CHAPTER # 1

Asthenosphere
It is the plastic layer which is the lower part of the mantle.
Lithosphere
It is the hard rocky crust which is the upper part of mantle.
Oceanic Crust
The crust under the water of oceans
Continental Crust
It is the earth surface.
Weathering
The breaking down of earth surface with wind, water and ice
Erosion
The movement of the particles from one location to another by wind and water
Types of Rocks

Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks

Igneous Rocks
The rocks which are formed when magma comes out of the volcano and cooled to the solid
Sedimentary Rocks
The rocks which are formed due to the deposition of the particles which change into layer and
then into rocks as the depth increases with increasing heat and pressure.
Metamorphic Rocks
Sedimentary rocks when pushed further down they change into metamorphic rocks due to
increasing heat and pressure
Magma

The liquid form of metamorphic rocks is called magma.

PANGEA Theory

Present continents seems to fit in one another

Different ranges of different mountains have same kind of rocks.
Same type of fossils are found in different continents

Plate Boundaries

Divergent
Convergent
Transform

Divergent Movement
The plates move apart or away from each other. It causes riffs and holes where new crust is
created. It is constructive movement
Convergent Movement
Plates collide and move towards each other. The crust is destroyed and trench is created.
Transform Movement
Plates move side by side and cause earthquakes. Earth crust is neither created nor destroyed.
Subduction Zone
The area where the plates are pushed down is called subduction zone. It changes the
metamorphic rocks into magma due to high friction.
Trench
It is formed due to convergent movement as one of the plate move downwards.
Types of Sedimentary Rocks

Carbonate rocks
Silica rocks

Carbonate Rocks
They are formed when layers lay down containing remains of living things like shells and corals.
Silica Rocks
The rocks which are formed when layers lay down containing particles of silica
Lithification

The process by which rocks are formed

Deposition
Cementation
Precipitation

Deposition
The process in which the particles are deposited which change into layers and then these layers
change into rocks due to heat and pressure. It is a physical method of lithification
Cementation
In thus process the grains in the rocks mix with water and bond or cement togather
Precipitation
The carbonic acid and calcium ions are mixed with water and solidify depending on the
temperature.
Delta
The area of the river by using which it fell down into the ocean
Alluvial Fan
It is the fan shape like deposition generally found at steep slopes
Well Sorted Deposition
The deposition which has all the particles of same size
Reef
It is comprises of corals, animals and plants. It is generally found in tropical and subtropical
shallow ocean where life is plentiful.
Types of Reefal Platforms

Lagoon
Plate form edge
Carbonate slope

Sabkha
It is formed when water accumulate and salt flatten and the water evaporates
Types of Rock Structure

Joints

Faults
Folds

Joints
These are the cracks or fractures due to high pressure causing the rock to change. It do not
change the shape and formation of rock
Faults
When rock breaks and move away from other side. It is caused by stress due to movement of
plate margins. It change the shape and formation of rock
Types of Fault

Normal fault
Reverse fault / thrust fault
Strike slip fault

Dip Angel
The angle of the fault plane relative to the horizontal plane
Hanging Wall
It is above the fault line or on top of the dip angle
Foot Wall
It is below the fault line or below the dip angle
Heave
The movement along the x- axis or left and right
Throw
The movement along the y-axis or up and down
Normal Fault
In it the hanging wall goes down. It is caused during divergent movement
Reverse Fault
The hanging wall move up and it occur during convergent movement
Strike Slip Fault

It occur due to transform movement. It depend on the position of the observer. If the movement
is towards right then it is right strike slip fault and if the movement is towards left then it is left
strike slip fault

Folds
These are bent planner structures caused by ductile deformation
Types of Folds

Anticline
Syncline

Anticline Folds
The rocks are bent in upward direction.
Syncline Folds
The rocks bent in downward direction
Types of Anticline Folds

Asymmetrical anticline folds

Angular anticline folds
Plunging anticline folds

Asymmetrical Anticline Folds

It is the type in which one side is different from the other
Angular Anticline Folds
It has twisting in the structure
Plunging Anticline Folds
It is formed when mounts are pushed up and everything else is move down

CHAPTER # 2
Organic Theory
Oil is formed from the organic materials like remains of the animals and plants
Inorganic Theory
The oil is formed from the chemical reaction between the minerals
Aerobic Environment
It has plenty of oxygen
Anaerobic Environment
It has very low amount of oxygen
Aromatic Molecules
Ring molecules trapped in the crude oil
Viscosity
Liquids resistance to flow is called viscosity. It is measured in viscometer. Its unit is centipoise.
Diagenesis
It is the process by which hydrocarbons change into crude oil
Prosity
The number of holes and the size of the rock give prosity or pore space
Inter granular prosity
The pores or space between the particles.
Vugular prosity
The holes formed in the limestone reservoir
Fracture Prosity
It is caused where the rocks break apart.
Well Stimulation
Pumping of acid under very high pressure to help in creating cracks

Trap
It is the place where oil stop moving upward and accumulate here
Types of Traps

Structural trap. It is formed due to earthquakes

Stratigraphic trap. It is formed due to irregularities in the deposition of the layers when
they lay down.
Combination trap. It is formed due to deformation and deposition

Overburden
The weight and pressure which chemically change plants and animals into hydrocarbons is
called overburden
Reenactment
It is the formation of the drops of the oil and the upward movement due to pressure and density
difference between oil and water.
Salt Dome
It is formed when salt is buried under water different layers of particles change into molten salt.
This molten salt move up and form salt dome
Reefal Traps
The traps formed due to animals got buried at the bottom of the ocean
Reservoir Pressure
The pressure inside the reservoir which drives the oil out