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For example :
units :
MdT
KJ
kg o K
U = Q W
Mdu = Q pdV
Q
MdT
Mdu du
=
MdT dT
= cV
du = cV dT
V const
u 2 u1 = 1 du = 1 cV ( P, T ) dT
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U = Q W
Mdu = Q pdV
Mdu = Q p ( Mdv)
Q = M (du + Pdv)
Define new property, enthalpy h
h = u + Pv dh = du + Pdv + vdP
For constant P process dP=0, so dh = du + Pdv
Substituting into the definition for c
c=
Q
MdT
M (du + Pdv) dh
=
Mdt
dT
= cP
dh = cP dT
P const
h2 h1 = 12 dh = 12 c P ( P, T )dT
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cP
cV
c P (T ) = cV (T ) + R
c P (T )
R
= 1+
cV (T )
cV (T )
c P (T ) =
cV (T ) =
R
K (T ) 1
R
+R
K (T ) 1
K (T ) R
c P (T ) =
K (T ) 1
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Example:
A tank contains 0.042 m3 of oxygen (O2) at 21C and 15 MPa.
Determine the mass of the oxygen, in kg, using
a) the compressibility chart
b) ideal gas model
Comment on the applicability of the ideal gas model
O2
V= 0.042 m3
T= 21 C (294 K)
P= 15 MPa (150 bar)
P 150 bar
T 294 K
=
= 2.97 ; TR = =
= 1.91
Tc 126 K
Pc 50.5 bar
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P 150 bar
T 294 K
=
= 2.03 ; TR = =
= 0.97
Pc 73.9 bar
Tc 304 K
65
Example:
A piston-cylinder assembly contains 1 kg of nitrogen gas (N2).
The gas expands from an initial state where T1= 700K and P1= 5
bar to a final state where P2= 2 bar. During the process the
pressure and specific volume are related by Pv1.3= const.
Assuming ideal gas behaviour and neglecting KE and PE effects,
determine the heat transfer during the process, in KJ.
Q
N2
Pv1.3= const
2
U = Q W
Q = U + W
W = 12 pdV =
P2V2 P1V1
1 n
MR(T2 -T1 )
pdV =
1 n
need T2
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R=
n 1
n
P1v1
Pv
P const
P const
= 2 2 1 1 / n = 2 1 / n
T1
T2
T1 P1 T2 P2
n 1
n
2
P1
P
=
T1
T2
T2 P2
=
T1 P1
n 1
n
v
=
v
n
1
n
2
n 1
n
T2 v1
=
T1 v2
n 1
0.3
1.3
2 bar
T2 =
(700K) = 567K
5 bar
MR(T2 -T1 )
W=
1 n
1 kg(8.314/28 kJ/kg K)(567 - 700)K
=
= +132kJ
1 1.3
Note: work is positive work done by the system
The molar internal energy for nitrogen from Table A-23:
u (700K ) = 14,784 kJ/kmol
u (567K ) = 11,858 kJ/kmol
67
u u
U = M (u 2 u1 ) = M 2 1
11,858 - 14,784 kJ/kmol
= 1 kg
= 104.5 kJ
28 kg/kmol
68
T1
P T1
c (T ) + cV (T2 )
c~V = V 1
2
c (T ) + c P (T2 )
c~P = P 1
2
Example:
69
Monatomic molecules
(Ar, He, Ne,)
cV =
K=5/3=1.67
R
8.314/28 kJ/kg K
= 0.742 kJ/kg K
=
K 1
1.4 - 1
Incompressible Assumption
du (T )
dT v const
71
u 2 u1 = 12 c(T )dT
Also, h = (u + Pv)
h2 h1 = (u 2 u1 ) + ( P2 v2 P1v1 )
h2 h1 = 12 c(T ) dT + v( P2 P1 )
Two special cases:
i) Constant pressure heat addition into an incompressible
substance (P= const.)
h2 h1 = 12 c(T )dT
ii) Isothermal heat addition into an incompressible
substance (T= const.)
h2 h1 = v( P2 P1 )
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Liquid at
(P*,T*)
Saturation line
P* isobar
T*
P* isobar
T1=T*
73