbepermittedtobeneglectedinthefollowingcases:
a) forcompressionmembersnotbracedagainstsideswaywhen:
22
6.3.7
b) forcompressionmembersbracedagainstsideswaywhen:
34
12
40
6.3.8
where ispositiveifthecolumnisbentinsinglecurvature,andnegativeifthememberisbentin
doublecurvature.
Compressionmembersmaybeconsideredtobebracedagainstsideswaywhenbracingelementshavea
total stiffness, resisting lateral movement of that story, of at least 12 times the gross stiffness of the
columnswithinthestory.
TheJacksonandMorelandAlignmentCharts(Fig.6.3.10.1),whichallowagraphicaldeterminationof for
acolumnofconstantcrosssectioninamultibayframemaybeusedastheprimarydesignaidtoestimate
theeffectivelengthfactor .
628
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.3.10.1.1 The unsupported length of a compression member, , shall be taken as the clear distance
between floor slabs, beams, or other members capable of providing lateral support in the
direction being considered. Where column capitals or haunches are present,
shall be
measuredtothelowerextremityofthecapitalorhaunchintheplaneconsidered.
6.3.10.1.2 It shall be permitted to take the radius of gyration, , equal to 0.30 times the overall
dimensioninthedirectionstabilityisbeingconsideredforrectangularcompressionmembers
and0.25timesthediameterforcircularcompressionmembers.Forothershapes,itshallbe
permittedtocompute forthegrossconcretesection.
Fig.6.3.10.1Effectivelengthfactorsk.
629
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.3.10.2
When slenderness effects are not neglected as permitted by 6.3.10.1, the design of
compressionmembers,restrainingbeams,andothersupportingmembersshallbebasedon
thefactoredforcesandmomentsfromasecondorderanalysissatisfying6.3.10.3,6.3.10.4,or
6.3.10.5.Thesemembersshallalsosatisfy6.3.10.2.1and6.3.10.2.2.Thedimensionsofeach
membercrosssectionusedintheanalysisshallbewithin10percentofthedimensionsofthe
membersshownonthedesigndrawingsortheanalysisshallberepeated.
6.3.10.2.1 Totalmomentincludingsecondordereffectsincompressionmembers,restrainingbeams,or
otherstructuralmembersshallnotexceed1.4timesthemomentduetofirstordereffects.
6.3.10.2.2 Secondordereffectsshallbeconsideredalongthelengthofcompressionmembers.Itshall
bepermittedtoaccountfortheseeffectsusingthemomentmagnificationprocedureoutlined
in6.3.10.6.
6.3.10.3
Nonlinearsecondorderanalysis
Secondorderanalysisshallconsidermaterialnonlinearity,membercurvatureandlateraldrift,durationof
loads,shrinkageandcreep,andinteractionwiththesupportingfoundation.Theanalysisprocedureshall
have been shown to result in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of
comprehensivetestsofcolumnsinstaticallyindeterminatereinforcedconcretestructures.
6.3.10.4
Elasticsecondorderanalysis
Elastic secondorder analysis shall consider section properties determined taking into account the
influenceofaxialloads,thepresenceofcrackedregionsalongthelengthofthemember,andtheeffects
ofloadduration.
6.3.10.4.1 Itshallbepermittedtousethefollowingpropertiesforthemembersinthestructure:
a) Modulusofelasticity......................
b) Momentsofinertia,
from6.1.7.1
Compressionmembers:
0.70
Columns
WallsUncracked
0.70
Cracked
0.35
Flexuralmembers:
Beams
0.35
Flatplatesandflatslabs
0.25
c) Area
1.0
Alternatively, the moments of inertia of compression and flexural members, , shall be

permittedtobecomputedasfollows:
Compressionmembers:
0.80
25
0.5
0.875
(6.3.9)
where
and
shall be determined from the particular load combination under
determinedinthesmallestvalueof . need
consideration,orthecombinationof and
notbetakenlessthan0.35 .
Flexuralmembers:
0.10
630
25
1.2
0.2
0.5
(6.3.10)
Vol.2
Chapter1
For continuous flexural members, shall be permitted to be taken as the average of values
obtainedfromEq.(6.3.10)forthecriticalpositiveandnegativemomentsections. neednot
betakenlessthan0.25 .Thecrosssectionaldimensionsandreinforcementratiousedinthe
aboveformulasshallbewithin10percentofthedimensionsandreinforcementratioshown
onthedesigndrawingsorthestiffnessevaluationshallberepeated.
6.3.10.4.2 When sustained lateral loads are present, for compression members shall be divided by
. The term
shall be taken as the ratio of maximum factored sustained shear
1
within a story to the maximum factored shear in that story associated with the same load
combination,butshallnotbetakengreaterthan1.0.
6.3.10.5
Procedureformomentmagnification
Columnsandstoriesinstructuresshallbedesignatedasnonswayorswaycolumnsorstories.Thedesign
ofcolumnsinnonswayframesorstoriesshallbebasedon6.3.10.6.Thedesignofcolumnsinswayframes
orstoriesshallbebasedon6.3.10.7.
6.3.10.5.1 A column in a structure shall be permitted to be assumed as nonsway if the increase in
column end moments due to secondorder effects does not exceed 5 percent of the first
orderendmoments.
6.3.10.5.2 Astorywithinastructureispermittedtobeassumedasnonswayif:
0.05
(6.3.11)
where and
arethetotalfactoredverticalloadandthehorizontalstoryshear,respectively,inthe
storybeingevaluated,and isthefirstorderrelativelateraldeflectionbetweenthetopandthebottom
.
ofthatstorydueto
6.3.10.6
ProcedureformomentmagnificationNonsway
Compressionmembersshallbedesignedforfactoredaxialforce
fortheeffectsofmembercurvature where
andthefactoredmomentamplified
(6.3.12)
where
1.0
(6.3.13)
and
6.3.10.6.1
6.3.14
shallbetakenas
.
(6.3.15)
or
.
Asanalternative,
.
1
(6.3.16)
shallbepermittedtobecomputedusingthevalueof fromEq.(6.3.9)dividedby
631
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.3.10.6.2 Theterm
shallbetakenastheratioofmaximumfactoredaxialsustainedloadto
maximumfactoredaxialloadassociatedwiththesameloadcombination,butshallnotbe
takengreaterthan1.0.
6.3.10.6.3 Theeffectivelengthfactor, ,shallbepermittedtobetakenas1.0.
6.3.10.6.4 Formemberswithnotransverseloadbetweensupports,
0.6
shallbetakenas
0.4
(6.3.17)
ispositiveifthecolumnisbentinsinglecurvature,andnegativeifthememberisbentin
where
doublecurvature.Formemberswithtransverseloadsbetweensupports,
shallbetakenas1.0.
6.3.10.6.5 Factoredmoment,
,inEq.(6.3.12)shallnotbetakenlessthan
15 0.03
(6.3.18)
abouteachaxisseparately,where0.6and areinmm.Formembersinwhich ,
exceeds ,the
in Eq. (6.3.17) shall either be taken equal to 1.0, or shall be based on the ratio of the
value of
computedendmoments, .
,
6.3.10.7
ProcedureformomentmagnificationSway
Moments
and
attheendsofanindividualcompressionmembershallbetakenas
(6.3.19)
(6.3.20)
where
iscomputedaccordingto6.3.10.7.3or6.3.10.7.4.
6.3.10.7.1 Flexuralmembersshallbedesignedforthetotalmagnifiedendmomentsofthecompression
membersatthejoint.
and given in 6.3.10.4 shall be used for determining the effective length
6.3.10.7.2 The values of
factor anditshallnotbelessthan1.0.
6.3.10.7.3 Themomentmagnifier
shallbecalculatedas
(6.3.21)
If calculated by Eq.(6.3.21)exceeds1.5,
6.3.10.7.4.
shall be calculated using secondorderelastic analysis or
6.3.10.7.4 Alternatively,itshallbepermittedtocalculate
as
(6.3.22)
where isthesummationforallthefactoredverticalloadsinastoryand isthesummationforall

swayresistingcolumnsinastory. iscalculatedusingEq.(6.3.14)with determinedfrom6.3.10.7.2and
from6.3.10.6.1.
6.3.11 Axiallyloadedmemberssupportingslabsystem
Axiallyloadedmemberssupportingaslabsystemincludedwithinthescopeof6.5.1shallbedesignedas
providedinSec.6.3andinaccordancewiththeadditionalrequirementsofSec.6.5.
6.3.12 Columnloadtransmissionthroughfloorsystem
If ofacolumnisgreaterthan1.4timesthatofthefloorsystem,transmissionofloadthroughthefloor
systemshallbeprovidedby6.3.12.1,6.3.12.2,or6.3.12.3.
632
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.3.12.1
Concrete of strength specified for the column shall be placed in the floor at the column
location. Top surface of the column concrete shall extend 2 ft into the slab from face of
column.Columnconcreteshallbewellintegratedwithfloorconcrete,andshallbeplacedin
accordancewithrelevantprovisionsforconstructionjointsofcolumns,wallsetc.withbeams,
slabsetc.Toavoidaccidentalplacingoflowerstrengthconcreteinthecolumns,thestructural
designershallindicateon thedrawingwherethehighandlowstrengthconcretesaretobe
placed.
6.3.12.2
Strength of acolumn through afloor system shallbebased on thelowervalueof concrete

strengthwithverticaldowelsandspiralsasrequired.
6.3.12.3
Forcolumnslaterallysupportedonfoursidesbybeamsofapproximatelyequaldepthorby
slabs,itshallbepermittedtobasestrengthofthecolumnonanassumedconcretestrengthin
the column joint equal to 75 percent of column concrete strength plus 35 percent of floor
concretestrength.Intheapplicationof6.3.12.3,theratioofcolumnconcretestrengthtoslab
concretestrengthshallnotbetakengreaterthan2.5fordesign.
6.3.13 Compositecompressionmembers
6.3.13.1
All members reinforced longitudinally with structural steel shapes, pipe, or tubing with or
withoutlongitudinalbarsshallbeincludedincompositecompressionmembers.
6.3.13.2
Acompositememberstrengthshallbecomputedforthesamelimitingconditionsapplicable
toordinaryreinforcedconcretemembers.
6.3.13.3
Anyaxialloadstrengthassignedtoconcreteofacompositemembershallbetransferredto
theconcretebymembersorbracketsindirectbearingonthecompositememberconcrete.
6.3.13.4
Allaxialloadstrengthnotassignedtoconcreteofacompositemembershallbedevelopedby
directconnectiontothestructuralsteelshape,pipe,ortube.
6.3.13.5
Forevaluationofslendernesseffects,radiusofgyration, ,ofacompositesectionshallbenot
greaterthanthevaluegivenby
(6.3.23)
and,asanalternativetoamoreaccuratecalculation,
or
inEq.(6.3.14)shallbetakeneitherasEq.(6.3.15)
6.3.13.6
(6.3.24)
Concretecoreencasedbystructuralsteel
6.3.13.6.1 Whenacompositememberisastructuralsteelencasedconcretecore,thethicknessofthe
foreachfaceofwidth nor
steelencasementshallbenotlessthan
forcircular
sectionsofdiameter
and
6.3.13.6.2 Whencomputing
bepermittedtobeused.
6.3.13.7
,longitudinalbarslocatedwithintheencasedconcretecoreshall
Spiralreinforcementaroundstructuralsteelcore
A composite member with spirally reinforced concrete around a structural steel core shall conform to
6.3.13.7.1through6.3.13.7.4.
633
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.3.13.7.1 Designyieldstrengthofstructuralsteelcoreshallbethespecifiedminimumyieldstrengthfor
thegradeofstructuralsteelusedbutnottoexceed350MPa.
6.3.13.7.2 Spiralreinforcementshallconformto6.3.9.3.
6.3.13.7.3 Longitudinalbarslocatedwithinthespiralshallbenotlessthan0.01normorethan0.06times
netareaofconcretesection.
6.3.13.7.4 Longitudinalbarslocatedwithinthespiralshallbepermittedtobeusedincomputing
.
6.3.13.8
and
Tiereinforcementaroundstructuralsteelcore
Laterally tied concrete around a structural steel core forming a composite member shall conform to
6.3.13.8.1through6.3.13.8.7.
6.3.13.8.1 Designyieldstrengthofstructuralsteelcoreshallbethespecifiedminimumyieldstrengthfor
thegradeofstructuralsteelusedbutnottoexceed350MPa.
6.3.13.8.2 Lateraltiesshallextendcompletelyaroundthestructuralsteelcore.
6.3.13.8.3 Lateral ties shall have a diameter not less than 0.02 times the greatest side dimension of
compositemember,exceptthattiesshallnotbesmallerthan 10mmandarenotrequired
tobelargerthan16mm.Weldedwirereinforcementofequivalentareashallbepermitted.
6.3.13.8.4 Vertical spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar
diameters,or0.5timestheleastsidedimensionofthecompositemember.
6.3.13.8.5 Longitudinalbarslocatedwithinthetiesshallbenotlessthan0.01normorethan0.06times
netareaofconcretesection.
6.3.13.8.6 Alongitudinalbarshallbelocatedateverycornerofarectangularcrosssection,withother
longitudinal bars spaced not farther apart than onehalf the least side dimension of the
compositemember.
6.3.13.8.7 Longitudinalbarslocatedwithinthetiesshallbepermittedtobeusedincomputing
.
and
6.3.14 Bearingstrength
6.3.14.1
Design bearing strength of concrete shall not exceed 0.85

, except when the
supportingsurfaceiswideronallsidesthantheloadedarea,thenthedesignbearingstrength
of theloadedareashallbepermittedtobemultipliedby
(Fig.6.3.14.1).
butbynotmorethan2
634
Vol.2
Chapter1
45 deg
45 deg
Loaded area
A1
Plan
Loaded area A 1
Load
2
1
A 2 is measured on this plane
Elevation
Fig.6.3.14.1DeterminationorareaA2insteppedorslopedsupportsusingfrustum(6.3.14.1).
6.3.15 DesignforFlexure
6.3.15.1
a)
DesignofRectangularBeams
Formula for singly reinforced beams : The following equations which are based on the
simplifiedstressblockof6.3.2.7,areapplicabletosinglyreinforcedrectangularbeams
alongwithTbeamswheretheneutralaxislieswithintheflange.
(6.3.25)
where
(6.3.26)
635
Part6
StructuralDesign
Byestimatinganinitialvalueofa,Eq(6.3.25)canbeusedtodetermineanapproximate
valueof .ThatvaluecanbesubstitutedinEq(6.3.26)togetabetterestimateof and
henceanew /2 canbedeterminedforsubstitutioninEq(6.3.25).
InEq(6.3.25),nominalflexuralstrengthofsection, maybetakenasfactoredmoment
0.9 as a preliminary value.
at section, dividedby strengthreduction factor,
determined from Eq (6.3.25) shall have to give a reinforcement ratio,
not
,where
exceeding
Above,
Additionally, determined from Eq (6.3.25) shall have to satisfy the requirements of

minimumreinforcementformembersinflexureasper6.3.5.
Revised shallbedeterminedfrom6.2.3.2basedoneither
1 or ,where
isthenettensilestraininthereinforcementfurthestfromthecompressionfaceofthe
concrete at the depth . Strain, may be calculated from Eq. (6.3.27) by replacing
by .
0.004by and
b) Design formulae for doublyreinforced beams: A doubly reinforced beam shall be designed
0.85
0.004
(6.3.27)
0.003
onlywhenthereisarestrictionondepthofbeamandmaximumtensilereinforcementallowed
cannotproducetherequiredmoment .
Toestablishifdoublyreinforcedbeamisrequiredthefollowingapproachcanbefollowed:
Determine,
0.85
0.005
0.005
(6.3.28)
(6.3.29)
0.005
is less than required moment with 0.9 , a doubly reinforced beam is needed and
If
thentakingvaluesof and
fromabove,put
and
Then,thefollowingvaluesaretobeevaluated,
(6.3.30)
Assumingcompressionsteelyields(needstobecheckedlater),
Check
0.85
If
636
forcompressionsteelyielding,where
(6.3.31)
(i.e.compressionsteelyields),
Vol.2
Chapter1

find
0.9intheaboveequations.Valueof shall
andfind , andconfirm
be determined from 6.2.3.2 based on either

rectangularbeams.
or
, as stated above for
If compression steel does not yield, is to be found from concrete section force equilibrium
condition,C=Twhichwillresultinaquadraticequationof . needstobecalculatedfromstrain
diagramand revised.

shallbecalculatedfrom forfinding .
6.3.15.2
DesignofTBeams
a) General:
For effective widths and other parameters for T, L or isolated beams, 6.1.13.2 to
6.1.13.4shallapply.
b) FormulaeforTbeams:ATbeamshallbetreatedasarectangularbeamif
where
isobtainedfromEq(6.3.26).InusingEq(6.3.26),if isnotknown,itmaybeinitially
assumedas:
(6.3.32)
If , thus obtained, is greater than the beam shall be considered as a Tbeam, in

whichcasethefollowingformulaeshallbeapplicable:
0.85
(6.3.33)
(6.3.34)
(6.3.35)
and
(6.3.36)
(6.3.37)
Byestimatingan initialvalueof a,Eq(6.3.36)canbeusedtoobtainan approximatevalueof

.Thatvalueof
canbesubstitutedinEq(6.3.37)togetabetterestimateof .
Nettensilestrainrequirementswillbesatisfiedaslongasdepthtoneutralaxis,
Thiswilloccurif
And,
Again,
Where,
0.429 .
(6.3.38)
(6.3.40)
(6.3.39)
637
Part6
StructuralDesign
And
is as defined by Eq. (6.3.27). For ratios between 0.429 and 0.375, equivalent to
betweenthe , fromEq.(6.3.39)and , calculatedbysubstituting fromEq.(6.3.27)with
,thestrengthreductionfactor, mustbeadjustedfor in
0.005inplaceof0.004and for
accordancewith6.2.3.2.
6.4
6.4.1
SHEARANDTORSION
Shearstrength
6.4.1.1
ExceptformembersdesignedinaccordancewithAppendixA,designofcrosssectionssubject
toshearshallbebasedon
6.4.1
where
is the factored shear force at the section considered and
is nominal shear
strengthcomputedby
6.4.2
where isnominalshearstrengthprovidedbyconcretecalculatedinaccordancewith6.4.2,
or 6.4.10, and is nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement calculated in
accordancewith6.4.3,6.4.8.9,or6.4.10.
6.4.1.1.1
Theeffectofanyopeningsinmembersshallbeconsideredindetermining .
6.4.1.1.2
Inevaluating ,wheneverapplicable,effectsofaxialtensiondueto creepandshrinkagein

restrained members shall be considered and effects of inclined flexural compression in
variabledepthmembersshallbepermittedtobeincluded.
6.4.1.2
Except as allowed in 6.4.1.2.1, the values of

MPa.
6.4.1.2.1
greater than 8.3 MPa shall be permitted in computing ,

, and
for
Values of
reinforced concrete beams and concrete joist construction having minimum web
reinforcementinaccordancewith6.4.3.5.3,or6.4.4.5.2.
6.4.1.3
Computationofmaximum atsupportsinaccordancewith6.4.1.3.1shallbepermittedifall
conditions(a),(b),and(c)aresatisfied:
used in this chapter shall not exceed 8.3
a) Support reaction, in direction of applied shear, introduces compression into the end
regionsofmember;
b) Loadsareappliedatornearthetopofthemember;
c) No concentrated load occurs between face of support and location of critical section
definedin6.4.1.3.1.
638
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.4.1.3.1
Sectionslocatedlessthanadistance fromfaceofsupportshallbepermittedtobedesigned
for computedatadistance .
6.4.1.4
Fordeepbeams,bracketsandcorbels,walls,andslabsandfootings,thespecialprovisionsof
6.4.6through6.4.10shallapply.
6.4.2
Contributionofconcretetoshearstrength
6.4.2.1
shall be computed by provisions of 6.4.2.1.1 through 6.4.2.1.3, unless a more detailed

calculation is made in accordance with 6.4.2.2. Throughout this chapter, except in 6.4.5,
shallbeasdefinedin6.1.8.1.
6.4.2.1.1
Formemberssubjecttoshearandflexureonly,
0.17
6.4.2.1.2
6.4.3
Formemberssubjecttoaxialcompression,
0.17 1
Quantity
6.4.4
shallbeexpressedinMPa.
6.4.2.1.3
For members subject to significant axial tension,

detailedanalysisismadeusing6.4.2.2.3.
6.4.2.2
shall be permitted to be computed by the more detailed calculation of 6.4.2.2.1 through

6.4.2.2.3.
6.4.2.2.1
Formemberssubjecttoshearandflexureonly,
0.16
17
butnotgreaterthan0.29
takengreaterthan1.0,where
6.4.2.2.2
shall be taken as zero unless a more
6.4.5
.Whencomputing byEq.(6.4.5),
/
shallnotbe
occurssimultaneouslywith atsectionconsidered.
For members subject to axial compression, it shall be permitted to compute

(6.4.5)with
substitutedfor
and
/
notthenlimitedto1.0,where
However,
6.4.6
shallnotbetakengreaterthan
0.29
6.4.7
shallbeexpressedinMPa.When
computedbyEq.(6.4.7).
6.4.2.2.3
ascomputedbyEq.(6.4.6)isnegative, shallbe
Formemberssubjecttosignificantaxialtension,
0.17 1
butnotlessthanzero,where
using Eq.
6.4.8
isnegativefortension.
shallbeexpressedinMPa.
639
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.4.2.3
For circular members, the area used to compute shall be taken as the product of the
diameterandeffectivedepthoftheconcretesection.Itshallbepermittedtotake as0.80
timesthediameteroftheconcretesection.
6.4.3
Shearstrengthcontributionofreinforcement
6.4.3.1
Typesofshearreinforcement
6.4.3.1.1
Thefollowingtypesofshearreinforcementshallbepermitted:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
6.4.3.2
Stirrupsperpendiculartoaxisofmember;
Weldedwirereinforcementwithwireslocatedperpendiculartoaxisofmember;
Spirals,circularties,orhoops.
Stirrupsmakinganangleof45degreesormorewithlongitudinaltensionreinforcement;
Longitudinalreinforcementwithbentportionmakinganangleof30degreesormore
withthelongitudinaltensionreinforcement;
Combinationsofstirrupsandbentlongitudinalreinforcement.
usedindesignofshearreinforcementshallnotexceed420MPa,exceptthevalue
Thevaluesof and
shallnotexceed550MPaforweldeddeformedwirereinforcement.
6.4.3.3
Stirrupsandotherbarsorwiresusedasshearreinforcementshallextendtoadistance
compressionfiberandshallbedevelopedatbothendsaccordingto8.2.10.
6.4.3.4
Limitsinspacingforshearreinforcement
6.4.3.4.1
fromextreme
Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of member shall not exceed 2, nor 600
mm.
6.4.3.4.2
The spacing of inclined stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement shall be such that every 45degree
line, extending toward the reaction from middepth of member 2 to longitudinal tension
reinforcement,shallbecrossedbyatleastonelineofshearreinforcement.
6.4.3.4.3
Where exceeds 0.33

onehalf.
, maximum spacings given in 6.4.3.4.1 and6.4.3.4.2shall be reduced by
6.4.3.5
Minimumshearreinforcement
6.4.3.5.1
A minimum area of shear reinforcement, , , shall be provided in all reinforced concrete flexural
members,where exceeds0.5 ,exceptinmemberssatisfyingoneormoreof(a)through(f):
a) Footingsandsolidslabs;
b) Hollowcoreunitswithtotaluntoppeddepthnotgreaterthan315mmandhollowcore
unitswhere isnotgreaterthan0.5
;
c) Concretejoistconstructiondefinedby6.1.14;
d) Beamswith notgreaterthan250mm;
e) Beamintegralwithslabswith notgreaterthan600mmandnotgreaterthanthelarger
of2.5timesthicknessofflange,and0.5timeswidthofweb;
640
Vol.2
Chapter1
f)
6.4.3.5.2
Beams constructed of steel fiberreinforced, normalweight concrete with

exceeding40MPa, notgreaterthan600mm,and notgreaterthan 0.17
not
.
Minimumshearreinforcementrequirementsof6.4.3.5.1shallbepermittedtobewaivedifshownbytest
and
can be developed when shear reinforcement is omitted. Such tests shall
that required
simulateeffectsofdifferentialsettlement,creep,shrinkage,andtemperaturechange,basedonarealistic
assessmentofsucheffectsoccurringinservice.
6.4.3.5.3
Whereshearreinforcementisrequiredby6.4.3.5.1orforstrengthandwhere6.4.4.1allowstorsiontobe
neglected, ,
shallbecomputedby
,
0.062
(6.4.9)
butshallnotbelessthan 0.35
6.4.3.6
Designofshearreinforcement
6.4.3.6.1
exceeds
, shear reinforcement shall be provided to satisfy Eq. (6.4.1) and
Where
(6.4.2),where shallbecomputedinaccordancewith6.4.3.6.2through6.4.3.6.9.
6.4.3.6.2
Whereshearreinforcementperpendiculartoaxisofmemberisused,
where
6.4.10
istheareaofshearreinforcementwithinspacing .
6.4.3.6.3
Wherecircularties,hoops,orspiralsareusedasshearreinforcement, shallbecomputed
usingEq.(6.4.10)where isdefinedin6.4.2.3forcircularmembers, shallbetakenastwo
times theareaof the barina circulartie,hoop, or spiral at aspacing , is measuredin a
direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement, and
is the specified yield strength of
circulartie,hoop,orspiralreinforcement.
6.4.3.6.4
Whereinclinedstirrupsareusedasshearreinforcement,
6.4.11
where is angle between inclined stirrups and longitudinal axis of the member, and
directionparalleltolongitudinalreinforcement.
6.4.3.6.5
Whereshearreinforcementconsistsofasinglebarorasinglegroupofparallelbars,allbent
upatthesamedistancefromthesupport,
sin
but not greater than 0.25
axisofthemember.
6.4.12
is measured in
, where is angle between bentup reinforcement and longitudinal
641
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.4.3.6.6
Whereshearreinforcementconsistsofaseriesofparallelbentupbarsorgroupsofparallel
bentupbarsatdifferentdistancesfromthesupport, shallbecomputedbyEq.(6.4.11).
6.4.3.6.7
Only the center threefourths of the inclined portion of any longitudinal bent bar shall be
consideredeffectiveforshearreinforcement.
6.4.3.6.8
Wheremorethanonetypeofshearreinforcementisusedtoreinforcethesameportionofa
member, shall be computed as the sum of the values computed for the various types of
shearreinforcement.
6.4.3.6.9
6.4.4
shallnotbetakengreaterthan0.66
Designfortorsion
Design for torsion shall be in accordance with 6.4.4.1 through 6.4.4.6. A beam subjected to torsion is
idealizedasathinwalledtubewiththecoreconcretecrosssectioninasolidbeamneglectedasshownin
Fig.6.4.4.1.
Shear flow (q)
(a) Thin-walled tube
(b) Area enclosed by shear flow path

Fig.6.4.4.1(a)Torsionalresistancebythinwalledtube(6.4.4);(b)Ineffectiveinnerareaenclosedbyshear
flowpath(6.4.4)
6.4.4.1
Thresholdtorsion
Itshallbepermittedtoneglecttorsioneffectsifthefactoredtorsionalmoment
islessthan:
a) Formembersnotsubjectedtoaxialtensionorcompression
0.083
b) Formemberssubjectedtoanaxialcompressiveortensileforce
642
Vol.2
Chapter1
0.083
0.33
Theoverhangingflangewidthusedincomputing
and
formemberscastmonolithicallywithaslab
shallconformto6.5.2.4.Forahollowsection,
shallbeusedinplaceof
in6.4.4.1,andtheouter
boundariesofthesectionshallconformto6.5.2.4.
6.4.4.1.1
For members cast monolithically with a slab and for isolated members with flanges, the
overhangingflangewidthusedtocompute
and
shallconformto6.5.2.4,exceptthat
theoverhangingflangesshallbeneglectedincaseswheretheparameter
calculated
forabeamwithflangesislessthanthatcomputedforthesamebeamignoringtheflanges.
6.4.4.2
Evaluationoffactoredtorsionalmoment
6.4.4.2.1
If the factored torsional moment, , in a member is required to maintain equilibrium (Fig.

6.4.4.2) and exceeds the minimum value given in 6.4.4.1, the member shall be designed to
carry inaccordancewith6.4.4.3through6.4.4.6.
6.4.4.2.2
Inastaticallyindeterminatestructurewherereductionofthetorsionalmomentinamember
canoccurduetoredistributionofinternalforcesuponcracking(Fig.6.4.4.3),themaximum
shallbepermittedtobereducedtothevaluesgivenin(a),or(b)asapplicable:
a) Formembers,atthesectionsdescribedin6.4.4.2.4andnotsubjectedtoaxialtensionor
compression
0.33
b) Formemberssubjectedtoanaxialcompressiveortensileforce
0.33
0.33
In (a), or (b), the correspondingly redistributed bending moments and shears in the adjoining members
shallnotbereplacedwith
in
shallbeusedinthedesignofthesemembers.Forhollowsections,
6.4.4.2.2.
643
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.4.4.2.3
Itshallbepermittedtotakethetorsionalloadingfromaslabasuniformlydistributedalong
themember,ifnotdeterminedbyamoreexactanalysis.
6.4.4.2.4
Sectionslocatedcloserthanadistance fromthefaceofasupportshallbedesignedfornot
lessthan computedatadistance .Ifaconcentratedtorqueoccurswithinthisdistance,
thecriticalsectionfordesignshallbeatthefaceofthesupport.
Designtorque may not be

reduced because moment
redistribution is notpossible
Fig.6.4.4.2Designtorquemaynotbereduced(6.4.4.2.1)
Designtorque for this spandrel

beam may be reduced because
moment redistribution is possible
Fig.6.4.4.3Designtorquemaybereduced(6.4.4.2.2)
6.4.4.3
Torsionalmomentstrength
6.4.4.3.1
Thecrosssectionaldimensionsshallbesuchthat:
a) Forsolidsections
0.66
6.4.13
b) Forhollowsections
.
644
0.66
6.4.14
Vol.2
Chapter1
Superpositionofshearstressesduetoshearandtorsioninhollow sectionsgivenbytheleftsideofthe
inequality 6.4.14 is illustrated by Fig. 6.4.4.4(a) and that in solid sections given by the left side of the
inequality6.4.13isillustratedbyFig.6.4.4.4(b).
6.4.4.3.2
If the wall thickness varies around the perimeter of a hollow section, Eq. (6.4.14) shall be
evaluatedatthelocationwherethelefthandsideofEq.(6.4.14)isamaximum.
6.4.4.3.3
If the wall thickness is less than
, the second term in Eq. (6.4.14) shall be taken as
where is the thickness of the wall of the hollow section at the location where the stresses are being
checked.
6.4.4.3.4
Thevaluesof
6.4.4.3.5
Where
and
usedfordesignoftorsionalreinforcementshallnotexceed420MPa.
exceedsthethresholdtorsion,designofthecrosssectionshallbebasedon
6.4.4.3.6
6.4.15
shallbecomputedby
6.4.16
where
shallbedeterminedbyanalysisexceptthatitshallbepermittedtotake
equalto0.85
;
shallnotbetakensmallerthan30degreesnorlargerthan60degrees.Itshallbepermittedtotake
equalto45degrees.
6.4.4.3.7
Theadditionalareaoflongitudinalreinforcementtoresisttorsion, ,shallnotbelessthan
6.4.17
where shallbethesame valueusedinEq.(6.4.16)and / shallbe takenastheamountcomputed

from Eq. (6.4.16) not modified in accordance with 6.4.4.5.2 or 6.4.4.5.3;
refers to closed transverse
torsionalreinforcement,and referstolongitudinaltorsionalreinforcement.
645
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.4.4.3.8
Reinforcement required for torsion shall be added to that required for the shear, moment,
andaxialforcethatactincombinationwiththetorsion.Themostrestrictiverequirementsfor
reinforcementspacingandplacementshallbemet.
6.4.4.3.9
Itshallbepermittedtoreducetheareaoflongitudinaltorsionreinforcementintheflexural
compression zone by an amount equal to 0.9 , where occurs at the section
simultaneously with , except that the reinforcement provided shall not be less than that
requiredby6.4.4.5.3or6.4.4.6.2.
Torsional stresses
Shear stresses
(a) Hollow section
Shear stresses
Torsional stresses
(b) Solid section
Fig.6.4.4.4Superpositionoftorsionalandshearstresses(6.4.4.3.1)
6.4.4.4
Detailsoftorsionalreinforcement
6.4.4.4.1
Torsionreinforcement shall consist of longitudinal bars or tendons and one or more of the
following:
a) Closedstirrupsorclosedties,perpendiculartotheaxisofthemember;
b) Aclosedcageofweldedwirereinforcementwithtransversewiresperpendiculartothe
axisofthemember;
c) Spiralreinforcement.
6.4.4.4.2
Transversetorsionalreinforcementshallbeanchoredbyoneofthefollowing:
a) A135degreestandardhook,orseismichookasdefinedin8.1.1(d),aroundalongitudinal
bar;
b) Accordingto8.2.10.2a,8.2.10.2b,or8.2.10.2cinregionswheretheconcretesurrounding
theanchorageisrestrainedagainstspallingbyaflangeorslaborsimilarmember.
646
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.4.4.4.3
Longitudinaltorsionreinforcementshallbedevelopedatbothends.
6.4.4.4.4
For hollow sections in torsion, the distance from the centerline of the transverse torsional
reinforcement to the inside face of the wall of the hollow section shall not be less than
.
0.5
6.4.4.5
Minimumtorsionreinforcement
6.4.4.5.1
Aminimumareaoftorsionalreinforcementshallbeprovidedinallregionswhere
thethresholdtorsiongivenin6.4.4.1.
6.4.4.5.2
Where torsional reinforcement is required by 6.4.4.5.1, the minimum area of transverse

closedstirrupsshallbecomputedby
0.062
butshallnotbelessthan 0.35
6.4.4.5.3
6.4.18
.
Where torsional reinforcement is required by 6.4.4.5.1, the minimum total area of

longitudinaltorsionalreinforcement, , ,shallbecomputedby
,
6.4.19
where / shall not be taken less than 0.175 ;

reinforcement,and referstolongitudinalreinforcement.
exceeds
refers to closed transverse torsional
647
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.4.4.6
Spacingoftorsionreinforcement
6.4.4.6.1
Thespacingoftransversetorsionreinforcementshallnotexceedthesmallerof
mm.
6.4.4.6.2
Thelongitudinalreinforcementrequiredfortorsionshallbedistributedaroundtheperimeter
of the closed stirrups with a maximum spacing of 300 mm. The longitudinal bars shall be
insidethestirrups.Thereshallbeatleastonelongitudinalbarineachcornerofthestirrups.
Longitudinalbarsshallhaveadiameteratleast0.042timesthestirrupspacing,butnotless
than10mm.
6.4.4.6.3
Torsionalreinforcementshallbeprovidedforadistanceofatleast
requiredbyanalysis.
6.4.5
8 or300
beyondthepoint
Shearfriction
6.4.5.1
Applicationofprovisionsof6.4.5shallbeforcaseswhereitisappropriatetoconsidershear
transfer across a given plane, such as: an existing or potential crack, an interface between
dissimilarmaterials,oraninterfacebetweentwoconcretescastatdifferenttimes.
6.4.5.2
Designofcrosssectionssubjecttosheartransferasdescribedin6.4.5.1shallbebasedonEq.
(6.4.1),where iscalculatedinaccordancewithprovisionsof6.4.5.3or6.4.5.4.
6.4.5.3
A crack shall be assumed to occur along the shear plane considered. The required area of
shearfrictionreinforcement
acrosstheshearplaneshallbedesignedusingeither6.4.5.4
oranyothersheartransferdesignmethodsthatresultinpredictionofstrengthinsubstantial
agreementwithresultsofcomprehensivetests.
6.4.5.3.1
Provisionsof6.4.5.5through6.4.5.10shallapplyforallcalculationsofsheartransferstrength.
6.4.5.4
Designmethodforshearfriction
6.4.5.4.1
Whereshearfrictionreinforcementisperpendiculartotheshearplane,
by
shallbecomputed
where iscoefficientoffrictioninaccordancewith6.4.5.4.3.
6.4.5.4.2
6.4.20
Where shearfriction reinforcement is inclined to the shear plane,such that the shear force
producestensioninshearfrictionreinforcement(Fig.6.4.5.1), shallbecomputedby
6.4.21
where isanglebetweenshearfrictionreinforcementandshearplane.
6.4.5.4.3
648
Thecoefficientoffriction inEq.(6.4.20)andEq.(6.4.21)shallbetakenas:
Concreteplacedmonolithically
1.4
Concrete placed against hardened concrete with surface

intentionallyroughenedasspecifiedin6.4.5.9
1.0
Concrete placed against hardened concrete not intentionally

roughened
0.6
Concreteanchoredtoasrolledstructuralsteelbyheadedstuds
orbyreinforcingbars(see6.4.5.10)
0.7
Vol.2
Chapter1
where 1.0 for normalweight concrete and 0.75 for all lightweight concrete. Otherwise, shall be
determinedbasedonvolumetricproportionsoflightweightandnormalweightaggregatesasspecifiedin
6.1.8.1,butshallnotexceed0.85.
6.4.5.5
Fornormalweightconcreteeitherplacedmonolithicallyorplacedagainsthardenedconcrete
withsurfaceintentionallyroughenedasspecifiedin6.4.5.9, shallnotexceedthesmallest
of0.2
, 3.3 0.08
and11 ,where isareaofconcretesectionresistingshear
or5.5 . Where
transfer.Forallothercases, shallnotexceedthesmallerof0.2
concretesofdifferentstrengthsarecastagainsteachother,thevalueof usedtoevaluate
shallbethatofthelowerstrengthconcrete.
6.4.5.6
Thevalueof
6.4.5.7
Nettensionacrossshearplaneshallberesistedbyadditionalreinforcement.Permanentnet
,theforce
compressionacrossshearplaneshallbepermittedtobetakenasadditiveto
.
intheshearfrictionreinforcement,whencalculatingrequired
6.4.5.8
Shearfrictionreinforcementshallbeappropriatelyplacedalongtheshearplaneandshallbe
anchoredtodevelop onbothsidesbyembedment,hooks,orweldingtospecialdevices.
6.4.5.9
Forthepurposeof6.4.5,whenconcreteisplacedagainstpreviouslyhardenedconcrete,the
interfaceforsheartransfershallbecleanandfreeoflaitance.If isassumedequalto1.0 ,
interfaceshallberoughenedtoafullamplitudeofapproximately6mm.
6.4.5.10
Whenshearistransferredbetweenasrolledsteelandconcreteusingheadedstudsorwelded
reinforcingbars,steelshallbecleanandfreeofpaint.
usedfordesignofshearfrictionreinforcementshallnotexceed420MPa.
Assumed crack
and shear plane
Applied shear
Vu
Shear friction
reinforcement, Avf
Fig.6.4.5.1Shearfrictionreinforcementatanangletoassumedcrack(6.4.5.4.2).
649
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.4.6
Deepbeams
6.4.6.1
Theprovisionsof6.4.6shallapplytomemberswith notexceedingfourtimestheoverall
memberdepthorregionsofbeamswithconcentratedloadswithintwicethememberdepth
fromthesupportthatareloadedononefaceandsupportedontheoppositefacesothat
compressionstrutscandevelopbetweentheloadsandsupports.Seealso8.2.7.6.
6.4.6.2
Deepbeamsshallbedesignedusingeithernonlinearanalysisaspermittedin6.3.7.1,or
AppendixA.
6.4.6.3
fordeepbeamsshallnotexceed0.83
6.4.6.4
Theareaofshearreinforcementperpendiculartotheflexuraltensionreinforcement,
notbelessthan0.0025
,and shallnotexceedthesmallerof /5 and300mm.
6.4.6.5
,shallnot
Theareaofshearreinforcementparalleltotheflexuraltensionreinforcement,
belessthan0.0015
,and shallnotexceedthesmallerof /5 and300mm.
6.4.6.6
ItshallbepermittedtoprovidereinforcementsatisfyingA.3.3insteadoftheminimum
horizontalandverticalreinforcementspecifiedin6.4.6.4and6.4.6.5.
6.4.7
6.4.7.1
,shall
Provisionsforbracketsandcorbels
Bracketsandcorbels(Fig.6.4.7.1&Fig.6.4.7.2)withashearspantodepthratio less
than2shallbepermittedtobedesignedusingAppendixA.Designshallbepermittedusing
6.4.7.3and6.4.7.4forbracketsandcorbelswith:
notgreaterthan1,and
a)
b) subjecttofactoredhorizontaltensileforce,
,notlargerthan .
Therequirements of 6.4.7.2, 6.4.7.3.2.1, 6.4.7.3.2.2, 6.4.7.5,6.4.7.6,and6.4.7.7shall applyto designof

bracketsandcorbels.Effectivedepth shallbedeterminedatthefaceofthesupport.
Fig.6.4.7.1Structuralactionofacorbel
650
Vol.2
Chapter1
Fig.6.4.7.2NotationusedinSection6.4.7
6.4.7.2
Depthatoutsideedgeofbearingareashallnotbelessthan0.5 .
6.4.7.3
Sectionat faceofsupport shallbedesigned to resist simultaneously
,andafactoredhorizontaltensileforce,
,a factored moment
6.4.7.3.1
Inalldesigncalculationsinaccordancewith6.4.7, shallbetakenequalto0.75.
6.4.7.3.2
Designofshearfrictionreinforcement,
6.4.7.3.2.1Fornormalweightconcrete,
.
and11
,toresist
shallbeinaccordancewith6.4.5.
shallnotexceedthesmallestof0.2
6.4.7.3.2.2Foralllightweightorsandlightweightconcrete,
and 5.5 1.9 /
.
of 0.2 0.07 /
, 3.3
0.08
shallnotbetakengreaterthanthesmaller

6.4.7.3.3
to resist factored moment

Reinforcement
accordancewith6.3.2and6.3.3.
6.4.7.3.4
shallbedeterminedfrom
.
Reinforcement toresistfactoredtensileforce
Factoredtensileforce,
,shallnotbetakenlessthan0.2 unlessprovisionsaremadeto
shallberegardedasaliveloadeveniftensionresultsfromrestraint
avoidtensileforces.
ofcreep,shrinkage,ortemperaturechange.
6.4.7.3.5
Areaofprimarytensionreinforcement
2
6.4.7.4
/3
Totalarea,
6.4.7.6
shallnotbelessthanthelargerof
and
.
,ofclosedstirrupsortiesparalleltoprimarytensionreinforcementshallnotbe
lessthan 0.5
reinforcement.
6.4.7.5
shall be computed in
uniformlywithin 2/3
.Distribute
shallnotbelessthan0.04
adjacent toprimarytension
Atfrontfaceofbracketorcorbel,primarytensionreinforcementshallbeanchoredbyoneof
thefollowing:
a) Byastructuralweldtoatransversebarofatleastequalsize;weldtobedesignedto
develop ofprimarytensionreinforcement;
b) Bybendingprimarytensionreinforcementbacktoformahorizontalloop;or
c) Bysomeothermeansofpositiveanchorage.
6.4.7.7
Bearing area on bracket or corbel shall not project beyond straight portion of primary tension
reinforcement,norprojectbeyondinteriorfaceoftransverseanchorbar(ifoneisprovided).
651
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.4.8
Provisionsforwalls
6.4.8.1
Designofwallsforshearforcesperpendiculartofaceofwallshallbeinaccordancewith
provisionsforslabsin6.4.10.Designforhorizontalinplaneshearforcesinawallshallbein
accordancewith6.4.8.2through6.4.8.9.Alternatively,itshallbepermittedtodesignwalls
withaheightnotexceedingtwotimesthelengthofthewallforhorizontalshearforcesin
accordancewithAppendixAand6.4.8.9.2through6.4.8.9.5.
6.4.8.2
DesignofhorizontalsectionforshearinplaneofwallshallbebasedonEq.(6.4.1)and(6.4.2),
where shallbeinaccordancewith6.4.8.5or6.4.8.6and shallbeinaccordancewith
6.4.8.9.
atanyhorizontalsectionforshearinplaneofwallshallnotbetakengreaterthan
6.4.8.3
0.83
,where isthicknessofwall,and isdefinedin6.4.8.4.
6.4.8.4
Fordesignforhorizontalshearforcesinplaneofwall, shallbetakenequalto0.8 .Alarger

valueof ,equaltothedistancefromextremecompressionfibertocenterofforceofall
reinforcementintension,shallbepermittedtobeusedwhendeterminedbyastrain
compatibilityanalysis.
6.4.8.5
Ifamoredetailedcalculationisnotmadeinaccordancewith6.4.8.6,
shallnotbetaken
forwallssubjecttoaxialcompression,or shallnotbetaken
greaterthan0.17
greaterthanthevaluegivenin6.4.2.2.3forwallssubjecttoaxialtension.
6.4.8.6
shallbepermittedtobethelesserofthevaluescomputedfromEq.(6.4.22)and(6.4.23)
0.27
6.4.22
or
0.05
6.4.23
where istheoveralllengthofthewall,and ispositiveforcompressionandnegativefor

/ /2 isnegative,Eq.(6.4.23)shallnotapply.
tension.If
6.4.8.7
Sectionslocatedclosertowallbasethanadistance /2 oronehalfthewallheight,
whicheverisless,shallbepermittedtobedesignedforthesame asthatcomputedata
distance /2 oronehalftheheight.
6.4.8.8
Where islessthan0.5 ,reinforcementshallbeprovidedinaccordancewith6.4.8.9orin

accordancewithSec.6.6.Where exceeds0.5 ,wallreinforcementforresistingshear
shallbeprovidedinaccordancewith6.4.8.9.
6.4.8.9
Designofshearreinforcementforwalls
6.4.8.9.1
,horizontalshearreinforcementshallbeprovidedtosatisfyEq.(6.4.1)
Where exceeds
and(6.4.2),where shallbecomputedby
6.4.24
where
isareaofhorizontalshearreinforcementwithinspacing ,and isdeterminedinaccordance
with6.4.8.4.Verticalshearreinforcementshallbeprovidedinaccordancewith6.4.8.9.4.
652
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.4.8.9.2
Ratioofhorizontalshearreinforcementareatogrossconcreteareaofverticalsection,
notbelessthan0.0025.
6.4.8.9.3
Spacingofhorizontalshearreinforcementshallnotexceedthesmallestof /5,3 ,and450

mm,where istheoveralllengthofthewall.
6.4.8.9.4
Ratioofverticalshearreinforcementareatogrossconcreteareaofhorizontalsection,
shallnotbelessthanthelargerof
0.0025
0.5 2.5
0.0025
shall
6.4.25
and0.0025,Thevalueof calculatedbyEq.(6.4.25)neednotbegreaterthan requiredby6.4.8.9.1.

InEq.(6.4.25), istheoveralllengthofthewall,and istheoverallheightofthewall.
6.4.8.9.5
6.4.9
Spacingofverticalshearreinforcementshallnotexceedthesmallestof /3,3 ,and450

mm,where istheoveralllengthofthewall.
Transferofmomentstocolumns
6.4.9.1
Whengravityload,wind,earthquake,orotherlateralforcescausetransferofmomentat
connectionsofframingelementstocolumns,theshearresultingfrommomenttransfershall
beconsideredinthedesignoflateralreinforcementinthecolumns.
6.4.9.2
Exceptforconnectionsnotpartofaprimaryseismicloadresistingsystemthatarerestrained
onfoursidesbybeamsorslabsofapproximatelyequaldepth,connectionsshallhavelateral
reinforcementnotlessthanthatrequiredbyEq.(6.4.9)withinthecolumnforadepthnotless
thanthatofthedeepestconnectionofframingelementstothecolumns.SeealsoSec.8.1.13.
6.4.10 Provisionsforfootingsandslabs
6.4.10.1
Theshearstrengthoffootingsandslabsinthevicinityofcolumns,concentratedloads,or
reactionsisgovernedbythemoresevereofthefollowingtwoconditions:
6.4.10.1.1 Beamactionwhereeachcriticalsectiontobeinvestigatedextendsinaplaneacrosstheentire
width.Theslaborfootingshallbedesignedinaccordancewith6.4.1through6.4.3forbeam
action.
6.4.10.1.2 Fortwowayaction,eachofthecriticalsectionstobeinvestigatedshallbelocatedsothatits
perimeter isaminimumbutneednotapproachcloserthan /2 to:
a) Edgesorcornersofcolumns,concentratedloads,orreactionareas;and
b) Changesinslabthicknesssuchasedgesofcapitals,droppanels,orshearcaps.
Fortwowayaction,theslaborfootingshallbedesignedinaccordancewith6.4.10.2through6.4.10.6.
6.4.10.1.3 Forsquareorrectangularcolumns,concentratedloads,orreactionareas,thecriticalsections
withfourstraightsidesshallbepermitted.
6.4.10.2
Fortwowayaction,thedesignofaslaborfootingisbasedonEq.(6.4.1)and(6.4.2). shall
becomputedinaccordancewith6.4.10.2.1,or6.4.10.3.1. shallbecomputedinaccordance
with6.4.10.3.Forslabswithshearheads, shallbeinaccordancewith6.4.10.4.Where
momentistransferredbetweenaslabandacolumn,6.4.10.6shallapply.
6.4.10.2.1 Forslabsandfootings,
a)
0.17 1
shallbethesmallestof(a),(b),and(c):
(6.4.26)
where istheratiooflongsidetoshortsideofthecolumn,concentratedloadorreactionarea;
653
Part6
StructuralDesign
b)
where
(6.4.27)
is40forinteriorcolumns,30foredgecolumns,20forcornercolumns;and
c)
6.4.10.3
0.083
0.33
(6.4.28)
Barsorwiresandsingleormultiplelegstirrupsasshearreinforcementshallbepermittedin
slabs and footings with greater than or equal to 150 mm, but not less than 16 times the
shearreinforcementbardiameter.Shearreinforcementshallbeinaccordancewith6.4.10.3.1
through6.4.10.3.4.
6.4.10.3.1 For computing
, Eq. (6.4.2) shall be used and
shall not be taken greater than
,and shallbecalculatedinaccordancewith6.4.3.InEq.(6.4.10), shallbe

0.17
taken as the crosssectional area of all legs of reinforcement on one peripheral line that is
geometricallysimilartotheperimeterofthecolumnsection.
6.4.10.3.2
6.4.10.3.3 The distance from the column face to thefirstlineof stirrup legsthat surround thecolumn
shall not exceed /2. The spacing between adjacent stirrup legs in the first line of shear
reinforcementshallnotexceed2 measuredinadirectionparalleltothecolumnface.The
spacingbetweensuccessivelinesofshearreinforcementthatsurroundthecolumnshallnot
exceed /2 measured in a direction perpendicular to the column face. In a slabcolumn
connection for which the moment transfer is negligible, the shear reinforcement should be
symmetrical about the centroid of the critical section (Fig. 6.4.10.1). Spacing limits defined
abovearealsoshowninFig.6.4.10.1forinteriorcolumnandinFig.6.4.10.2foredgecolumn.
At edge columns or for interior connections where moment transfer is significant, closed
stirrupsarerecommendedinapatternassymmetricalaspossible.
6.4.10.3.4 Slabshearreinforcementshallsatisfytheanchoragerequirementsof8.2.10andshallengage
thelongitudinalflexuralreinforcementinthedirectionbeingconsidered.
654
Vol.2
Chapter1
Critical section
through slab shear
reinforcement
(first line of
stirrup legs)
Critical section
outside slab shear
reinforcement
d/2
d/2
d/2
Plan
d/2
Slab
d
Elevation
< 2d
< d/2
s < d/2
Column
Fig.6.4.10.1Arrangementofstirrupshearreinforcementaroundinteriorcolumn(6.4.10.3.3).
Critical section outside

slab shear reinforcement
Slab
edge
d/2
B
Critical section through
slab shear reinforcement
(first line of stirrup legs)
d/2
Plan
d
< 2d
< d/2
s < d/2
Elevation
Fig.6.4.10.1Arrangementofstirrupshearreinforcementaroundedgecolumn(6.4.10.3.3).
6.4.10.4
ShearreinforcementconsistingofstructuralsteelIorchannelshapedsections(shearheads)
shallbepermittedinslabs.Theprovisionsof6.4.10.4.1through6.4.10.4.9shallapplywhere
655
Part6
StructuralDesign
shear due to gravity load is transferred at interior column supports. Where moment is
transferredtocolumns,6.4.10.7.3shallapply.
6.4.10.4.1 Eachshearheadshallconsistofsteelshapesfabricatedbyweldingwithafullpenetrationweld
intoidenticalarmsatrightangles.Shearheadarmsshallnotbeinterruptedwithinthecolumn
section.
6.4.10.4.2 Ashearheadshallnotbedeeperthan70timesthewebthicknessofthesteelshape.
6.4.10.4.3 Theendsofeachshearheadarmshallbepermittedtobecutatanglesnotlessthan30
degreeswiththehorizontal,providedtheplasticmomentstrengthoftheremainingtapered
sectionisadequatetoresisttheshearforceattributedtothatarmoftheshearhead.
6.4.10.4.4 Allcompressionflangesofsteelshapesshallbelocatedwithin0.3 ofcompressionsurfaceof
slab.
6.4.10.4.5 Theratio betweentheflexuralstiffnessofeachshearheadarmandthatofthesurrounding
compositecrackedslabsectionofwidth
shallnotbelessthan0.15.
6.4.10.4.6 Plasticmomentstrength,
,requiredforeacharmoftheshearheadshallbecomputedby
6.4.29
where isfortensioncontrolledmembers, isnumberofshearheadarms,and isminimumlengthof

eachshearheadarmrequiredtocomplywithrequirementsof6.4.10.4.7and6.4.10.4.8.
6.4.10.4.7 Thecriticalslabsectionforshearshallbeperpendiculartotheplaneoftheslabandshallcross
/
fromthecolumnfacetothe
eachshearheadarmatthreequartersthedistance
endoftheshearheadarm.Thecriticalsectionshallbelocatedsothatitsperimeter isa
minimum,butneednotbecloserthantheperimeterdefinedin6.4.10.1.2(a).
6.4.10.4.8
shallnotbetakenlargerthan0.33
onthecriticalsectiondefinedin6.4.10.4.7.
Whenshearheadreinforcementisprovided, shallnotbetakengreaterthan0.58
onthecriticalsectiondefinedin6.4.10.1.2(a).
6.4.10.4.9 Momentresistance
takengreaterthan
contributedtoeachslabcolumnstripbyashearheadshallnotbe
6.4.30
where is for tensioncontrolled members, is number of shearhead arms, and is length of each
shearheadarmactuallyprovided.However,
shallnotbetakenlargerthanthesmallestof:
a) 30percentofthetotalfactoredmomentrequiredforeachslabcolumnstrip;
b) Thechangeincolumnstripmomentoverthelength ;
c)
computedbyEq.(6.4.29).
6.4.10.4.10 Whenunbalancedmomentsareconsidered,theshearheadmusthaveadequateanchorageto
transmit
tothecolumn.
6.4.10.5
656
Headedshearstudreinforcement,placedperpendiculartotheplaneofaslaborfooting,shall
bepermittedinslabsandfootingsinaccordancewith6.4.10.5.1through6.4.10.5.4.The
overallheightoftheshearstudassemblyshallnotbelessthanthethicknessofthemember
lessthesumof:(1)theconcretecoveronthetopflexuralreinforcement;(2)theconcrete
coveronthebaserail;and(3)onehalfthebardiameterofthetensionflexuralreinforcement.
Vol.2
Chapter1
Whereflexuraltensionreinforcementisatthebottomofthesection,asinafooting,the
overallheightoftheshearstudassemblyshallnotbelessthanthethicknessofthemember
lessthesumof:(1)theconcretecoveronthebottomflexuralreinforcement;(2)theconcrete
coverontheheadofthestud;and(3)onehalfthebardiameterofthebottomflexural
reinforcement.
6.4.10.5.1 Forthecriticalsectiondefinedin6.4.10.1.2,
shallbecomputedusingEq.(6.4.2),with
and notexceeding0.25
and0.66
,respectively. shallbecalculated
usingEq.(6.4.10)with equaltothecrosssectionalareaofalltheshearreinforcementon
oneperipherallinethatisapproximatelyparalleltotheperimeterofthecolumnsection,
where isthespacingoftheperipherallinesofheadedshearstudreinforcement.
/
shallnotbelessthan0.17
6.4.10.5.2 Thespacingbetweenthecolumnfaceandthefirstperipherallineofshearreinforcementshall
notexceed /2.Thespacingbetweenperipherallinesofshearreinforcement,measuredina
directionperpendiculartoanyfaceofthecolumn,shallbeconstant.Forallslabsandfootings,
thespacingshallbebasedonthevalueoftheshearstressduetofactoredshearforceand
unbalancedmomentatthecriticalsectiondefinedin6.4.10.1.2,andshallnotexceed:
a) 0.75 wheremaximumshearstressesduetofactoredloadsarelessthanorequalto
;and
0.5
b) 0.5 wheremaximumshearstressesduetofactoredloadsaregreaterthan0.5
.
6.4.10.5.3 Thespacingbetweenadjacentshearreinforcementelements,measuredontheperimeterof
thefirstperipherallineofshearreinforcement,shallnotexceed2 .
atthe
6.4.10.5.4 Shearstressduetofactoredshearforceandmomentshallnotexceed0.17
criticalsectionlocated /2 outsidetheoutermostperipherallineofshearreinforcement.
6.4.10.6
Openingsinslabs
If openings in slabs are located at a distance less than 10 times the slab thickness from a concentrated
loadorreactionarea,orwhenopeningsinflatslabsarelocatedwithincolumnstripsasdefinedinSec.6.5,
thecriticalslabsectionsforsheardefinedin6.4.10.1.2and6.4.10.4.7shallbemodifiedasfollows:
657
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.4.10.6.1 Forslabswithoutshearheads,thatpartoftheperimeterofthecriticalsectionthatisenclosed
by straight lines projecting from the centroid of the column, concentrated load, or reaction
area and tangent to the boundaries of the openings shall be considered ineffective (Fig.
6.4.10.3).
6.4.10.6.2 Forslabswithshearheads,theineffectiveportionoftheperimetershallbeonehalfofthat
definedin6.4.10.6.1.
Ineffective
Opening
d (Typ.)
2
(a)
Critical
Section
(b)
Free corner
Regard
as free
edge
(C)
(d)
Fig. 6.4.10.3 Effective perimeter (in dashed lines) to consider effect of openings and free edges
(6.4.10.6.1).
6.4.10.7
Transferofmomentinslabcolumnconnections
6.4.10.7.1 Wheregravityload,wind,earthquake,orotherlateralforcescausetransferofunbalanced
moment
betweenaslabandcolumn,
shallbetransferredbyflexureinaccordance
,shallbeconsideredtobe
with6.5.5.3.Theremainderoftheunbalancedmoment,
transferredbyeccentricityofshearaboutthecentroidofthecriticalsectiondefinedin
6.4.10.1.2where
6.4.31
6.4.10.7.2 Theshearstressresultingfrommomenttransferbyeccentricityofshearshallbeassumedto
varylinearlyaboutthecentroidofthecriticalsectionsdefinedin6.4.10.1.2.Themaximum
shearstressdueto and
shallnotexceed
:
(a)Formemberswithoutshearreinforcement,
where
658
isasdefinedin6.4.10.2.1.
6.4.32
Vol.2
Chapter1
(b)Formemberswithshearreinforcementotherthanshearheads,
6.4.33
where and aredefinedin6.4.10.3.1.Thedesignshalltakeintoaccountthevariationofshearstress
around the column. The shear stress due to factored shear force and moment shall not exceed
atthecriticalsectionlocated /2 outsidetheoutermostlineofstirruplegsthatsurround
0.17
thecolumn.
Themaximumfactoredshearstressmaybeobtainedfromthecombinedshearstressesontheleftandright
facesofthecolumn(Fig.6.4.10.4),
=areaofconcreteofassumedcriticalsection=2
Where,
distancesfromcentroidofcriticalsectiontoleftandrightfaceofsectionrespectively
, =widthanddepthofthecolumn
=propertyofassumedcriticalsectionanalogoustopolarmomentofinertia
Foraninteriorcolumn,thequantity is
))
659
Part6
StructuralDesign
Vu
T
c
Mu
(a)
b1 = c1 + d
Vl
c1
Vr
b 2 = c2 + d c2
cr
cl
cl
cr
(C)
(b)
b1 = c1 +
d
2
c1
Vl
Vr
b 2 = c2 + d c2
cl
cl
cr
(e)
(d)
cr
Fig. 6.4.10.4 Transfer of moment from slab to column: (a) forces resulting from vertical load and
unbalancedmoment;(b)criticalsectionforaninteriorcolumn;(c)shearstressdistributionfor
an interior column; (d) critical section for an edge column; (e) shear stress distribution for an
edgecolumn(6.4.10.7.2).
660
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.4.10.7.3 WhenshearreinforcementconsistingofstructuralsteelIorchannelshapedsections
(shearheads)isprovided,thesumoftheshearstressesduetoverticalloadactingonthe
criticalsectiondefinedby6.4.10.4.7andtheshearstressesresultingfrommoment
transferredbyeccentricityofshearaboutthecentroidofthecriticalsectiondefinedin
6.4.10.1.2(a)and6.4.10.1.3shallnotexceed 0.33
6.5
6.5.1
TWOWAY SLAB SYSTEMS: FLAT PLATES, FLAT SLABS AND EDGE

SUPPORTEDSLABS
Scope
Theprovisionsofthissectionshallapplytoallslabs,solid,ribbedorhollow,spanninginmorethanone
direction,withorwithoutbeamsbetweenthesupports.Flatplateisatermnormallyattributedtoslabs
withoutbeamsandwithoutdroppanels,columncapitals,orbrackets.Ontheotherhand,slabswithout
beams, but with drop panels, column capital or brackets are commonly known as flat slabs. While this
sectioncoverstherequirementsforalltypesofslabs,theprovisionsof6.5.8,AlternativeDesignofTwo
wayEdgeSupportedslabs,maybeusedasanalternativeforslabssupportedonallfouredgesbywalls,
steelbeamsormonolithicconcretebeamshavingatotaldepthnotlessthan3timestheslabthickness.
6.5.1.1
Foraslabsystemsupportedbycolumnsorwalls,dimensions , ,and shallbebasedon

aneffectivesupportareadefinedbytheintersectionofthebottomsurfaceoftheslab,orof
thedroppanelorshearcapifpresent,withthelargestrightcircularcone,rightpyramid,or
taperedwedgewhosesurfacesarelocatedwithinthecolumnandthecapitalorbracketand
areorientednogreaterthan45degreestotheaxisofthecolumn.
6.5.1.2
MinimumthicknessofslabsdesignedinaccordancewithSec.6.5shallbeasrequiredby
6.2.5.3.
6.5.2
General
6.5.2.1
Columnstripisadesignstripwithawidthoneachsideofacolumncenterlineequalto0.25
or0.25 ,whicheverisless.Columnstripincludesbeams,ifany.
6.5.2.2
Middlestripisadesignstripboundedbytwocolumnstrips.
6.5.2.3
Apanelisboundedbycolumn,beam,orwallcenterlinesonallsides.
6.5.2.4
Formonolithicorfullycompositeconstruction,abeamincludesthatportionofslaboneach
sideofthebeamextendingadistanceequaltotheprojectionofthebeamaboveorbelowthe
slab,whicheverisgreater,butnotgreaterthanfourtimestheslabthickness(Fig.6.5.2.1).
6.5.2.5
Whenusedtoreducetheamountofnegativemomentreinforcementoveracolumnor
minimum
requiredslabthickness,adroppanelshall:
a) projectbelowtheslabatleastonequarteroftheadjacentslabthickness;and
b) extendineachdirectionfromthecenterlineofsupportadistancenotlessthanonesixth
thespanlengthmeasuredfromcentertocenterofsupportsinthatdirection.
6.5.2.6
Whenusedtoincreasethecriticalconditionsectionforshearataslabcolumnjoint,ashear
capshallprojectbelowtheslabandextendaminimumhorizontaldistancefromthefaceof
thecolumnthatisequaltothethicknessoftheprojectionbelowtheslabsoffit.
661
Part6
StructuralDesign
hb < 4hf
bw + 2hb < bw + 8hf
hf
hb
hb
bw
bw
Fig.6.5.2.1Portionofslabtobeincludedwiththebeamaccordingto6.5.2.4.
6.5.3
Slabreinforcement
6.5.3.1
Areaofreinforcementineachdirectionfortwowayslabsystemsshallbedeterminedfrom
momentsatcriticalsections,butshallnotbelessthanrequiredbySec.8.1.11.2.
6.5.3.2
Spacingofreinforcementatcriticalsectionsshallnotexceedtwotimestheslabthickness,
exceptforportionsofslabareaofcellularorribbedconstruction.Intheslabovercellular
spaces,reinforcementshallbeprovidedasrequiredbySec.8.1.11.
6.5.3.3
Positivemomentreinforcementperpendiculartoadiscontinuousedgeshallextendtothe
edgeofslabandhaveembedment,straightorhooked,atleast150mminspandrelbeams,
columns,orwalls.
6.5.3.4
Negativemomentreinforcementperpendiculartoadiscontinuousedgeshallbebent,
hooked,orotherwiseanchoredinspandrelbeams,columns,orwalls,andshallbedeveloped
atfaceofsupportaccordingtoprovisionsofSec.8.2.
6.5.3.5
Whereaslabisnotsupportedbyaspandrelbeamorwallatadiscontinuousedge,orwherea
slabcantileversbeyondthesupport,anchorageofreinforcementshallbepermittedwithin
theslab.
6.5.3.6
Atexteriorcornersofslabssupportedbyedgewallsorwhereoneormoreedgebeamshavea
valueof greaterthan1.0,topandbottomslabreinforcementshallbeprovidedatexterior
cornersinaccordancewith6.5.3.6.1through6.5.3.6.4andasshowninFig.6.5.3.1.
662
Vol.2
Chapter1
L Long
(L Long )/5
As top per 6.5.3.6

B-2
As bottom per 6.5.3.6
LShort
(LLong )/5
B-1
Choice-1
L Long
(L Long )/5
Notes:
B-2
As per 6.5.3.6
top and bottom
LShort
(LLong )/5
B-1
Choice-2
1. Applies if B-1or B-2 has f >1.0

2. Max. bar spacing 2h, where h = slab thickness
3. Reinforcement same as maximum +ve reinforcement of the panel
Fig.6.5.3.1Cornerreinforcementinslabs(6.5.3.6)
6.5.3.6.1
Cornerreinforcementinbothtopandbottomofslabshallbesufficienttoresistamomentper
unitofwidthequaltothemaximumpositivemomentperunitwidthintheslabpanel.
663
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.5.3.6.2
Themomentshallbeassumedtobeaboutanaxisperpendiculartothediagonalfromthe
cornerinthetopoftheslabandaboutanaxisparalleltothediagonalfromthecornerinthe
bottomoftheslab.
6.5.3.6.3
Cornerreinforcementshallbeprovidedforadistanceineachdirectionfromthecornerequal
toonefifththelongerspan.
6.5.3.6.4
Cornerreinforcementshallbeplacedparalleltothediagonalinthetopoftheslaband
perpendiculartothediagonalinthebottomoftheslab.Alternatively,reinforcementshallbe
placedintwolayersparalleltothesidesoftheslabinboththetopandbottomoftheslab.
6.5.3.7
Whenadroppanelisusedtoreducetheamountofnegativemomentreinforcementoverthe
columnofaflatslab,thedimensionsofthedroppanelshallbeinaccordancewith6.5.2.5.In
computingrequiredslabreinforcement,thethicknessofthedroppanelbelowtheslabshall
notbeassumedtobegreaterthanonequarterthedistancefromtheedgeofdroppanelto
thefaceofcolumnorcolumncapital.
6.5.3.8
Detailsofreinforcementinslabswithoutbeams
6.5.3.8.1
Inadditiontotheotherrequirementsof6.5.3,reinforcementinslabswithoutbeamsshall
haveminimumextensionsasprescribedinFig.6.5.3.2.
6.5.3.8.2
Whereadjacentspansareunequal,extensionsofnegativemomentreinforcementbeyondthe
faceofsupportasprescribedinFig.6.5.3.2shallbebasedonrequirementsofthelongerspan.
Fig. 6.5.3.2Minimum extensions for reinforcement in slabs without beams. (See 8.2.8.1 for reinforcement
extensionintosupports
664
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.5.3.8.3
Bentbarsshallbepermittedonlywhendepthspanratiopermitsuseofbendsof45degrees
orless.
6.5.3.8.4
Inframeswheretwowayslabsactasprimarymembersresistinglateralloads,lengthsof
reinforcementshallbedeterminedbyanalysisbutshallnotbelessthanthoseprescribedin
Fig.6.5.3.2.
6.5.3.8.5
Allbottombarsorwireswithinthecolumnstrip,ineachdirection,shallbecontinuousor
splicedwithClassBtensionsplicesorwithmechanicalorweldedsplicessatisfyingSec.
8.2.12.3.SplicesshallbelocatedasshowninFig.6.5.3.2.Atleasttwoofthecolumnstrip
bottombarsorwiresineachdirectionshallpasswithintheregionboundedbythe
longitudinalreinforcementofthecolumnandshallbeanchoredatexteriorsupports.
6.5.3.8.6
Inslabswithshearheadsandinliftslabconstructionwhereitisnotpracticaltopassthe
bottombarsrequiredby6.5.3.8.5throughthecolumn,atleasttwobondedbottombarsor
wiresineachdirectionshallpassthroughtheshearheadorliftingcollarasclosetothecolumn
aspracticableandbecontinuousorsplicedwithaClassAsplice.Atexteriorcolumns,the
reinforcementshallbeanchoredattheshearheadorliftingcollar.
6.5.4
Openingsinslabsystems
6.5.4.1
Openingsofanysizeshallbepermittedinslabsystemsifshownbyanalysisthatthedesign
strength is at least equal to the required strength set forth in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3, and that all
serviceabilityconditions,includingthelimitsondeflections,aremet.
6.5.4.2
Asanalternatetoanalysisasrequiredby6.5.4.1,openingsshallbepermittedinslabsystems
withoutbeamsonly,inaccordancewith6.5.4.2.1through6.5.4.2.4.
6.5.4.2.1
Openings of any size shall be permitted in the area common to intersecting middle strips,
provided total amount of reinforcement required for the panel without the opening is
maintained.
6.5.4.2.2
In the area common to intersecting column strips, not more than oneeighth the width of
column strip in either span shall be interrupted by openings. An amount of reinforcement
equivalenttothatinterruptedbyanopeningshallbeaddedonthesidesoftheopening.
6.5.4.2.3
Intheareacommontoonecolumnstripandonemiddlestrip,notmorethanonequarterof
the reinforcement in either strip shall be interrupted by openings. An amount of
reinforcementequivalenttothatinterruptedbyanopeningshallbeaddedonthesidesofthe
opening.
6.5.4.2.4
Shearrequirementsof6.4.10.6shallbesatisfied.
6.5.5
Designprocedures
6.5.5.1
A slab system shall be designed by any procedure satisfying conditions of equilibrium and
geometriccompatibility,ifshownthatthedesignstrengthateverysectionisatleastequalto
the required strength set forth in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3, and that all serviceability conditions,
includinglimitsondeflections,aremet.
6.5.5.1.1
Design of a slab system for gravity loads, including the slab and beams (if any) between
supports and supporting columns or walls forming orthogonal frames, by either the Direct
DesignMethodof6.5.6ortheEquivalentFrameMethodof6.5.7,shallbepermitted.
665
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.5.5.1.2
For lateral loads, analysis of frames shall take into account effects of cracking and
reinforcementonstiffnessofframemembers.
6.5.5.1.3
Combiningtheresultsofthegravityloadanalysiswiththeresultsofthelateralloadanalysis
shallbepermitted.
6.5.5.2
The slab and beams (if any) between supports shall be proportioned for factored moments
prevailingateverysection.
6.5.5.3
When gravity load, wind, earthquake, or other lateral forces cause transfer of moment
between slab and column, a fraction of the unbalanced moment shall be transferred by
flexureinaccordancewith6.5.5.3.2through6.5.5.3.4.
6.5.5.3.1
The fraction of unbalanced moment not transferred by flexure shall be transferred by

eccentricityofshearinaccordancewith6.4.10.7.
6.5.5.3.2
Afractionoftheunbalancedmomentgivenby
shallbeconsideredtobetransferredby
flexure within an effective slab width between lines that are one and onehalf slab or drop
is the
panel thickness 1.5 outside opposite faces of the column or capital, where
factoredmomenttobetransferredand
6.5.5.3.3
6.5.1
Forslabswithunbalancedmomentstransferredbetweentheslabandcolumns,itshallbe
permittedtoincreasethevalueof givenbyEq.(6.5.1)inaccordancewiththefollowing:
a) For edge columns with unbalanced moments about an axis parallel to the edge,
1.0providedthat atanedgesupportdoesnotexceed0.75
,oratacorner
supportdoesnotexceed0.5 .
b) For unbalanced moments at interior supports, and for edge columns with unbalanced
momentsaboutanaxisperpendiculartotheedge,increase toasmuchas1.25times
thevaluefromEq.(6.5.1),butnotmorethan 1.0,providedthat atthesupport
doesnotexceed0.4 .Thenettensilestrain calculatedfortheeffectiveslabwidth
definedin6.5.5.3.2shallnotbelessthan0.010.
Thevalueof
initems(a)and(b)shallbecalculatedinaccordancewith6.4.10.2.1.
6.5.5.3.4
Concentration of reinforcement over the column by closer spacing or additional

reinforcementshallbeusedtoresistmomentontheeffectiveslabwidthdefinedin6.5.5.3.2.
6.5.5.4
Design for transfer of load from slabs to supporting columns or walls through shear and
torsionshallbeinaccordancewithSec.6.4.
6.5.6
6.5.6.1
Directdesignmethod
Limitations
Design of slab systems within the limitations of 6.5.6.1.1 through 6.5.6.1.8 by the direct design method
shallbepermitted.
666
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.5.6.1.1
Thereshallbeaminimumofthreecontinuousspansineachdirection.
6.5.6.1.2
Panelsshallberectangular,witharatiooflongertoshorterspancentertocenterofsupports
withinapanelnotgreaterthan2.
6.5.6.1.3
Successivespanlengthscentertocenterofsupportsineachdirectionshallnotdifferbymore
thanonethirdthelongerspan.
6.5.6.1.4
Offsetofcolumnsbyamaximumof10percentofthespan(indirectionofoffset)fromeither
axisbetweencenterlinesofsuccessivecolumnsshallbepermitted.
6.5.6.1.5
All loads shall be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire panel. The
unfactoredliveloadshallnotexceedtwotimestheunfactoreddeadload.
6.5.6.1.6
Forapanelwithbeamsbetweensupportsonallsides,Eq.(6.5.2)shallbesatisfiedforbeams
inthetwoperpendiculardirections
0.2
where
and
5.0
6.5.2
arecalculatedinaccordancewithEq.(6.5.3).
6.5.3
6.5.6.1.7
Momentredistributionaspermittedby8.4shallnotbeappliedforslabsystemsdesignedby
thedirectdesignmethod.See6.5.6.7.
6.5.6.1.8
Variationsfromthelimitationsof6.5.6.1shallbepermittedifdemonstratedbyanalysisthat
requirementsof6.5.5.1aresatisfied.
6.5.6.2
Totalfactoredstaticmomentforaspan
6.5.6.2.1
Totalfactoredstaticmoment,
,foraspanshallbedeterminedinastripboundedlaterally
bycenterlineofpaneloneachsideofcenterlineofsupports.
6.5.6.2.2
Absolutesumofpositiveandaveragenegativefactoredmomentsineachdirectionshallnot
belessthan

where
islengthofclearspanindirectionthatmomentsarebeingdetermined.
6.5.4
667
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.5.6.2.3
Wherethetransversespanofpanelsoneithersideofthecenterlineofsupportsvaries,
Eq.(6.5.4)shallbetakenastheaverageofadjacenttransversespans.
6.5.6.2.4
Whenthespanadjacentandparalleltoanedgeisbeingconsidered,thedistancefromedge
topanelcenterlineshallbesubstitutedfor inEq.(6.5.4).
6.5.6.2.5
Clearspan shallextendfromfacetofaceofcolumns,capitals,brackets,orwalls.Valueof
usedinEq.(6.5.4)shallnotbelessthan0.65 .Circularorregularpolygonshapedsupports
shallbetreatedassquaresupportswiththesamearea.
6.5.6.3
Negativeandpositivefactoredmoments
6.5.6.3.1
Negative factored moments shall be located at face of rectangular supports. Circular or

regularpolygonshapedsupportsshallbetreatedassquaresupportswiththesamearea.
6.5.6.3.2
Inaninteriorspan,totalstaticmoment,
6.5.6.3.3
in
,shallbedistributedasfollows:
Negativefactoredmoment
0.65
Positivefactoredmoment
0.35
Inanendspan,totalfactoredstaticmoment,
below:
,shallbedistributedasinTable6.5.6.1
Table6.5.6.1DistributionofTotalFactoredStaticMoment,
inanEndSpan
(1)
Exterior
edge
unrestrained
(2)
Slabwith
beams
betweenall
supports
Interiornegative
factoredmoment
Positivefactored
moment
Exteriornegative
factoredmoment
0.75
0.70
0.63
0.57
0.52
0.50
0.35
0.16
0.26
0.30
0.65
(3)
(4)
Slabwithoutbeamsbetween
interiorsupports
Withoutedge
Withedge
beam
beam
0.70
0.70
(5)
Exterioredge
fullyrestrained
0.65
6.5.6.3.4
Negativemomentsectionsshallbedesignedtoresistthelargerofthetwointeriornegative
factoredmomentsdeterminedforspansframingintoacommonsupportunlessananalysisis
made to distribute the unbalanced moment in accordance with stiffnesses of adjoining
elements.
6.5.6.3.5
Edgebeamsoredgesofslabshallbeproportionedtoresistintorsiontheirshareofexterior
negativefactoredmoments.
6.5.6.3.6
Thegravityloadmomenttobetransferredbetweenslabandedgecolumninaccordancewith
6.5.5.3.1shallbe0.3 .
6.5.6.4
Factoredmomentsincolumnstrips
6.5.6.4.1
Column strips shall be proportioned to resist the portions in percent of interior negative
factoredmomentsasshowninTable6.5.6.2below:
Table6.5.6.2PortionsofInteriorNegativeMomentstobeResistedbyColumnStrip
668
Vol.2
Chapter1
/
/
/
0.5
1.0
2.0
0
75
75
75
1
90
75
45
Note:Linearinterpolationsshallbemadebetweenvaluesshown.
Interpolationfunctionfor%ofMoment=75 30
1
6.5.6.4.2
Columnstripsshallbeproportionedtoresisttheportionsinpercentofexteriornegative
factoredmomentsasshowninTable6.5.6.3:
Table6.5.6.3PortionsofExteriorNegativeMomentstobeResistedbyColumnStrip
/
/
=0
2.5
=0
2.5
0
/
1
0.5
100
075
100
090
1.0
100
075
100
075
2.0
100
075
100
045
Linearinterpolationsshallbemadebetweenvaluesshown,where
calculatedinEq.(6.5.6).
iscalculatedinEq.(6.5.5)and
is
6.5.5
0.63
6.5.6
Theconstant forTorLsectionsshallbepermittedtobeevaluatedbydividingthesectionintoseparate
rectangularparts,asdefinedin6.5.2.4,andsummingthevaluesof foreachpart.
Interpolationfunctionfor%ofMoment=100
10
12
6.5.6.4.3
Wheresupportsconsistofcolumnsorwallsextendingforadistanceequaltoorgreaterthan
0.75
used to compute
, negative moments shall be considered to be uniformly
distributedacross .
6.5.6.4.4
Column strips shall be proportioned to resist the portions in percent of positive factored
momentsshowninTable6.5.6.4:
Table6.5.6.4PortionsofPositiveMomenttobeResistedbyColumnStrip
/
/
/
0.5
1.0
2.0
0
60
60
60
1
90
75
45
Note:Linearinterpolationsshallbemadebetweenvaluesshown.
1.5
Interpolationfunctionfor%ofMoment=60 30
669
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.5.6.4.5
For slabs with beams between supports, the slab portion of column strips shall be
proportionedtoresistthatportionofcolumnstripmomentsnotresistedbybeams.
6.5.6.5
Factoredmomentsinbeams
6.5.6.5.1
Beamsbetweensupportsshallbeproportionedtoresist85percentofcolumnstripmoments
if
/ isequaltoorgreaterthan1.0.
6.5.6.5.2
/ between1.0andzero,proportionofcolumnstripmomentsresistedby
Forvaluesof
beamsshallbeobtainedbylinearinterpolationbetween85andzeropercent.
6.5.6.5.3
In addition to moments calculated for uniform loads according to 6.5.6.2.2, 6.5.6.5.1, and
6.5.6.5.2,beamsshallbeproportionedtoresistallmomentscausedbyconcentratedorlinear
loadsapplieddirectlytobeams,includingweightofprojectingbeamstemaboveorbelowthe
slab.
6.5.6.6
Factoredmomentsinmiddlestrips
6.5.6.6.1
Thatportionofnegativeandpositivefactoredmomentsnotresistedbycolumnstripsshallbe
proportionatelyassignedtocorrespondinghalfmiddlestrips.
6.5.6.6.2
Eachmiddlestripshallbeproportionedtoresistthesumofthemomentsassignedtoitstwo
halfmiddlestrips.
6.5.6.6.3
Amiddlestripadjacenttoandparallelwithawallsupportededgeshallbeproportionedto
resist twice the moment assigned to the half middle strip corresponding to the first row of
interiorsupports.
6.5.6.7
Modificationoffactoredmoments
Modificationofnegativeandpositivefactoredmomentsby10percentshallbepermittedprovidedthe
,inthedirectionconsideredisnotlessthanthatrequiredbyEq.
totalstaticmomentforapanel,
(6.5.4).
6.5.6.8
Factoredshearinslabsystemswithbeams
6.5.6.8.1
/ equaltoorgreaterthan1.0shallbeproportionedtoresistshearcaused
Beamswith
by factored loads on tributary areas which are bounded by 45degree lines drawn from the
cornersofthepanelsandthecenterlinesoftheadjacentpanelsparalleltothelongsides(Fig.
6.5.6.1).
6.5.6.8.2
In proportioning beams with

assumingbeamscarrynoloadat
6.5.6.8.3
In addition to shears calculated according to 6.5.6.8.1 and 6.5.6.8.2, beams shall be

proportionedtoresistshearscausedbyfactoredloadsapplieddirectlyonbeams.
6.5.6.8.4
Computationofslabshearstrengthontheassumptionthatloadisdistributedtosupporting
beamsinaccordancewith6.5.6.8.1or6.5.6.8.2shallbepermitted.Resistancetototalshear
occurringonapanelshallbeprovided.
6.5.6.8.5
ShearstrengthshallsatisfytherequirementsofSec.6.4.
670
/ less than 1.0 to resist shear, linear interpolation,

0,shallbepermitted.
Vol.2
Chapter1
Fig.6.5.6.1Tributaryareaforshearonaninteriorbeam.
6.5.6.9
Factoredmomentsincolumnsandwalls
6.5.6.9.1
Columnsandwallsbuiltintegrallywithaslabsystemshallresistmomentscausedbyfactored
loadsontheslabsystem.
6.5.6.9.2
Ataninteriorsupport,supportingelementsaboveandbelowtheslabshallresistthefactored
moment specified by Eq. (6.5.7) in direct proportion to their stiffnesses unless a general
analysisismade.
0.07
Where
6.5.7
0.5
6.5.7
, ,and
refertoshorterspan.
Equivalentframemethod
6.5.7.1
Designofslabsystemsbytheequivalentframemethodshallbebasedonassumptionsgiven
in 6.5.7.2 through 6.5.7.6, and all sections of slabs and supporting members shall be
proportionedformomentsandshearsthusobtained.
6.5.7.1.1
Where metal column capitals are used, it shall be permitted to take account of their
contributionstostiffnessandresistancetomomentandtoshear.
6.5.7.1.2
Itshallbepermittedtoneglectthechangeinlengthofcolumnsandslabsduetodirectstress,
anddeflectionsduetoshear.
6.5.7.2
Equivalentframe
6.5.7.2.1
Thestructureshallbeconsideredtobemadeupofequivalentframesoncolumnlinestaken
longitudinallyandtransverselythroughthebuilding(Fig.6.5.7.1).
671
Part6
StructuralDesign
Fig.6.5.7.1Definitionsofequivalentframe.
6.5.7.2.2
Each frame shall consist of a row of columns or supports and slabbeam strips, bounded
laterallybythecenterlineofpaneloneachsideofthecenterlineofcolumnsorsupports.
6.5.7.2.3
Columns or supports shall be assumed to be attached to slabbeam strips by torsional

members(see6.5.7.5)transversetothedirectionofthespanforwhichmomentsarebeing
determinedandextendingtoboundinglateralpanelcenterlinesoneachsideofacolumn.
6.5.7.2.4
Framesadjacentandparalleltoanedgeshallbeboundedbythatedgeandthecenterlineof
adjacentpanel.
6.5.7.2.5
Analysisofeachequivalentframeinitsentiretyshallbepermitted.Alternatively,forgravity
loading, a separate analysis of each floor or roof with far ends of columns considered fixed
shallbepermitted.
6.5.7.2.6
Where slabbeams are analyzed separately, determination of moment at a given support

assuming that the slabbeam is fixed at any support two panels distant therefrom, shall be
permitted,providedtheslabcontinuesbeyondthatpoint.
6.5.7.3
Slabbeams
6.5.7.3.1
Determinationofthemomentofinertiaofslabbeamsatanycrosssectionoutsideofjointsor
columncapitalsusingthegrossareaofconcreteshallbepermitted.
6.5.7.3.2
Variationinmomentofinertiaalongaxisofslabbeamsshallbetakenintoaccount.
6.5.7.3.3
Momentofinertiaofslabbeamsfromcenterofcolumntofaceofcolumn,bracket,orcapital
shallbeassumedequaltothemomentofinertiaoftheslabbeamatfaceofcolumn,bracket,
/
,where and aremeasuredtransverseto
orcapitaldividedbythequantity 1
thedirectionofthespanforwhichmomentsarebeingdetermined.
672
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.5.7.4
Columns
6.5.7.4.1
Determinationofthemomentofinertiaofcolumnsatanycrosssectionoutsideofjointsor
columncapitalsusingthegrossareaofconcreteshallbepermitted.
6.5.7.4.2
Variationinmomentofinertiaalongaxisofcolumnsshallbetakenintoaccount(Fig.6.5.7.2).
6.5.7.4.3
Moment of inertia of columns from top to bottom of the slabbeam at a joint shall be
assumedtobeinfinite.
6.5.7.5
Torsionalmembers
6.5.7.5.1
Torsional members (see 6.5.7.2.3) shall be assumed to have a constant cross section
throughouttheirlengthconsistingofthelargestof(a),(b),and(c):
a) A portion of slab having awidth equal to that of the column, bracket, or capital in the
directionofthespanforwhichmomentsarebeingdetermined;
b) For monolithic or fully composite construction, the portion of slab specified in (a) plus
thatpartofthetransversebeamaboveandbelowtheslab;
c) Thetransversebeamasdefinedin6.5.2.4.
6.5.7.5.2
Wherebeamsframeintocolumnsinthedirectionofthespanforwhichmomentsarebeing
determined,thetorsionalstiffnessshallbemultipliedbytheratioofthemomentofinertiaof
theslabwithsuchabeamtothemomentofinertiaoftheslabwithoutsuchabeam.
Fig.6.5.7.2Equivalent column (column plus torsionalmembers).
6.5.7.5.3
Stiffness ofthetorsionalmembersshallbecalculatedbythefollowingexpression:
6.5.8
where and relatetothetransversespanoneachsideofcolumn.

6.5.7.6
Arrangementofliveload
6.5.7.6.1
Whentheloadingpatternisknown,theequivalentframeshallbeanalyzedforthatload.
6.5.7.6.2
When the unfactored live load is variable but does not exceed threequarters of the
unfactored dead load, or the nature of live load is such that all panels will be loaded
673
Part6
StructuralDesign
simultaneously,itshallbepermittedtoassumethatmaximumfactoredmomentsoccuratall
sectionswithfullfactoredliveloadonentireslabsystem.
6.5.7.6.3
Forloadingconditionsotherthanthosedefinedin6.5.7.6.2,itshallbepermittedtoassume
thatmaximumpositivefactoredmomentnearmidspanofapaneloccurswiththreequarters
ofthefullfactoredliveloadonthepanelandonalternatepanels;anditshallbepermittedto
assumethatmaximumnegativefactoredmomentintheslabatasupportoccurswiththree
quartersofthefullfactoredliveloadonadjacentpanelsonly.
6.5.7.6.4
Factoredmomentsshallbetakennotlessthanthoseoccurringwithfullfactoredliveloadon
allpanels.
6.5.7.7
Factoredmoments
6.5.7.7.1
At interior supports, the critical section for negative factored moment (in both column and
middlestrips)shallbetakenatfaceofrectilinearsupports,butnotfartherawaythan0.175
fromthecenterofacolumn.
6.5.7.7.2
At exterior supports with brackets or capitals, the critical section for negative factored
moment in the span perpendicular to an edge shall be taken at a distance from face of
supportingelementnotgreaterthanonehalftheprojectionofbracketorcapitalbeyondface
ofsupportingelement.
6.5.7.7.3
Circularorregularpolygonshapedsupportsshallbetreatedassquaresupportswiththesame
areaforlocationofcriticalsectionfornegativedesignmoment.
6.5.7.7.4
Where slab systems within limitations of 6.5.6.1 are analyzed by the equivalent frame
method,itshallbepermittedtoreducetheresultingcomputedmomentsinsuchproportion
thattheabsolutesumofthepositiveandaveragenegativemomentsusedindesignneednot
exceedthevalueobtainedfromEq.(6.5.4).
6.5.7.7.5
Distribution of moments at critical sections across the slabbeam strip of each frame to
column strips, beams, and middle strips as provided in 6.5.6.4, 6.5.6.5, and 6.5.6.6 shall be
permittediftherequirementof6.5.6.1.6issatisfied.
6.5.8
ALTERNATIVEDESIGNOFTWOWAYEDGESUPPORTEDSLABS
6.5.8.1
Notation
The notations provided below are applicable for Section 6.5.8 only. Also see Section 6.1.1.1 for other
notations.
674
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Momentcoefficients
Lengthofclearspaninshortdirection
Lengthofclearspaninlongdirection
Momentintheshortdirection
Momentinthelongdirection
Uniformload
Lengthofclearspanindirectionthatmomentarebeingdetermined
Lengthofclearspantransverseto
Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of a width of slab bounded
laterallybycentrelineofadjacentpanels(ifany)oneachsideofthebeam.See6.4.2.1
= inthedirectionof .
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.5.8.2
ScopeandLimitations
6.5.8.2.1
Theprovisionsofthissectionmaybeusedasalternativetothoseof6.5.1through6.5.7for
twoway slabs supported on all four edges by walls, steel beams or monolithic concrete
beamshavingatotaldepthnotlessthan3timestheslabthickness.
6.5.8.2.2
Panelsshallberectangularwitharatiooflongertoshorterspancentretocentreofsupports
notgreaterthan2.
6.5.8.2.3
Thevalueof
6.5.8.3
AnalysisbytheCoefficientMethod
6.5.8.3.1
The negative moments and dead load and live load positive moments in the two directions
shallbecomputedfromTables6.5.8.1,6.5.8.2and6.5.8.3respectively.Shearintheslaband
loadsonthesupportingbeamsshallbecomputedfromTable6.5.8.4.
6.5.8.4
ShearonSupportingBeam
/ shallbegreaterthanorequalto1.
Theshearrequirementsprovidedin6.5.6.8shallbesatisfied.
6.5.8.5
Deflection
Thicknessofslabssupportedonwallsorstiffbeamsonallsidesshallsatisfytherequirementsof6.2.5.3.
Table6.5.8.1CoefficientsforNegativeMomentsinSlabs
,
where =totaluniformdeadplusliveloadperunitarea
Ratio
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7 Case8
1.00
,
,
0.95
,
,
0.90
,
,
0.85
,
,
0.80
,
,
0.75
,
0.045
0.045
0.050
0.041
0.055
0.037
0.060
0.031
0.065
0.027
0.069
0.022
0.076
0.072
0.070
0.065
0.061
0.056
0.050
0.050
0.055
0.045
0.060
0.040
0.066
0.034
0.071
0.029
0.076
0.024
0.075 0.071
0.079 0.075
0.080 0.079
0.082 0.083
0.083 0.086
0.085 0.088
0.071
0.067
0.062
0.057
0.051
0.044
Case9
0.033
0.061
0.038
0.056
0.043
0.052
0.049
0.046
0.055
0.041
0.061
0.036
0.061
0.033
0.065
0.029
0.068
0.025
0.072
0.021
0.075
0.017
0.078
0.014
675
Part6
StructuralDesign
0.074
0.081 0.086 0.091
0.068
0.081
0.017 0.050 0.019

0.038 0.029
0.011
,
0.077
0.085
0.087
0.093
0.074
0.083
,
0.65
0.014 0.043 0.015

0.031 0.024
0.008
,
0.081
0.089
0.088
0.095
0.080
0.085
,
0.60
0.010
0.035
0.011
0.024
0.018
0.006
,
0.084
0.092 0.089 0.096
0.085
0.086
,
0.55
0.007 0.028 0.008

0.019 0.014
0.005
,
0.094 0.090 0.097
0.089
0.088
0.086
,
0.50
0.014 0.010
0.003
0.006 0.022 0.006
,
Acrosshatchededgeindicatesthattheslabcontinuesacross,orisfixedatthesupport;
anunmarkededgeindicatesasupportatwhichtorsionalresistanceisnegligible.
,
0.70
Table6.5.8.2CoefficientsforDeadLoadPositiveMomentsinSlabs
,
,
,
where =uniformdeadloadperunitarea
Ratio
1.00
,
,
0.95
,
,
0.90
,
,
0.85
,
,
0.80
,
,
0.75
,
,
0.70
,
,
676
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7
0.036
0.036
0.040
0.033
0.045
0.029
0.050
0.026
0.056
0.023
0.061
0.019
0.068
0.016
Case8
0.018
0.018
0.020
0.016
0.022
0.014
0.024
0.012
0.026
0.011
0.028
0.009
0.030
0.007
Case9
0.018
0.027
0.021
0.025
0.025
0.024
0.029
0.022
0.034
0.020
0.040
0.018
0.046
0.016
0.027
0.027
0.030
0.024
0.033
0.022
0.036
0.019
0.039
0.016
0.043
0.013
0.046
0.011
0.027
0.018
0.028
0.015
0.029
0.013
0.031
0.011
0.032
0.009
0.033
0.007
0.035
0.005
0.033
0.027
0.036
0.024
0.039
0.021
0.042
0.017
0.045
0.015
0.048
0.012
0.051
0.009
0.027
0.033
0.031
0.031
0.035
0.028
0.040
0.025
0.045
0.022
0.051
0.020
0.058
0.017
0.020
0.023
0.022
0.021
0.025
0.019
0.029
0.017
0.032
0.015
0.036
0.013
0.040
0.011
0.023
0.020
0.024
0.017
0.026
0.015
0.028
0.013
0.029
0.010
0.031
0.007
0.033
0.006
Vol.2
Chapter1
0.65
,
,
0.60
,
,
0.55
,
,
0.50
,
0.074 0.032 0.054 0.050 0.036 0.054 0.065 0.044

0.034
0.013 0.006 0.014 0.009 0.004 0.007 0.014 0.009

0.005
0.036
0.081 0.034 0.062 0.053 0.037 0.056 0.073 0.048
0.010 0.004 0.011 0.007 0.003 0.006 0.012 0.007

0.004
0.088 0.035 0.071 0.056 0.038 0.058 0.081 0.052
0.037
0.008 0.003 0.009 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.009 0.005

0.003
0.095 0.037 0.080 0.059 0.039 0.061 0.089 0.056
0.038
0.006 0.002 0.007 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.007 0.004

0.002
,
Table6.5.8.3CoefficientsforLiveLoadPositiveMomentsinSlabs
wherew=uniformliveloadperunitarea
Ratio
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7 Case8
,
1.00
,
,
0.95
,
,
0.90
,
,
0.85
,
,
0.80
,
,
0.75
,
,
0.70
,
,
0.65
,
0.036
0.036
0.040
0.033
0.045
0.029
0.050
0.026
0.056
0.023
0.061
0.019
0.068
0.016
0.074
0.013
Case9
0.027
0.027
0.030
0.025
0.034
0.022
0.037
0.019
0.041
0.017
0.045
0.014
0.049
0.012
0.053
0.010
0.027
0.032
0.031
0.029
0.035
0.027
0.040
0.024
0.045
0.022
0.051
0.019
0.057
0.016
0.064
0.014
0.032
0.032
0.035
0.029
0.039
0.026
0.043
0.023
0.048
0.020
0.052
0.016
0.057
0.014
0.062
0.011
0.032
0.027
0.034
0.024
0.037
0.021
0.041
0.019
0.044
0.016
0.047
0.013
0.051
0.011
0.055
0.009
0.035
0.032
0.038
0.029
0.042
0.025
0.046
0.022
0.051
0.019
0.055
0.016
0.060
0.013
0.064
0.010
0.032
0.035
0.036
0.032
0.040
0.029
0.045
0.026
0.051
0.023
0.056
0.020
0.063
0.017
0.070
0.014
0.028
0.030
0.031
0.027
0.035
0.024
0.040
0.022
0.044
0.019
0.049
0.016
0.054
0.014
0.059
0.011
0.030
0.028
0.032
0.025
0.036
0.022
0.039
0.020
0.042
0.017
0.046
0.013
0.050
0.011
0.054
0.009
677
Part6
StructuralDesign
,
0.60
,
,
0.55
,
,
0.50
,
0.081 0.058 0.071 0.067 0.059 0.068 0.077

0.065
0.059
0.010 0.007 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.011 0.009

0.007
0.088 0.062 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.073 0.085
0.070
00.063
0.008 0.006 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.007

0.006
0.095 0.066 0.088 0.077 0.067 0.078 0.092
0.076
0.067
0.006 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.005

0.004
6.5.8.6
Reinforcement
6.5.8.6.1
Areaofreinforcementineachdirectionshallbedeterminedfrommomentsatcriticalsections
butshallnotbelessthanthatrequiredby8.1.11.
6.5.8.6.2
Spacing of reinforcement at critical sections shall not exceed two times the slab thickness,
exceptforportionsofslabareathatmaybeofcellularorribbedconstruction.Intheslabover
cellularspaces,reinforcementshallbeprovidedasrequiredby8.1.11.
6.5.8.6.3
Positive moment reinforcement perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall extend to the

edgeofslab andhaveembedment,straightorhooked,atleast150mminspandrelbeams,
columns,orwalls.
Table6.5.8.4RatioofTotalLoadwin and Directions(
Supports
Ratio
678
and
)forShearinSlabandLoadon
Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6 Case7
Case8
Case9
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.17
0.83
0.50
0.50
0.83
0.17
0.71
0.29
0.29
0.71
0.33
0.67
0.67
0.33
0.95
0.55
0.45
0.55
0.45
0.20
0.80
0.55
0.45
0.86
0.14
0.75
0.25
0.33
0.67
0.38
0.62
0.71
0.29
0.90
0.60
0.40
0.60
0.40
0.23
0.77
0.60
0.40
0.88
0.12
0.79
0.21
0.38
0.62
0.43
0.57
0.75
0.25
0.85
0.66
0.34
0.66
0.34
0.28
0.72
0.66
0.34
0.90
0.10
0.83
0.17
0.43
0.57
0.49
0.51
0.79
0.21
Vol.2
Chapter1
0.80
0.71
0.29
0.71
0.29
0.33
0.67
0.71
0.29
0.92
0.08
0.86
0.14
0.49
0.51
0.55
0.45
0.83
0.17
0.75
0.76
0.24
0.76
0.24
0.39
0.61
0.76
0.24
0.94
0.06
0.88
0.12
0.56
0.44
0.61
0.39
0.86
0.14
0.70
0.81
0.19
0.81
0.19
0.45
0.55
0.81
0.19
0.95
0.05
0.91
0.09
0.62
0.38
0.68
0.32
0.89
0.11
0.65
0.85
0.15
0.85
0.15
0.53
0.47
0.85
0.15
0.96
0.04
0.93
0.07
0.69
0.31
0.74
0.26
0.92
0.08
0.60
0.89
0.11
0.89
0.11
0.61
0.39
0.89
0.11
0.97
0.03
0.95
0.05
0.76
0.24
0.80
0.20
0.94
0.06
0.55
0.92
0.08
0.92
0.08
0.69
0.31
0.92
0.08
0.98
0.02
0.96
0.04
0.81
0.19
0.85
0.15
0.95
0.05
0.89
0.97
0.94 0.94 0.76 0.94 0.99 0.97 0.86
0.50
0.11
0.03
0.06 0.06 0.24 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.14
6.5.8.6.4
Negative moment reinforcement perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall be bent,

hooked,orotherwiseanchored,inspandrelbeams,columns,orwalls,andshallbedeveloped
atfaceofsupportaccordingtoprovisionsofSec8.2.
6.5.8.6.5
CornerReinforcement
a) Cornerreinforcementshallbeprovidedatexteriorcornersinbothbottomandtopofthe
slab,foradistanceineachdirectionfromthecornerequaltoonefifththelongerspanof
thecornerpanelasperprovisionsof6.5.3.6.
6.5.9
6.5.9.1
RIBBEDANDHOLLOWSLABS
General
Theprovisionsofthissectionshallapplytoslabsconstructedinoneofthewaysdescribedbelow:
a) Asaseriesofconcreteribswithtoppingcastonformswhichmayberemovedafterthe
concretehasset;
b) Asaseriesofconcreteribsbetweenprecastblockswhichremainpartofthecompleted
structure; the top of the ribs may be connected by a topping of concrete of the same
strengthasthatusedintheribs;and
c) Slabswithacontinuoustopandbottomfacebutcontainingvoidsofrectangular,ovalor
othershape.
679
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.5.9.2
AnalysisandDesign
Anymethodofanalysiswhichsatisfiesequilibriumandcompatibilityrequirementsmaybeusedforribbed
andhollowslabs.Approximatemomentsandshearsincontinuousonewayribbedorhollowslabsmaybe
obtainedfrom6.1.4.3.Fortwowayslabs,theunifieddesignapproachspecifiedinSec6.5FlatPlates,Flat
SlabsandEdgesupportedSlabs,shallbeused.
6.5.9.3
Shear
6.5.9.3.1
Whenburnttileorconcretetilefillersofmaterialhavingthesamestrengthasthespecified
strengthofconcreteintheribbedandhollowslabsareusedpermanently,itispermittedto
include the vertical shells of fillers in contact with the ribs for shear and negativemoment
strengthcomputations,providedadequatebondbetweenthetwocanbeensured.
6.5.9.3.2
Adequate shear strength of slabs shall be provided in accordance with the requirements
of6.4.10.Foronewayribbedandhollowslabconstruction,contributionofconcretetoshear
strength ispermittedtobe10percentmorethanthatspecifiedin6.4.2.Itispermittedto
increaseshearstrengthusingshearreinforcementorbywideningtheendsofribs.
6.5.9.4
Deflection
Therecommendationsfordeflectionwithrespecttosolidslabsmaybeappliedtoribbedandhollowslab.
Total depth of oneway ribbed and hollow slabs shall not be less than those required by Table6.2.5.1
in6.2.5.2.Forotherslabstheprovisionsof6.2.5.3shallapply.
6.5.9.5
SizeandPositionofRibs
Insituribsshallbenotlessthan100mmwide.Theyshallbespacedatcentresnotgreaterthan750mm
apartandtheirdepth,excludinganytopping,shallbenotmorethanthreeandhalftimestheirwidth.Ribs
shallbeformedalongeachedgeparalleltothespanofonewayslabs.
6.5.9.6
Reinforcement
The recommendations given in 8.1.6 regarding maximum distance between bars apply to areas of solid
concreteinthisformofconstruction.Thecurtailment,anchorageandcovertoreinforcementshallbeas
specifiedbelow:
a) Atleast50percentofthetotalmainreinforcementshallbecarriedthroughthebottom
ontothebearingandanchoredinaccordancewith8.2.8.
b) Whereaslab,whichiscontinuousoversupports,hasbeendesignedassimplysupported,
reinforcementshallbeprovidedoverthesupporttocontrolcracking.Thisreinforcement
shall have a crosssectional area of not less than one quarter of that required in the
middleoftheadjoiningspansandshallextendatleastonetenthoftheclearspaninto
adjoiningspans.
c) Inslabswithpermanentblocks,thesidecovertothereinforcementshallnotbelessthan
10mm.Inallothercases,covershallbeprovidedaccordingto8.1.7.
6.6
6.6.1
WALLS
Scope
6.6.1.1
ProvisionsofSec.6.6 shall apply fordesignof walls subjected toaxial load, with or without
flexure.
6.6.1.2
CantileverretainingwallsaredesignedaccordingtoflexuraldesignprovisionsofSec.6.3with
minimumhorizontalreinforcementaccordingto6.6.3.3.
6.6.2
680
General
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.6.2.1
Walls shall be designed for eccentric loads and any lateral or other loads to which they are
subjected.
6.6.2.2
Wallssubjecttoaxialloadsshallbedesignedinaccordancewith6.6.2,6.6.3,andeither6.6.4,
6.6.5,or6.6.8.
6.6.2.3
Designforshearshallbeinaccordancewith6.4.8.
6.6.2.4
Unless otherwise demonstrated by an analysis, the horizontal length of wall considered as

effective for each concentrated load shall not exceed the smaller of the centertocenter
distancebetweenloads,andthebearingwidthplusfourtimesthewallthickness.
6.6.2.5
Compressionmembersbuiltintegrallywithwallsshallconformto6.3.8.2.
6.6.2.6
Walls shall be anchored to intersecting elements, such as floors and roofs; or to columns
pilasters,buttresses,ofintersectingwalls;andtofootings.
6.6.2.7
Quantity of reinforcement and limits of thickness required by 6.6.3 and 6.6.5 shall be
permittedtobewaivedwherestructuralanalysisshowsadequatestrengthandstability.
6.6.2.8
Transferofforcetofootingatbaseofwallshallbeinaccordancewith6.8.8.
6.6.3
Minimumreinforcement
6.6.3.1
Minimumverticalandhorizontalreinforcementshallbeinaccordancewith6.6.3.2and6.6.3.3
unlessagreateramountisrequiredforshearby6.4.8.8and6.4.8.9.
6.6.3.2
Minimumratioofverticalreinforcementareatogrossconcretearea, ,shallbe:
a) 0.0012fordeformedbarsnotlargerthan16mmwith notlessthan420MPa;or
b) 0.0015forotherdeformedbars;or
c) 0.0012forweldedwirereinforcementnotlargerthanMW200orMD200.
6.6.3.3
Minimumratioofhorizontalreinforcementareatogrossconcretearea, ,shallbe:
a) 0.0020fordeformedbarsnotlargerthan16mmwith notlessthan420MPa;or
b) 0.0025forotherdeformedbars;or
c) 0.0020forweldedwirereinforcementnotlargerthanMW200orMD200.
6.6.3.4
Walls more than 250 mm thick, except basement walls, shall have reinforcement for each
directionplacedintwolayersparallelwithfacesofwallinaccordancewiththefollowing:
a) One layer consisting of not less than onehalf and not more than twothirds of total
reinforcementrequiredforeachdirectionshallbeplacednotlessthan50mmnormore
thanonethirdthethicknessofwallfromtheexteriorsurface;
b) The other layer, consisting of the balance of required reinforcement in that direction,
shallbeplacednotlessthan20mmnormorethanonethirdthethicknessofwallfrom
theinteriorsurface.
6.6.3.5
Verticalandhorizontalreinforcementshallnotbespacedfartherapartthanthreetimesthe
wallthickness,norfartherapartthan450mm.
6.6.3.6
Vertical reinforcement need not be enclosed by lateral ties if vertical reinforcement area is
not greater than 0.01 times gross concrete area, or where vertical reinforcement is not
requiredascompressionreinforcement.
6.6.3.7
Inadditiontotheminimumreinforcementrequiredby6.6.3.1,notlessthantwo16mm
barsinwallshavingtwolayersofreinforcementinbothdirectionsandone16mmbarin
681
Part6
StructuralDesign
walls having a single layer of reinforcement in both directions shall be provided around
in
window, door, and similar sized openings. Such bars shall be anchored to develop
tensionatthecornersoftheopenings.
6.6.4
Designofwallsascompressionmembers
Exceptasprovidedin6.6.5,wallssubjecttoaxialloadorcombinedflexureandaxialloadshallbedesigned
as compression members inaccordancewith provisions of 6.3.2, 6.3.3, 6.3.10, 6.3.11,6.3.14,6.6.2,and
6.6.3.
6.6.5
Empiricalmethodofdesign
6.6.5.1
Walls of solid rectangular cross section shall be permitted to be designed by the empirical
provisionsof6.6.5iftheresultantofallfactoredloadsislocatedwithinthemiddlethirdofthe
overallthicknessofthewallandalllimitsof6.6.2,6.6.3,and6.6.5aresatisfied.
6.6.5.2
ofawallsatisfyinglimitationsof6.6.5.1shallbecomputedbyEq.
Designaxialstrength
(6.6.1)unlessdesignedinaccordancewith6.6.4.
0.55
6.6.1
where shallcorrespondtocompressioncontrolledsectionsinaccordancewith6.2.3.2.2andeffective
lengthfactor shallbe:
Forwallsbracedtopandbottomagainstlateraltranslationand
a) Restrainedagainstrotationatoneorbothends(top,bottom,or
b) Unrestrainedagainstrotationatbothends
Forwallsnotbracedagainstlateraltranslation
0.8
1.0
2.0
6.6.5.3
Minimumthicknessofwallsdesignedbyempiricaldesignmethod
6.6.5.3.1
Thickness of bearing walls shall not be less than 1/25 the supported height or length,
whicheverisshorter,norlessthan100mm.
6.6.5.3.2
Thicknessofexteriorbasementwallsandfoundationwallsshallnotbelessthan190mm.
6.6.6
6.6.6.1
6.6.7
Nonbearingwalls
Thickness of nonbearing walls shall not be less than 100 mm, nor less than 1/30 the least
distancebetweenmembersthatprovidelateralsupport.
Wallsasgradebeams
6.6.7.1
Walls designed as grade beams shall have top and bottom reinforcement as required for
moment in accordance with provisions of 6.3.2 through 6.3.7. Design for shear shall be in
accordancewithprovisionsofSec.6.4.
6.6.7.2
Portionsofgradebeamwallsexposedabovegradeshallalsomeetrequirementsof6.6.3.
6.6.8
Alternativedesignofslenderwalls
6.6.8.1
Whenflexuraltensioncontrolstheoutofplanedesignofawall,therequirementsof6.6.8are
consideredtosatisfy6.3.10.
6.6.8.2
Wallsdesignedbytheprovisionsof6.6.8shallsatisfy6.6.8.2.1through6.6.8.2.6.
682
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.6.8.2.1
Thewallpanelshallbedesignedasasimplysupported,axiallyloadedmembersubjectedtoan
outofplane uniform lateral load, with maximum moments and deflections occurring at
midspan.
6.6.8.2.2
Thecrosssectionshallbeconstantovertheheightofthepanel.
6.6.8.2.3
Thewallshallbetensioncontrolled.
6.6.8.2.4
ReinforcementshallprovideadesignStrength
where
shallbeobtainedusingthemodulusofrupture,
6.6.8.2.5
6.6.2
,givenbyEq.(6.2.3).
Concentrated gravity loads applied to the wall above the design flexural section shall be
assumedtobedistributedoverawidth:
a) Equal to the bearing width, plus a width on each side that increases at a slope of 2
verticalto1horizontaldowntothedesignsection;but
b) Notgreaterthanthespacingoftheconcentratedloads;and
c) Notextendingbeyondtheedgesofthewallpanel.
6.6.8.2.6
Verticalstress
6.6.8.3
Designmomentstrength
where
atthemidheightsectionshallnotexceed0.06 .
forcombinedflexureandaxialloadsatmidheightshallbe
6.6.3

6.6.4
isthemaximumfactoredmomentatmidheightofwallduetolateralandeccentricverticalloads,not
including effects,and is
6.6.5
shallbeobtainedbyiterationofdeflections,orbyEq.(6.6.6).
6.6.6
where
andthevalueof /
6.6.8.4
6.6.7
shallnotbetakenlessthan6.
Maximumoutofplanedeflection,
exceed /150.
,duetoserviceloads,including effects,shallnot
If ,maximummomentatmidheightofwallduetoservicelateralandeccentricverticalloads,including
effects,exceeds 2/3
, shallbecalculatedbyEq.(6.6.8)
If
doesnotexceed 2/3
2/3
2/3
6.6.8
shallbecalculatedbyEq.(6.6.9)
6.6.9
where
6.6.10
6.6.11
shallbecalculatedbyEq.(6.6.7),and
shallbeobtainedbyiterationofdeflections.
683
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.7
Stairs:
Stairs are the structural elements designed to connect different floors. The stairs shall be designed to
meet the minimum load requirements. The flight arrangements, configuration and support conditions
(Figure6.7.1.1)shallgovernthedesignproceduretofollow.
Figure6.7.1.1:Differentformsofstairsandlandingarrangements
6.7.1
6.7.1.1
Stairssupportedatlandinglevel
Effectivespan
Theeffectivespanofstairswithoutstringerbeamsshallbetakenasthefollowinghorizontaldistances:
a) Centretocentredistanceofbeams,wheresupportedattopandbottomrisersbybeams
spanningparallelwiththerisers,
b) Where supported at the edge of a landing slab, which spans parallel with the risers,
(Figure 6.7.1.2a)a distanceequal tothe going of thestairsplus at each endeither half
the width of the landing or 1.0m whichever is smaller. The going shall be measured
horizontally.
c) Where the landing spans in the same direction of the stairs (Figure 6.7.1.2b), the span
shallbethedistancecentretocentreofthesupportingbeamsorwalls.
d) Wherethelandingslabs,runningatrightangletothedirectionoftheflight,supportedby
wallsorbeamsonthreesides(Figure6.7.1.2c),theeffectivespanshallbegoingofthe
stairmeasuredhorizontally.Bothpositiveandnegativemomentsalongthedirectionof
8,wherewistheintensityofthetotaldeadandlive
theflightshallbecalculatedas
loadperunitareaonahorizontalplane.
684
Vol.2
Chapter1
Figure6.7.1.2:EffectiveSpanforStairsSupportedatEachEndbyLandings
6.7.1.2
Loading
Staircases shall be designed to support the design ultimate load according to the load combinations
specifiedinChapter2,loads.
6.7.1.3
Distributionofloading
6.7.1.3.1
Whereflightsorlandingareembeddedatleast110mmintowallsandaredesignedtospan
inthedirectionoftheflight,a150mmstripmaybedeductedfromtheloadedareaandthe
effective breadth of the section may be increased by 75 mm for the purpose of design
(Figure6.7.1.3)
6.7.1.3.2
In the case of stairs with open wells, where spans cross at right angles, the load on areas
commontoanytwosuchspansmaybetakenasonehalfineachdirectionasshowninFigure
6.7.1.4.
685
Part6
StructuralDesign
Figure6.7.1.3:LoadingonstairsBuiltinawall
Figure6.7.1.4:LoadingofStairswithopenwells
6.7.1.4
Depthofsection
The depth of the section shall be taken as the minimum thickness perpendicular to the soffit of the
staircase.
6.7.1.5
Design
6.7.1.5.1
Strength,DeflectionandCrackControl
The recommendations given in Sec 6.1 & 6.2 for beams and oneway slabs shall apply, except for the
span/depthratioofstaircaseswithoutstringerbeamwheretheprovisionof6.7.1.5.2belowshallapply.
6.7.1.5.2
6.7.2
6.7.2.1
Permissiblespan/effectivedepthratioforstaircasewithoutstringerbeams.Providedthestair
flightoccupiesatleast60%ofthespan,theratiocalculatedinaccordancewith6.2.5.2shallbe
increasedby15%.
Freestandingstair(landingunsupported)
EffectiveSpan
TheeffectivespanforflightsandlandingsoffreestandingstairsaregiveninFigure6.7.2.1.Intakingthese
distances, the spans shall be measured as the centre to centre distance between the stinger beams. In
stairswithoutstingerbeams,spanshallbemeasuredinbetweentheedges.
686
Vol.2
Chapter1
Figure6.7.2.1:FreeStandingStairSlabGeometry,(a)Elevation,(b)Plan
6.7.2.2
Loading
Staircases shall be designed to support the design ultimate load according to the load combinations
specifiedinChapter2,loads.
6.7.2.3
DistributionofLoading
Thestairshallbedesignedforuniformlydistributedloading.
6.7.2.4
DepthofSection
The depth of the section shall be taken as the minimum thickness perpendicular to the soffit of the
staircase.
6.7.3
DESIGN
6.7.3.1.1
Empirical expressions for deflections, and forces and moments at critical locations of free
standingstairsaregivenintermsofthevariousdimensionsofthestairwayinTable6.7.3.1.
Theseexpressions,whichareexplicitandofempiricalnature,arevalidwithintheapplicable
range of the geometric parameters (see Figure 6.7.2.1) and concrete strength. In these
equations, the unit of force is Kilo Newton (kN) and the unit of length is millimeter (mm).
Thicknessoftheflightandlandingslabsareassumedtobeequal.
6.7.3.1.2
TheequationsinTable6.7.3.1giveworkingvaluesofmomentsandforcescorrespondingto
0.48x102MPaliveloadandappropriatedeadloadofslabandstepsbasedonunitweightof
2.356x105 N/mm3. Forces and moments for other values of live load shall be calculated by
simpleproportioning.
6.7.3.1.3
To convert from working to ultimate design values, the working values of moments and
forcesinTable6.7.1shallbemultipliedbyaconversionfactorequaltotheratiooffactored
ultimateloadandunfactoredserviceload.
6.7.3.1.4
Apart from maintaining the standard code provisions in detailing the reinforcement as
stipulated elsewhere in this code, additional detailing as describedbelow (6.7.3.1.5 through
6.7.3.1.9)shallbedoneto takecareoftheimportant featureswhicharespecialtothefree
standingstairway.
6.7.3.1.5
To account for the nonuniform distribution of the total bending moment at support across
thewidthofthesection,threefourthsofthetotalnegativesteelshallbedistributedacross
the outer half of the width of support section and the rest of the negative steel shall be
distributedwithintheinnerhalfofthewidthofsupportsection.
687
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.7.3.1.6
Similarproportioningofreinforcementlayoutasto6.7.3.1.5,butinreverseordershallalsobe
doneatflightlandingjunction(kink).
6.7.3.1.7
Atmidspanofflights,thepositivesteelshallbedistributeduniformlyacrossthesection.
6.7.3.1.8
Ofthetotalsteelrequiredtoresistthenegativebendingatmidlandingsection,50percent
shallbeplacedwithintheinneronethirdofthewidthofsection.Therestshallbedistributed
acrossoftheoutertwothirdsofthewidth.
6.7.3.1.9
The suggested bar curtailment scheme for the free standing stairway is shown in Figure
6.7.3.1.Halfofthenegativesteelatsupportmaybeterminatedatadistanceof /4fromthe
support.Another25percentmaybebentdownwardatadistanceof /4toprovidepartof
the flight midspan positive steel. The rest 25 percent is recommended to continue straight
towardstheflightlandingjunction.This25percentmaybemergedwiththenegativesteelat
kink.Fiftypercentoftheflightmidspanpositivesteelshouldspanfromkinkandterminateat
apoint /5fromthesupportunlesstheyarebentupfornegativesteel.Therestshouldstart
fromapointatadistanceof /5fromkinkandwouldterminateat /4fromsupport.Ofthe
totalnegativesteelatmidlandingsection,halfofitwillterminateatadistance /2fromfree
edgeandtherestwillcoverthewholelengthoflanding.Halfofthenegativesteelatkinkwill
projectintolandinguptothefreeedgeandtherestmaybeterminatedatadistanceof /2.
Figure6.7.3.1:RecommendedBarCurtailmentDetailsforFreeStandingStairs
688
Vol.2
Table6.7.3.1EXPRESSIONSFORDEFLECTION,FORCES&MOMENTSINFREESTANDINGSTAIRS
f c
=_____mm.
150< <1000
=______mm
900< <1875
=_______mm.
915< <1900
Vertical Consta
deflectionat nt
landing
2.03
corner,mm
1+0.00545(A
125)0.94
1+0.00114(B
914)1.1
1+0.00165(C
914)0.93
17.87x106(L
2030)
119.68x106(H
2440)
10.161(T
100)0.334
11.074x106( f c
14).93
1.2+0.00276(C
864)
1+0.000748(L
2030)
1+5.9x106(H
2440)
0.39+0.00173(T
90)
1.0
170.11x106(B
915)1.365
1.0
1+0.128x106(L
2030)2.66
1+0.899x109(H
2440)2.77
1.00165(T
100)1.17
1.0
1.0
0.95+0.00447(T
100)1.03
Support Consta 1.555+0.000787( 1.060.00022(B

nt
A50)
860)
negative
moment,kN 4.712
m
Flight
midspan
positive
moment,
kNm
Consta 1.131.48x106(A
nt
150)1.52
1.526
Negative Consta 1.23+0.000512(A 1.01+0.00323(B .85+0.000709(C

momentat
nt
125)
915)
915)
kink,kNm 3.447
=_______mm.
=_______mm.
2030< <3550 2440< <4320
=_______mm.
100< <280
Value
Negative Consta
nt
momentat
midsectionof 6.14
landing,kNm
1+0.000303(A
150)
1+0.00118(B915)
1+0.00106(C
915)
1+0.000409(L
2030)
Axialforcein Consta
flights,kN
nt
1+0.000236(A
125)
1+0.000787(B
915)
1+0.000827(C
915)
1+0.000354(L
2030)
10.000157(H
2440)
1+0.00276(T100)
34.69
Part6
StructuralDesign
1+26.37x10 (H 1+0.00185(T100)
2040)
=________MPa.
14< f c <40
689
Part6
StructuralDesign
1+0.00268(C
915)
18.0x106(L
2030).75
1.0
1+0.00358(T100)
1+0.000984(B
915)
1+0.00157(C
915)
1+0.00059(L
2030)
10.000197(H
2440)
1+0.0026(T100)
1+0.00138(B915) 1+0.000709(C
915)
1+0.000669(L
2030)
10.00024(H
2440)
1+0.000746(T
100)1.3
Torsionin Consta 1+0.00177(A125) 1+0.00063(B915)

flights,kNm. nt
2.312
Inplane
Consta 1.1+0.000866(A
momentin
nt
150)
flights,kNm 14.35
Lateralshear Consta
inmidsection nt
oflanding,kN 30.17
690
10.000276(A
150)
Vol.2
6.7.4
6.7.4.1
Sawtooth(slabless)stair
Loading
The stairshall be designedto support thedesign ultimate loadaccording to theload combinations specifiedin
Chapter2,Loads.
6.7.4.2
Distributionofloading
Whereflightsorlandingareembeddedatleast110mmintothewallsandaredesignedtospaninthedirectionof
theflight,a150mmstripmaybedeductedfromtheloadedareaandtheeffectivebreadthofthesectionmaybe
increasedby75mmforthepurposeofdesign(Figure6.7.1.3).
6.7.4.3
Effectivespan
Sawtoothstairsshall be supported with stringer beams at landing levels(Figure6.7.4.1). Theeffective span for
thestairshallbethegoingofthestairmeasuredhorizontally(Figure6.7.4.1)fromthefaceofthestringerbeams.
Figure6.7.4.1:Elementsofsawtoothstairandtypicalreinforcementarrangements
6.7.4.4
Design
Themidspanmomentsforsawtoothstairsaregivenby:
6.7.1
Part6
StructuralDesign
691
Part6
StructuralDesign
Where,
=stiffnessoftread/stiffnessofriserandjisthenumberoftreads(Figure6.7.4.1).
If is odd:
,
2 ,
3 ,
1 .
If
is even:
2 ,
3 ,
1 ,
ThechartonFigure6.7.4.2givesthesupportmomentcoefficientsforvariousratiosofstiffnessoftread/stiffness
ofriserandnumbersoftreads.Havingfoundthesupportmoment,themaximummidspanbendingmomentshall
bedeterminedbyusingtheappropriateexpressionontheFigure6.7.4.2andsubtractingthesupportmoment.
Figure6.7.4.2:Supportmomentcoefficientsforsawtoothstair
6.7.4.5
Detailing
Typical bendingmoment and shearingforce diagrams for a stair are shown on Figure 6.7.4.1 together with
suggestedarrangementsofreinforcement.Thereentrantcornersofthestairprofileshallbedesignedforstress
concentrations.ThishastobefacilitatedbyprovidingtwiceofthereinforcementscalculatedfromEqn.6.7.1and
Figure6.7.4.2.Filletsorhaunchescanalsobeincorporatedinlieuatthesejunctions.Themethodofreinforcing
thestairshownindiagram(a)ofFigure6.7.4.1isverysuitablebutisgenerallyonlypracticableifhaunchesare
provided.Otherwisethearrangementshownindiagram(b)shouldbeadopted.
6.7.5
6.7.5.1
Helicoidalstair
Loading
The stairshall bedesignedto supportthe design ultimateload accordingto the load combinations specified in
Chapter2,Loads.
692
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.7.5.2
Geometry
ThepertinentgeometryoftheHelicoidalstairisgivenatFigure6.7.5.1where:
, :secondmomentofareaofstairsectionabouthorizontalaxisandaxisnormaltoslope,respectively
: totalloadingperunitlengthprojectedalongcentrelineofload
: radiusofcentrelineofloading= 2/3
: radiusofcentrelineofsteps= 1/2
thestair,respectively
,where
and
aretheinternalandexternalradiiof
: anglesubtendedinplanbetweenpointconsideredandmidpointofstair
: totalanglesubtendedbyhelixinplan
: slopeoftangenttohelixcentrelinemeasuredfromhorizontal
Figure6.7.5.1:Elementsofhelicoidalstair(a)Plan;(b)Elevation
6.7.5.3
Effectivespan
Helicoidalstairsshallbesupportedwithstringerbeamsatlandinglevels(Figure6.7.1.1).Theeffectivespanfor
thestairshallbethetotalangle, subtendedbyhelixinplanmeasuredhorizontally(Figure6.7.5.1)fromtheface
ofthestringerbeams.
6.7.5.4
Depthofsection
Thedepthofthesectionshallbetakenastheminimumthicknessperpendiculartothesoffitofthestairunless
otherwise the large geometric dimensions warrant calculating the deflections through a suitable numerical
analysis.
6.7.5.5
Design
The design forces and moments for helicoidal stairs are given in Figure 6.7.5.2. Typical shear force, thrust,
momentandtorsiondiagramsareprovidedinFigure6.7.5.2.Themoments,thrust,torsionandshearforcesshall
beobtainedfromthefollowingequations:
Lateralmoment:
sin
Torsionalmoment
sin
Verticalmoment:
cos
cos
cos tan
sin
tansin
sin cos
cos
cos
sin
sin
sin sin
6.7.2
6.7.3
6.7.4
Thrust:
sin cos
sin
Lateralshearingforceacrossstair:
cos
6.7.5
sin sin
6.7.6
693
Part6
StructuralDesign
Radialhorizontalshearingforce:
cos
Where,
6.7.7
Redundantmomentactingtangentiallyatmidspan:
Horizontalredundantforceatmidspan:
Verticalmomentatsupports:
Valuesofcoefficients ,
fordifferent
6.7.8
6.7.9
6.7.10
and ,shallbeobtainedfromFigures6.7.5.3ad.
Figure6.7.5.2:Typicalforce,momentandtorsiondiagramsforhelicoidalstair.
694
Vol.2
Chapter1
2.4
R1/R2 = 1.05
b/h = 5
2.0
= 200
25
1.6
30
1.2
Values of k
0
0
Curves for k2
0.8
0.4
0.0
30
-0.4
= 200
-0.8
20
Curves for k1
Curves for k3
-1.2
-1.6
90
180
270
360
Values of
Figure6.7.5.3a:Designchartsforhelicoidalstairslabs(R1/R2=1.05;b/h=5)
2.4
R1/R2 = 1.05
b/h = 13
2.0
= 20
25
1.6
30
Curves for k2
Values of k
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0
Curves for k1
= 200
-0.4
Curves for k3
-0.8
30
= 20
-1.2
-1.6
90
180
270
360
Values of
Figure6.7.5.3b:Designchartsforhelicoidalstairslabs(R1/R2=1.05;b/h=13)
695
Part6
StructuralDesign
2.4
2.0
R1/R2 = 1.1
b/h = 5
= 20
25
1.6
30
Values of k
1.2
Curves for k2
0.8
0.4
0.0
30
-0.4
= 20
= 200
Curves for k1
-0.8
Curves for k3
-1.2
-1.6
90
180
270
360
Values of
Figure6.7.5.3c:Designchartsforhelicoidalstairslabs(R1/R2=1.1;b/h=5)
2.4
2.0
= 200
R1/R2 = 1.1
b/h = 13
25
30
1.6
Curves for k2
Values of k
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0
Curves for k1
-0.4
= 200
Curves for k3
-0.8
30
0
0
= 20
-1.2
-1.6
90
180
270
30
360
Values of
Figure6.7.5.3d:Designchartsforhelicoidalstairslabs(R1/R2=1.1;b/h=13)
696
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.8
6.8.1
FOOTINGS
Scope
6.8.1.1
ProvisionsofSec.6.8shallapplyfordesignofisolatedfootingsand,whereapplicable,tocombined
footingsandmats.
6.8.1.2
Additionalrequirementsfordesignofcombinedfootingsandmatsaregivenin6.8.10.
6.8.2
Loadsandreactions
6.8.2.1
Footingsshallbeproportionedtoresistthefactoredloadsandinducedreactions,inaccordancewith
theappropriatedesignrequirementsofthisCodeandasprovidedinSec.6.8.
6.8.2.2
Baseareaoffootingornumberandarrangementofpilesshallbedeterminedfromunfactoredforces
andmomentstransmittedbyfootingtosoilorpilesandpermissiblesoilpressureorpermissiblepile
capacitydeterminedthroughprinciplesofsoilmechanics.
6.8.2.3
Forfootingsonpiles,computationsformomentsandshearsshallbepermittedtobebasedonthe
assumptionthatthereactionfromanypileisconcentratedatpilecenter.
6.8.3
Equivalentsquareshapesforcircularorregularpolygonshapedcolumnsorpedestalssupported
byfootings
For location of critical sections for moment, shear, and development of reinforcement in footings, it shall be
permittedtotreatcircularorregularpolygonshapedconcretecolumnsorpedestalsassquarememberswiththe
samearea.
6.8.4
Momentinfootings
6.8.4.1
Externalmomentonanysectionofafootingshallbedeterminedbypassingaverticalplanethrough
thefooting,andcomputingthemomentoftheforcesactingoverentireareaoffootingononesideof
thatverticalplane.
6.8.4.2
Maximumfactoredmoment, ,foranisolatedfootingshallbecomputedasprescribedin6.8.4.1at
criticalsectionslocatedasfollows:
a) Atfaceofcolumn,pedestal,orwall,forfootingssupportingaconcretecolumn,pedestal,orwall;
b) Halfwaybetweenmiddleandedgeofwall,forfootingssupportingamasonrywall;
c) Halfwaybetweenfaceofcolumnandedgeofsteelbaseplate,forfootingssupportingacolumn
withsteelbaseplate.
6.8.4.3
Inonewayfootingsandtwowaysquarefootings,reinforcementshallbedistributeduniformlyacross
entirewidthoffooting.
6.8.4.4
Intwowayrectangularfootings,reinforcementshallbedistributedinaccordancewith6.8.4.4.1and
6.8.4.4.2.
6.8.4.4.1
Reinforcementinlongdirectionshallbedistributeduniformlyacrossentirewidthoffooting.
6.8.4.4.2
,shallbedistributed
Forreinforcementinshortdirection,aportionofthetotalreinforcement,
uniformly over a band width (centered on centerline of column or pedestal) equal to the length of
short side of footing. Remainder of reinforcement required in short direction 1
distributeduniformlyoutsidecenterbandwidthoffooting.
, shall be
6.8.1
697
Part6
StructuralDesign
where isratiooflongtoshortsidesoffooting.
6.8.5
Shearinfootings
6.8.5.1
Shearstrengthoffootingssupportedonsoilorrockshallbeinaccordancewith6.4.10.
6.8.5.2
Location of critical section for shear in accordance with Sec. 6.4 shall be measured from face of
column,pedestal,orwall,forfootingssupportingacolumn,pedestal,orwall.Forfootingssupporting
a column or pedestal with steel base plates, the critical section shall be measured from location
definedin6.8.4.2(c).
6.8.5.3
Wherethedistancebetweentheaxisofanypiletotheaxisofthecolumnismorethantwotimesthe
distancebetweenthetopofthepilecapandthetopofthepile,thepilecapshallsatisfy6.4.10and
6.8.5.4. Other pile caps shall satisfy either Appendix A, or both 6.4.10 and 6.8.5.4. If Appendix A is
used, the effective concrete compression strength of the struts, , shall be determined using
A.3.2.2(b).
6.8.5.4
Computation of shear on any section through a footing supported on piles (Fig. 6.8.5.1) shall be in
accordancewith6.8.5.4.1,6.8.5.4.2,and6.8.5.4.3.
6.8.5.4.1
Entire reaction from any pile with its center located

consideredasproducingshearonthatsection.
6.8.5.4.2
Reactionfromanypilewithitscenterlocated
asproducingnoshearonthatsection.
6.8.5.4.3
For intermediate positions of pile center, the portion of the pile reaction to be considered as
producing shear on the section shall be based on straightline interpolation between full value at
/2outsidethesectionandzerovalueat
/2insidethesection.
/2 or more outside the section shall be
/2ormoreinsidethesectionshallbeconsidered
Fig.6.8.5.1Modifiedcriticalperimeterforshearwithoverlappingcriticalperimeters.
6.8.6
Developmentofreinforcementinfootings
6.8.6.1
DevelopmentofreinforcementinfootingsshallbeinaccordancewithSec.8.2.
6.8.6.2
Calculatedtensionorcompressioninreinforcementateachsectionshallbedevelopedoneachside
of that section by embedment length, hook (tension only) or mechanical device, or a combination
thereof.
698
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.8.6.3
6.8.7
Criticalsectionsfordevelopmentofreinforcementshallbeassumedatthesamelocationsasdefined
in6.8.4.2formaximumfactoredmoment,andatallotherverticalplaneswherechangesofsectionor
reinforcementoccur.Seealso8.2.7.6.
Minimumfootingdepth
Depthoffootingabovebottomreinforcementshallnotbelessthan150mmforfootingsonsoil,norlessthan300
mmforfootingsonpiles.
6.8.8
Forcetransferatbaseofcolumn,wall,orreinforcedpedestal
6.8.8.1
Forcesandmomentsatbaseofcolumn,wall,orpedestalshallbetransferredtosupportingpedestal
orfootingbybearingonconcreteandbyreinforcement,dowels,andmechanicalconnectors.
6.8.8.1.1
Bearingstressonconcreteatcontactsurfacebetweensupportedandsupportingmembershallnot
exceedconcretebearingstrengthforeithersurfaceasgivenby6.3.14.
6.8.8.1.2
Reinforcement,dowels,ormechanicalconnectorsbetweensupportedandsupportingmembersshall
beadequatetotransfer:
a) Allcompressiveforcethatexceedsconcretebearingstrengthofeithermember;
b) Anycomputedtensileforceacrossinterface.
Inaddition,reinforcement,dowels,ormechanicalconnectorsshallsatisfy6.8.8.2or6.8.8.3.
6.8.8.1.3
Ifcalculatedmomentsaretransferredtosupportingpedestalorfooting,thenreinforcement,dowels,
ormechanicalconnectorsshallbeadequatetosatisfy8.2.15.
6.8.8.1.4
Lateralforcesshallbetransferredtosupportingpedestalorfootinginaccordancewithshearfriction
provisionsof6.4.5,orbyotherappropriatemeans.
6.8.8.2
In castinplace construction, reinforcement required to satisfy 6.8.8.1 shall be provided either by

extendinglongitudinalbarsintosupportingpedestalorfooting,orbydowels.
6.8.8.2.1
Forcastinplacecolumnsandpedestals,areaofreinforcementacrossinterfaceshallbenotlessthan
0.005 ,where isthegrossareaofthesupportedmember.
6.8.8.2.2
Forcastinplacewalls,areaofreinforcementacrossinterfaceshallbenotlessthanminimumvertical
reinforcementgivenin6.6.3.2.
6.8.8.2.3
Atfootings,itshallbepermittedtolapsplice43mmand57mmlongitudinalbars,incompression
only,withdowelstoprovidereinforcementrequiredtosatisfy6.8.8.1.Dowelsshallnotbelargerthan
36mmbarandshallextendintosupportedmemberadistancenotlessthanthelargerof
,of
43mmor57mmbarsandcompressionlapsplicelengthofthedowels,whicheverisgreater,and
intothefootingadistancenotlessthan ofthedowels.
6.8.8.2.4
Ifapinnedorrockerconnectionisprovidedincastinplaceconstruction,connectionshallconformto
6.8.8.1and6.8.8.3.
6.8.8.3
In precast construction, anchor bolts or suitable mechanical connectors shall be permitted for
satisfying6.8.8.1.AnchorboltsshallbedesignedinaccordancewithAppendixD.
6.8.8.3.1
Connection between precast columns or pedestals and supporting members shall meet the
requirementsof6.10.5.1.3(a).
6.8.8.3.2
Connection between precast walls and supporting members shall meet the requirements of
6.10.5.1.3(b)and(c).
699
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.8.8.3.3
6.8.9
Anchor bolts and mechanical connections shall be designed to reach their design strength before
anchorage failure or failure of surrounding concrete. Anchor bolts shall be designed in accordance
withAppendixD.
Steppedorslopedfootings
6.8.9.1
Inslopedorsteppedfootings,angleofslopeordepthandlocationofstepsshallbesuchthatdesign
requirementsaresatisfiedateverysection.(Seealso8.2.7.6.)
6.8.9.2
Slopedorsteppedfootingsdesignedasaunitshallbeconstructedtoensureactionasaunit.
6.8.10 Combinedfootingsandmats
6.8.10.1
Footings supporting more than one column, pedestal, or wall (combined footings or mats) shall be
proportioned to resist the factored loads and induced reactions, in accordance with appropriate
designrequirementsofthecode.
6.8.10.2
ThedirectdesignmethodofSec.6.5shallnotbeusedfordesignofcombinedfootingsandmats.
6.8.10.3
Distributionofsoilpressureundercombinedfootingsandmatsshallbeconsistentwithpropertiesof
thesoilandthestructureandwithestablishedprinciplesofsoilmechanics.
6.8.10.4
Minimumreinforcing steel inmatfoundationsshall meet the requirementsofSec. 8.1.11.2ineach

principaldirection.Maximumspacingshallnotexceed450mm.
6.9
FOLDED PLATESANDSHELLS
6.9.1
Scopeanddefinitions
6.9.1.1
ProvisionsofSec.6.9shallapplytothinshellandfoldedplateconcretestructures,includingribsand
edgemembers.
6.9.1.2
All provisions of this Code not specifically excluded, and not in conflict with provisions of Sec. 6.9,
shallapplytothinshellstructures.
6.9.1.3
Thinshells
Threedimensionalspatialstructuresmadeupofoneormorecurvedslabsorfoldedplateswhosethicknessesare
smallcomparedtotheirotherdimensions.Thinshellsarecharacterizedbytheirthreedimensionalloadcarrying
behavior,whichisdeterminedbythegeometryoftheirforms,bythemannerinwhichtheyaresupported,andby
thenatureoftheappliedload.
6.9.1.4
Foldedplates
Aclassofshellstructureformedbyjoiningflat,thinslabsalongtheiredgestocreateathreedimensionalspatial
structure.
6.9.1.5
Ribbedshells
Spatialstructureswithmaterialplacedprimarilyalongcertainpreferredriblines,withtheareabetweentheribs
filledwiththinslabsorleftopen.
6.9.1.6
Auxiliarymembers
Ribsoredgebeamsthatservetostrengthen,stiffen,orsupporttheshell;usually,auxiliarymembersactjointly
withtheshell.
6.9.1.7
6100
Elasticanalysis
Vol.2
Chapter1
Ananalysisofdeformationsandinternalforcesbasedonequilibrium,compatibilityofstrains,andassumedelastic
behavior,andrepresentingtoasuitableapproximationthethreedimensionalactionoftheshelltogetherwithits
auxiliarymembers.
6.9.1.8
Inelasticanalysis
An analysis of deformations and internal forces based on equilibrium, nonlinear stressstrain relations for
concreteandreinforcement,considerationofcrackingandtimedependenteffects,andcompatibilityofstrains.
The analysis shall represent to a suitable approximation threedimensional action of the shell together with its
auxiliarymembers.
6.9.1.9
Experimentalanalysis
An analysis procedure based on the measurement of deformations or strains, or both, of the structure or its
model;experimentalanalysisisbasedoneitherelasticorinelastic
behavior.
6.9.2
Analysisanddesign
6.9.2.1
Elasticbehaviorshallbeanacceptedbasisfordetermininginternalforcesanddisplacementsofthin
shells.Thisbehaviorshallbepermittedtobeestablishedbycomputationsbasedonananalysisofthe
uncracked concrete structure in which the material is assumed linearly elastic, homogeneous, and
isotropic.Poissonsratioofconcreteshallbepermittedtobetakenequaltozero.
6.9.2.2
Inelasticanalysesshallbepermittedtobeusedwhereitcanbeshownthatsuchmethodsprovidea
safebasisfordesign.
6.9.2.3
Equilibriumchecksofinternalresistancesandexternalloadsshallbemadetoensureconsistencyof
results.
6.9.2.4
Experimentalor numericalanalysis procedures shallbepermitted whereitcan beshown that such

proceduresprovideasafebasisfordesign.
6.9.2.5
Approximate methods of analysis shall be permitted where it can be shown that such methods
provideasafebasisfordesign.
6.9.2.6
The thickness of a shell and its reinforcement shall be proportioned for the required strength and
serviceability,usingeitherthestrengthdesignmethodof6.1.2.1orthedesignmethodof6.1.2.2.
6.9.2.7
Shellinstabilityshallbeinvestigatedandshownbydesigntobeprecluded.
6.9.2.8
Auxiliary members shall be designed according to the applicable provisions of the Code. It shall be
permittedtoassumethataportionoftheshellequaltotheflangewidth,asspecifiedin6.1.13,acts
with the auxiliary member. In such portions of the shell, the reinforcement perpendicular to the
auxiliarymembershallbeatleastequaltothatrequiredfortheflangeofaTbeamby6.1.13.5.
6.9.2.9
Strengthdesignofshellslabsformembraneandbendingforcesshallbebasedonthedistributionof
stressesandstrainsasdeterminedfromeitheranelasticoraninelasticanalysis.
6.9.2.10
Inaregionwheremembranecrackingispredicted,thenominalcompressivestrengthparalleltothe
cracksshallbetakenas0.4 .
6.9.3
Designstrengthofmaterials
6.9.3.1
Specifiedcompressivestrengthofconcrete at28daysshallnotbelessthan21MPa.
6.9.3.2
Specifiedyieldstrengthofreinforcement
shallnotexceed420MPa.
6101
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.9.4
Shellreinforcement
6.9.4.1
Shell reinforcement shall be provided to resist tensile stresses from internal membrane forces, to
resist tension from bending and twisting moments, to limit shrinkage and temperature crack width
andspacing,andasreinforcementatshellboundaries,loadattachments,andshellopenings.
6.9.4.2
Tensilereinforcementshallbeprovidedintwoormoredirectionsandshallbeproportionedsuchthat
its resistanceinany direction equals orexceedsthe componentof internal forces inthat direction.
Alternatively, reinforcement for the membrane forces in the slab shall be calculated as the
reinforcement required to resist axial tensile forces plus the tensile force due to shearfriction
required to transfer shear across any cross section of the membrane. The assumed coefficient of
friction, ,shallnotexceedthatspecifiedin6.4.5.4.3.
6.9.4.3
Theareaofshellreinforcementatanysectionasmeasuredintwoorthogonaldirectionsshallnotbe
lessthantheslabshrinkageortemperaturereinforcementrequiredby8.1.11.
6.9.4.4
Reinforcement for shear and bending moments about axes in the plane of the shell slab shall be
calculatedinaccordancewithSec.6.3,6.4and6.5.
6.9.4.5
The area of shell tension reinforcement shall be limited so that the reinforcement will yield before
eithercrushingofconcreteincompressionorshellbucklingcantakeplace.
6.9.4.6
In regions of high tension, membrane reinforcement shall, if practical, be placed in the general
directionsoftheprincipaltensilemembraneforces.Wherethisisnotpractical,itshallbepermitted
toplacemembranereinforcementintwoormorecomponentdirections.
6.9.4.7
Ifthedirectionofreinforcementvariesmorethan10degreesfromthedirectionofprincipaltensile
membrane force, the amount of reinforcement shall be reviewed in relation to cracking at service
loads.
6.9.4.8
Wherethemagnitudeoftheprincipaltensilemembranestresswithintheshellvariesgreatlyoverthe
area of the shell surface, reinforcement resisting the total tension shall be permitted to be
concentratedintheregionsoflargesttensilestresswhereitcanbeshownthatthisprovidesasafe
basisfordesign.However,theratioofshellreinforcementinanyportionofthetensilezoneshallbe
notlessthan0.0035basedontheoverallthicknessoftheshell.
6.9.4.9
Reinforcementrequiredtoresistshellbendingmomentsshallbeproportionedwithdueregardtothe
simultaneous action of membrane axial forces at the same location. Where shell reinforcement is
required in only one face to resist bending moments, equal amounts shall be placed near both
surfacesoftheshelleventhoughareversalofbendingmomentsisnotindicatedbytheanalysis.
6.9.4.10
Shellreinforcementinanydirectionshallnotbespacedfartherapartthan450mmnorfartherapart
than five times the shell thickness. Where the principal membrane tensile stress on the gross
concreteareaduetofactoredloadsexceeds0.33
apartthanthreetimestheshellthickness.
6.9.4.11
6102
,reinforcementshallnotbespacedfarther
Shellreinforcementatthejunctionoftheshellandsupportingmembersoredgemembersshallbe
anchored in or extended through such members in accordance with the requirements of Sec. 8.2,
exceptthattheminimumdevelopmentlengthshallbe1.2 butnotlessthan450mm.
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.9.4.12
6.9.5
SplicelengthsofshellreinforcementshallbegovernedbytheprovisionsofSec.8.2,exceptthatthe
minimumsplicelengthoftensionbarsshallbe1.2timesthevaluerequiredbySec.8.2butnotless
than 450 mm. The number of splices in principal tensile reinforcement shall be kept to a practical
minimum.Wheresplicesarenecessarytheyshallbestaggeredatleast withnotmorethanone
thirdofthereinforcementsplicedatanysection.
Construction
6.9.5.1
When removal of formwork is based on a specific modulus of elasticity of concrete because of

stability or deflection considerations, the value of the modulus of elasticity,
, used shall be
determined from flexural tests of fieldcured beam specimens. The number of test specimens, the
dimensionsoftestbeamspecimens,andtestproceduresshallbespecifiedbytheEngineer.
6.9.5.2
Contractdocumentsshallspecifythetolerancesfortheshapeoftheshell.Ifconstructionresultsin
deviations from the shape greater than the specified tolerances, an analysis of the effect of the
deviationsshallbemadeandanyrequiredremedialactionsshallbetakentoensuresafebehavior.
6.10
PRECASTCONCRETE
6.10.1 Scope
6.10.1.1
All provisions of this Code, not specifically excluded and not in conflict with the provisions of Sec.
6.10,shallapplytostructuresincorporatingprecastconcretestructuralmembers.
6.10.2 General
6.10.2.1
Designofprecastmembersandconnectionsshallincludeloadingandrestraintconditionsfrominitial
fabricationtoenduseinthestructure,includingformremoval,storage,transportation,anderection.
6.10.2.2
When precast members are incorporated into a structural system, the forces and deformations
occurringinandadjacenttoconnectionsshallbeincludedinthedesign.
6.10.2.3
Tolerancesforbothprecastmembersandinterfacingmembersshallbespecified.Designofprecast
membersandconnectionsshallincludetheeffectsofthesetolerances.
6.10.2.4
In addition to the requirements for drawings and specifications in Sec. 1.9, (a) and (b) shall be
includedineitherthecontractdocumentsorshopdrawings:
a) Details of reinforcement, inserts and lifting devices required to resist temporary loads from
handling,storage,transportation,anderection;
b) Requiredconcretestrengthatstatedagesorstagesofconstruction.
6.10.3 Distributionofforcesamongmembers
6.10.3.1
Distributionofforcesthatareperpendiculartotheplaneofmembersshallbeestablishedbyanalysis
orbytest.
6.10.3.2
Where the system behavior requires inplane forces to be transferred between the members of a
precastfloororwallsystem,6.10.3.2.1and6.10.3.2.2shallapply.
6.10.3.2.1 Inplaneforcepathsshallbecontinuousthroughbothconnectionsandmembers.
6.10.3.2.2 Wheretensionforcesoccur,acontinuouspathofsteelorsteelreinforcementshallbeprovided.
6.10.4 Memberdesign
6103
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.10.4.1
Inonewayprecastfloorandroofslabsandinonewayprecast,prestressedwallpanels,allnotwider
than3.7m,andwheremembersarenotmechanicallyconnectedtocauserestraintinthetransverse
direction,theshrinkageandtemperaturereinforcementrequirementsofSec.8.1.11inthedirection
normaltotheflexuralreinforcementshallbepermittedtobewaived.Thiswaivershallnotapplyto
membersthatrequirereinforcementtoresisttransverseflexuralstresses.
6.10.4.2
For precast, nonprestressed walls the reinforcement shall be designed in accordance with the
provisionsofSec.6.3or6.6,exceptthattheareaofhorizontalandverticalreinforcementeachshall
is the gross crosssectional area of the wall panel. Spacing of
be not less than 0.001 , where
reinforcementshallnotexceed5timesthewallthicknessnor750mmforinteriorwallsnor450mm
forexteriorwalls.
6.10.5 Structuralintegrity
6.10.5.1
Except where the provisions of 6.10.5.2 govern, the minimum provisions of 6.10.5.1.1 through
6.10.5.1.4forstructuralintegrityshallapplytoallprecastconcretestructures.
6.10.5.1.1 Longitudinal and transverse ties required by Sec. 8.1.12.3 shall connect members to a lateral load
resistingsystem.
6.10.5.1.2 Where precast elements form floor or roof diaphragms, the connections between diaphragm and
those members being laterally supported shall have a nominal tensile strength capable of resisting
notlessthan4.4kNperlinearm.
6.10.5.1.3 VerticaltensiontierequirementsofSec.8.1.12.3shallapplytoallverticalstructuralmembers,except
cladding, andshall be achieved byprovidingconnections at horizontal jointsinaccordance with (a)
through(c):
a) Precastcolumnsshallhaveanominalstrengthintensionnotlessthan1.4 ,inlb.Forcolumns
with a larger cross section than required by consideration of loading, a reduced effective area
,basedoncrosssectionrequiredbutnotlessthanonehalfthetotalarea,shallbepermitted;
b) Precastwallpanelsshallhaveaminimumoftwotiesperpanel,withanominaltensilestrength
notlessthan44kNpertie;
c) Whendesignforcesresultinnotension atthebase,thetiesrequiredby6.10.5.1.3(b)shallbe
permittedtobeanchoredintoanappropriatelyreinforcedconcretefloorslabonground.
6.10.5.1.4
Connectiondetailsthatrelysolelyonfrictioncausedbygravityloadsshallnotbeused.
6.10.5.2
Forprecastconcretebearingwallstructuresthreeormorestoriesinheight,theminimumprovisions
of6.10.5.2.1through6.10.5.2.5shallapply(Fig.6.10.5.1).
6.10.5.2.1 Longitudinal and transverse ties shall be provided in floor and roof systems to provide a nominal
strengthof22kNpermeterofwidthorlength.Tiesshallbeprovidedoverinteriorwallsupportsand
betweenmembersandexteriorwalls.Tiesshallbepositionedinorwithin600mmoftheplaneofthe
floororroofsystem.
6104
Vol.2
Chapter1
Fig.6.10.5.1Typicalarrangementoftensiletiesinlargepanelstructures.
6.10.5.2.2 Longitudinal ties parallel to flooror roof slabspans shallbe spaced not more than3 m on centers.
Provisionsshallbemadetotransferforcesaroundopenings.
6.10.5.2.3 Transversetiesperpendiculartofloororroofslabspansshallbespacednotgreaterthanthebearing
wallspacing.
6.10.5.2.4 Tiesaroundtheperimeterofeachfloorandroof,within1.2moftheedge,shallprovideanominal
strengthintensionnotlessthan71kN.
6.10.5.2.5 Vertical tension ties shall be provided in all walls and shall be continuous over the height of the
building. They shall provide a nominal tensile strength not less than 44 kN per horizontal meter of
wall.Notlessthantwotiesshallbeprovidedforeachprecastpanel.
6.10.6 Connectionandbearingdesign
6.10.6.1
Forces shall be permitted to be transferred between members by grouted joints, shear keys,
mechanicalconnectors,reinforcingsteelconnections,reinforcedtopping,oracombinationofthese
means.
6.10.6.1.1 Theadequacyofconnectionstotransferforcesbetweenmembersshallbedeterminedbyanalysisor
by test. Where shear is the primary result of imposed loading, it shall be permitted to use the
provisionsof6.4.5asapplicable.
6.10.6.1.2 When designing a connection using materials with different structural properties, their relative
stiffnesses,strengths,andductilitiesshallbeconsidered.
6.10.6.2
Bearingforprecastfloorandroofmembersonsimplesupportsshallsatisfy6.10.6.2.1and6.10.6.2.2.
6.10.6.2.1 Theallowablebearingstressatthecontactsurfacebetweensupportedandsupportingmembersand
betweenanyintermediatebearingelementsshallnotexceedthebearingstrengthforeithersurface
orthebearingelement,orboth.Concretebearingstrengthshallbeasgivenin6.3.14.
6105
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.10.6.2.2 Unlessshownbytestoranalysisthatperformancewillnotbeimpaired,(a)and(b)shallbemet(Fig.
6.10.6.1):
a) Each member and its supporting system shall have design dimensions selected so that, after
considerationoftolerances,thedistancefromtheedgeofthesupporttotheendoftheprecast
memberinthedirectionofthespanisatleast /180,butnotlessthan:
Forsolidorhollowcoreslabs
50mm
Forbeamsorstemmedmembers
75mm
b) Bearingpadsatunarmorededgesshallbesetbackaminimumof13mmfromthefaceofthe
support,oratleastthechamferdimensionatchamferededges.
6.10.6.2.3 The requirements of 8.2.8.1 shall not apply to the positive bending moment reinforcement for
staticallydeterminateprecastmembers,butatleastonethirdofsuchreinforcementshallextendto
the center of the bearing length, taking into account permitted tolerances in Sec. 8.1.5.2c and
6.10.2.3.
Fig.6.10.6.1Bearinglengthonsupport
6.10.7 Itemsembeddedafterconcreteplacement
6.10.7.1
When approved by the designer, embedded items (such as dowels or inserts) that either protrude
from the concrete or remain exposed for inspection shall be permitted to be embedded while the
concreteisinaplasticstateprovidedthat6.10.7.1.1,6.10.7.1.2,and6.10.7.1.3aremet.
6.10.7.1.1 Embeddeditemsarenotrequiredtobehookedortiedtoreinforcementwithintheconcrete.
6.10.7.1.2 Embeddeditemsaremaintainedinthecorrectpositionwhiletheconcreteremainsplastic.
6.10.7.1.3 Theconcreteisproperlyconsolidatedaroundtheembeddeditem.
6.10.8 Markingandidentification
6.10.8.1
Each precast member shall be marked to indicate its location and orientation in the structure and
dateofmanufacture.
6.10.8.2
Identificationmarksshallcorrespondtoplacingdrawings.
6.10.9 Handling
6106
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.10.9.1
Memberdesignshallconsiderforcesanddistortionsduringcuring,stripping,storage,transportation,
anderectionsothatprecastmembersarenotoverstressedorotherwisedamaged.
6.10.9.2
Duringerection,precastmembersandstructuresshallbeadequatelysupportedandbracedtoensure
properalignmentandstructuralintegrityuntilpermanentconnectionsarecompleted.
6.10.10 Evaluationofstrengthofprecastconstruction
6.10.10.1 Aprecastelementtobemadecompositewithcastinplaceconcreteshallbepermittedtobetested
inflexureasaprecastelementaloneinaccordancewith6.10.10.1.1and6.10.10.1.2.
6.10.10.1.1 Testloads shall be appliedonly whencalculationsindicate the isolated precast elementwill not be
criticalincompressionorbuckling.
6.10.10.1.2 Thetestloadshallbethatloadwhich,whenappliedtotheprecastmemberalone,inducesthesame
totalforceinthetensionreinforcementaswouldbeinducedbyloadingthecompositememberwith
thetestloadrequiredby6.11.3.2.
6.10.10.2 Theprovisionsof6.11.5shallbethebasisforacceptanceorrejectionoftheprecastelement.
6.11
EVALUATIONOFSTRENGTHOFEXISTINGSTRUCTURES
6.11.1 StrengthevaluationGeneral
6.11.1.1
IfthereisdoubtthatapartorallofastructuremeetsthesafetyrequirementsofthisCode,astrength
evaluationshallbecarriedoutasrequiredbytheEngineer.
6.11.1.2
If the effect of the strength deficiency is well understood and if it is feasible to measure the
dimensionsandmaterialpropertiesrequiredforanalysis,analyticalevaluationsofstrengthbasedon
thosemeasurementsshallsuffice.Requireddatashallbedeterminedinaccordancewith6.11.2.
6.11.1.3
Iftheeffect ofthestrengthdeficiencyisnotwellunderstoodorifitisnotfeasibletoestablishthe
required dimensions and material properties by measurement, a load test shall be required if the
structureistoremaininservice.
6.11.1.4
If the doubt about safety of a part or all of a structure involves deterioration, and if the observed
responseduringtheloadtestsatisfiestheacceptancecriteria,thestructureorpartofthestructure
shall be permitted to remain in service for a specified time period. If deemed necessary by the
Engineer,periodicreevaluationsshallbeconducted.
6.11.2 Determinationofmaterialpropertiesandrequireddimensions
6.11.2.1
Dimensionsofthestructuralelementsshallbeestablishedatcriticalsections.
6.11.2.2
Locations and sizes of the reinforcing bars, welded wire reinforcement, or tendons shall be
determined by measurement. It shall be permitted to base reinforcement locations on available
drawingsifspotchecksaremadeconfirmingtheinformationonthedrawings.
6.11.2.3
Ifrequired,concretestrengthshallbebasedonresultsofcylindertestsfromtheoriginalconstruction
or tests of cores removed from the part of the structure where the strength is in question. For
strength evaluation of an existing structure, cylinder or core test data shall be used to estimate an
equivalent .ThemethodforobtainingandtestingcoresshallbeinaccordancewithASTMC42M.
6107
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.11.2.4
If required, reinforcement or prestressing steel strength shall be based on tensile tests of

representativesamplesofthematerialinthestructureinquestion.
6.11.2.5
If the required dimensions and material properties are determined through measurements and
testing,andifcalculationscanbemadeinaccordancewith6.11.1.2,itshallbepermittedtoincrease
fromthosespecifiedin6.2.3,but shallnotbemorethan:
Tensioncontrolledsections,asdefinedin6.3.3.4
1.0
Compressioncontrolledsections,asdefinedin6.3.3.3:
Memberswithspiralreinforcementconformingto6.3.9.3
0.9
Otherreinforcedmembers
0.8
Shearand/ortorsion
0.8
Bearingonconcrete
0.8
6.11.3 Loadtestprocedure
6.11.3.1
Loadarrangement
Thenumberandarrangementofspansorpanelsloadedshallbeselectedtomaximizethedeflectionandstresses
in the critical regions of the structural elements of which strength is in doubt. More than one test load
arrangementshallbeusedifasinglearrangementwillnotsimultaneouslyresultinmaximumvaluesoftheeffects
(suchasdeflection,rotation,orstress)necessarytodemonstratetheadequacyofthestructure.
6.11.3.2 Loadintensity
Thetotaltestload(includingdeadloadalreadyinplace)shallnotbelessthanthelargerof(a),(b),and(c):
a) 1.15 1.5 0.4
b) 1.15 0.9 1.5
c) 1.3
The load factor on the live load in (b) shall be permitted to be reduced to 0.45 except for garages, areas
occupiedasplacesofpublicassembly,andallareaswhere isgreaterthan4.8kN/m2.Itshallbepermittedto
reduce inaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheapplicablegeneralbuildingcode.
6.11.3.3
Aloadtestshallnotbemadeuntilthatportionofthestructuretobesubjectedtoloadisatleast56
days old. If the owner of the structure, the contractor, and all involved parties agree, it shall be
permittedtomakethetestatanearlierage.
6.11.4 Loadingcriteria
6.11.4.1
The initial value for all applicable response measurements (such as deflection, rotation, strain, slip,
crackwidths)shallbeobtainednotmorethan1hourbeforeapplicationofthefirstloadincrement.
Measurements shall be made at locations where maximum response is expected. Additional
measurementsshallbemadeifrequired.
6.11.4.2
Testloadshallbeappliedinnotlessthanfourapproximatelyequalincrements.
6.11.4.3
Uniformtestloadshallbeappliedinamannertoensureuniformdistributionoftheloadtransmitted
tothestructureorportionofthestructurebeingtested.Archingoftheappliedloadshallbeavoided.
6.11.4.4
A set of response measurements shall be made after each load increment is applied and after the
totalloadhasbeenappliedonthestructureforatleast24hours.
6.11.4.5
Total test load shall be removed immediately after all response measurements defined in 6.11.4.4
aremade.
6.11.4.6
Asetoffinalresponsemeasurementsshallbemade24hoursafterthetestloadisremoved.
6108
Vol.2
Chapter1
6.11.5 Acceptancecriteria
6.11.5.1
The portion of the structure tested shall show no evidence of failure. Spalling and crushing of
compressedconcreteshallbeconsideredanindicationoffailure.
6.11.5.2
MeasureddeflectionsshallsatisfyeitherEq.(6.11.1)or(6.11.2):
6.11.1
6.11.2
Ifthemeasuredmaximumandresidualdeflections,
permittedtorepeattheloadtest.
and
,donotsatisfyEq.(6.11.1)or(6.11.2),itshallbe
Therepeattestshallbeconductednotearlierthan72hoursafterremovalofthefirsttestload.Theportionofthe
structuretestedintherepeattestshallbeconsideredacceptableifdeflectionrecovery satisfiesthecondition:
6.11.3
where isthemaximumdeflectionmeasuredduringthesecondtestrelativetothepositionofthestructureat
thebeginningofthesecondtest.
6.11.5.3
Structuralmemberstestedshallnothavecracksindicatingtheimminenceofshearfailure.
6.11.5.4
Inregionsofstructuralmemberswithouttransversereinforcement,appearanceofstructuralcracks
inclined to the longitudinal axis and having a horizontal projection longer than the depth of the
memberatmidpointofthecrackshallbeevaluated.
6.11.5.5
Inregionsofanchorageandlapsplices,theappearancealongthelineofreinforcementofaseriesof
shortinclinedcracksorhorizontalcracksshallbeevaluated.
6.11.6 Provisionforlowerloadrating
If the structure under investigation does not satisfy conditions or criteria of 6.11.1.2, 6.11.5.2, or 6.11.5.3, the
structure shall be permitted for use at a lower load rating based on the results of the load test or analysis, if
approvedbytheEngineer.
6.11.7 Safety
6.11.7.1
Loadtestsshallbeconductedinsuchamannerastoprovideforsafetyoflifeandstructureduringthe
test.
6.11.7.2
Safetymeasuresshallnotinterferewithloadtestproceduresoraffectresults.
6.12
COMPOSITECONCRETEFLEXURALMEMBERS
6.12.1 Scope
6.12.1.1
Provisions of Sec. 6.12 shall apply for design of composite concrete flexural members defined as
precast concrete, castinplaceconcrete elements, orboth,constructed in separateplacementsbut
sointerconnectedthatallelementsrespondtoloadsasaunit.
6.12.1.2
AllprovisionsoftheCodeshallapplytocompositeconcreteflexuralmembers,exceptasspecifically
modifiedinSec.6.12.
6.12.2 General
6.12.2.1
Theuseofanentirecompositememberorportionsthereofforresistingshearandmomentshallbe
permitted.
6109
Part6
StructuralDesign
6.12.2.2
Individualelementsshallbeinvestigatedforallcriticalstagesofloading.
6.12.2.3
If the specified strength, unit weight, or other properties of the various elements are different,
propertiesoftheindividualelementsorthemostcriticalvaluesshallbeusedindesign.
6.12.2.4
Instrengthcomputationsofcompositemembers,nodistinctionshallbemadebetweenshoredand
unshoredmembers.
6.12.2.5
All elements shall be designed to support all loads introduced prior to full development of design
strengthofcompositemembers.
6.12.2.6
Reinforcement shall be provided as required to minimize cracking and to prevent separation of

individualelementsofcompositemembers.
6.12.2.7
Compositemembersshallmeetrequirementsforcontrolofdeflectionsinaccordancewith6.2.5.4.
6.12.3 Shoring
Whenused,shoringshallnotberemoveduntilsupportedelementshavedevelopeddesignpropertiesrequiredto
supportallloadsandlimitdeflectionsandcrackingattimeofshoringremoval.
6.12.4 Verticalshearstrength
6.12.4.1
Whereanentirecompositememberisassumedtoresistverticalshear,designshallbeinaccordance
withrequirementsofSec.6.4asforamonolithicallycastmemberofthesamecrosssectionalshape.
6.12.4.2
Shearreinforcementshallbefullyanchoredintointerconnectedelementsinaccordancewith8.2.10.
6.12.4.3
Extendedandanchoredshearreinforcementshallbepermittedtobeincludedastiesforhorizontal
shear.
6.12.5 Horizontalshearstrength
6.12.5.1
Inacompositemember,fulltransferofhorizontalshearforcesshallbeensuredatcontactsurfacesof
interconnectedelements.
6.12.5.2
For the provisions of 6.12.5, shall be taken as the distance from extreme compression fiber for
entirecompositesectiontocentroidoflongitudinaltensionreinforcement,ifany.
6.12.5.3
Unless calculated in accordance with 6.12.5.4, design of cross sections subject to horizontal shear
shallbebasedon
where
6.12.1
isnominalhorizontalshearstrengthinaccordancewith6.12.5.3.1through6.12.5.3.4.
6.12.5.3.1 Wherecontactsurfacesareclean,freeoflaitance,andintentionallyroughened,
0.55.
takengreaterthan0.55
6.12.5.3.2
shallnotbe
Whereminimumtiesareprovidedinaccordancewith6.12.6,andcontactsurfacesarecleanandfree
oflaitance,butnotintentionallyroughened,
.
6.12.5.3.3 Wheretiesareprovidedinaccordancewith6.12.6,andcontactsurfacesareclean,freeoflaitance,
andintentionallyroughenedtoafullamplitudeofapproximately6mm,
shallbetakenequalto
1.8 0.6
,butnotgreaterthan3.5
.Valuesfor in6.4.5.4.3shallapplyand is
/
.
6110
Vol.2
Chapter1
3.5
6.12.5.3.4 Where atsectionconsideredexceeds

accordancewith6.4.5.4.
6.12.5.4
,designforhorizontalshearshallbein
Asanalternativeto6.12.5.3,horizontalshearshallbepermittedtobedeterminedbycomputingthe
actualchangeincompressiveortensileforceinanysegment,andprovisionsshallbemadetotransfer
thatforceashorizontalsheartothesupportingelement.Thefactoredhorizontalshearforce shall
notexceedhorizontalshearstrength
asgivenin6.12.5.3.1through6.12.5.3.4,whereareaof
.
contactsurfaceshallbesubstitutedfor
6.12.5.4.1 Wheretiesprovidedtoresisthorizontalsheararedesignedtosatisfy6.12.5.4,thetieareatotie
spacingratioalongthemembershallapproximatelyreflectthedistributionofshearforcesinthe
member.
6.12.5.5
Wheretensionexistsacrossanycontactsurfacebetweeninterconnectedelements,sheartransferby
contactshallbepermittedonlywhenminimumtiesareprovidedinaccordancewith6.12.6.
6.12.6 Tiesforhorizontalshear
6.12.6.1
Wheretiesareprovidedtotransferhorizontalshear,tieareashallnotbelessthanthatrequiredby
6.4.3.5.3,andtiespacingshallnotexceedfourtimestheleastdimensionofsupportedelement,nor
exceed600mm.
6.12.6.2
Tiesforhorizontalshearshallconsistofsinglebarsorwire,multiplelegstirrups,orverticallegsof
weldedwirereinforcement.
6.12.6.3
Alltiesshallbefullyanchoredintointerconnectedelementsinaccordancewith8.2.10.
6111

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Chapter6

= Area of reinforcement in bracket or corbelresisting tensile force

= Area of nonprestressed longitudinal tensionreinforcement,mm2,Sec6.3,6.4,6.6,6.8,

= Area of primary tension reinforcement in acorbelorbracket,mm2,see6.4.7.3.5,Sec6.4

= Area of reinforcement required to balance the longitudinal compressive force in the

= Total crosssectional area of transverse reinforcement (including crossties) within spacing s

= Total area of nonprestressed longitudinalreinforcement (bars or steel shapes), mm2,Sec

= Area of one leg of a closed stirrup resistingtorsionwithinspacings,mm2,Sec6.4

= Total crosssectional area of all transversereinforcement within spacingsthatcrossesthe

= Area of nonprestressed reinforcement in atie,mm2,AppendixA

= Total area of reinforcement in each group ofdiagonalbarsinadiagonallyreinforcedcoupling

= Area of shear reinforcement parallel to flexural tension reinforcement within spacing ,

= Width of compression face of member, mm,Sec6.3

= Perimeterofcriticalsectionforshear in slabsand footings, mm, see 6.4.10.1.2,Sec6.4

= Web width, or diameter of circular section,mm,Sec6.3,6.4,8.2,8.3

= Dimension of the critical section measuredinthedirectionofthespanforwhichmoments

= Distance from extreme compression fiber toneutralaxis,mm,Sec6.2,6.3,6.6,8.3

= Distance from the center of an anchor shafttotheedgeofconcreteinonedirection,mm.If

= Distance from center of an anchor shaft to the edgeofconcrete in thedirectionperpen

= Smaller of: (a) the distance from center of abarorwiretonearestconcretesurface,and(b)

= Clearcoverofreinforcement, mm, see6.3.6.4,Sec6.3

= Distancefromtheinterior face of the columnto the slab edge measuredparalleltoc1,butnot

= Dimension of rectangular or equivalent rectangular column, capital, or bracket

= Dimension of rectangular or equivalent rectangular column, capital, or bracket

= Crosssectional constant to define torsionalproperties of slabandbeam,see6.5.6.4.2,Sec

= Factorrelatingactualmoment diagram to anequivalentuniformmomentdiagram,Sec6.3

= Distance from extreme compression fiber tocentroidoflongitudinaltensionreinforce ment,

= Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal compression

= Nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, mm, Sec 8.1-8.3

= Distance from extreme compression fiber tocentroidofextremelayeroflongitudinaltension

= Deadloads,orrelated internal moments andforces,Sec6.1,6.2,6.11,8.3

= Distancefromtheinner surface of the shaft of aJ orLbolttotheoutertipoftheJorLbolt,mm,

= Momentcausingflexuralcrackingatsectiondue toexternallyappliedloads,N mm,Sec6.4

= Moment magnification factor to reflect effects of member curvature between ends of

= Ratio of area distributed transverse reinforcement to gross concrete area perpendicular to

Design of reinforced concrete members using Working Stress Design method

Design strength of reinforcement represented by the values of and used in

Effects of forces due to prestressing, crane loads, vibration, impact, shrinkage,

Members of frames or continuous construction (beams or oneway slabs) shall be

Frame analysis by approximate methods shall be permitted for buildings of usual

Modulusofelasticity, ,forconcreteshallbepermittedtobetakenas . 0.043

Fig.6.2.3.1Variationof withnettensilestraininextremetensionsteel, and

b) Fordiaphragms, forshearshallnotexceedtheminimum forshearusedforthe

The values of and

Without drop panels

With drop panels

times steel strain. For strains

Concrete stress of 0.85 shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent

For between17and28MPa, shallbetakenas0.85.For above28MPa, shallbe

At every section of a flexural member where tensile reinforcement is required by analysis,

As prescribed in 6.3.6.4, flexural tension reinforcement shall be well distributed within

but shall not exceed 300 280/ , where

Alternatively, the moments of inertia of compression and flexural members, , shall be

shall be calculated using secondorderelastic analysis or

where isthesummationforallthefactoredverticalloadsinastoryand isthesummationforall

Strength of acolumn through afloor system shallbebased on thelowervalueof concrete

Design bearing strength of concrete shall not exceed 0.85

A 2 is measured on this plane

Additionally, determined from Eq (6.3.25) shall have to satisfy the requirements of

be determined from 6.2.3.2 based on either

, as stated above for

If , thus obtained, is greater than the beam shall be considered as a Tbeam, in

Byestimatingan initialvalueof a,Eq(6.3.36)canbeusedtoobtainan approximatevalueof