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TITLE: - STUDY OF AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION

Objective: To study Vapour Compression Refrigeration cycle, Household


Refrigerator, Window Air Conditioner System.
INTRODUCTION TO REFRIGERATION:Refrigeration may be defined as the process by means of which the temperature of a given
space or a substance is lowered below that of atmosphere or surrounding.
The system is maintained at the lower temperature is known as refrigerated system. A
refrigerant is defined as any substance that absorbs heat through expansion and vaporization
and loses it through condensation in a refrigeration system.

TYPES OF REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS: Refrigeration may be classified as per the thermodynamic cycle
i)

Vapor compression refrigeration system

ii)

Vapor absorption refrigeration system.

APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION: The application of refrigeration is numerous in our daily life. Some of them are
i)

Comfort air conditioning in auditorium, hospital, residences, hotels, offices


etc

ii)

Manufacture and preservation of medicines

iii)

Storage and transport of foodstuff such as meat, dairy product, fish, fruits,
vegetables etc.

iv)

Manufacture of ice

v)

Processing of textiles, printing work and photography material etc.

vi)

Treatment of air for blast furnace

vii)

Processing of tobacco, petroleum and other chemical products

viii)

Computer functioning

USEFUL TERMS: -

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ONE TON OF REFRIGERATION (1 TR)


It is defined as the amount of heat removed from 1 ton of pure water supplied
at 00C and converted into ice during a period of 24 hours.
The capacity of refrigeration unit is expressed in tons of refrigeration
1TR = 210 KJ/min
=3.576 KJ/S

REFRIGERATING EFFECT
It is defined as heat removed from the space to be cooled in the refrigeration
process

COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP)


It is defined as the ratio of heat absorbed by the refrigerant through the
evaporator
To the work input to the compressor
COP = refrigerating effect/ Compressor work

SATURATION TEMPERATURE
It is defined as the temperature at a particular pressure at which the liquid
refrigerant will start boiling and vapor will condense.

(1) Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle: A refrigerator may be defined as a machine used for producing low temperature and is
used for manufacturing ice and for storing foodstuff and medicines.
The refrigerator is simply a heat pump which pumps heat from a cold body to hot body.
According to second law of thermodynamics, these operations can be performed only by the
aid of external work. Hence it is necessary to supply power from an external source to the
refrigerator.

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VAPOUR COMPRESSION SYSTEM


For this type, a working substance called refrigerant is used which can readily
condense and evaporate at the temperature and pressure desired. While evaporating it absorbs
the heat from the cold chamber of refrigerator and while condensing it rejects heat to the hot
air outside. A compressor is used to increase the pressure from the evaporator to the
condenser.
In this type of refrigerator the working substance is vapour which readily evaporates
and condenses. The working substance is continuously circulated through the system
alternately condensing and re-evaporating.
The wet vapour drawn from the evaporator coil in the refrigerator through the suction
valve, V1 during the suction stroke of piston in the compression cylinder. During the
compression stroke, the vapour is compressed adiabatically and it is completely evaporated
into dry vapour. Then it is forced through the valve V2 and circulates through the condenser,
which may be air or water-cooled. In domestic refrigerators the condenser is air cooled while
flowing through a finned coil on the back of refrigerator. In large units, the condenser is
usually water-cooled. The dry vapour is condensed to a liquid at the same high pressure. This
corresponds to point C in the flow fig. The high-pressure liquid is expanded the expansion
valve E, thus throttling it to a low pressure. This operation lowers the pressure and the
temperature of working substance and at the same it partially evaporates. The working
substance comes out from the expansion valve as very wet vapour and at a very low
temperature usually around 100c. It then flows through evaporator coils inside the
refrigerators absorbing heat. The vapour becomes dry and is then drawn into the compressor
during the suction stroke, completing the cycle.
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HOUSE HOLD REFRIGERATOR:It consists of the following four basic elements


1. Evaporator
2. Compressor
3. Condenser
4. Expansion Devices
WORKING:The evaporator is located in the freezer compartment of the refrigerator. It forms the
coldest part of the cabinet with the temperature of about 15 0 C. The refrigerant evaporates
inside the evaporator tubes at 250 C. Just below the freezer there is a chiller tray. The cold
air being heavier flows down from the freezer to the bottom of the refrigerator.
The warm air being lighter rises from the vegetables compartments to the freezer gets
cool and flows down. The temperature maintained in the freezer is about 150 C, where as the
mean inside temperature of the cabinet is 7 0 C .The condenser is mounted at the back of the
refrigerator.
The refrigerator vapor is condensed with the help of the surrounding air, which rises
up and gets heated after receiving latent heat of condensation from the refrigerant.
In the refrigerator the refrigerant used is R12 (chlorofluorocarbon). Because of ozone
layer depletion problem alternative refrigerant such as propane, isobutene is used in place of
R12.

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AIR CONDITIONER:Comfort air conditioning calls for the careful consideration of control of following
factors:
i) Temperature.
ii) Relative humidity.
iii) Air moment
iv) Purity of air
v) Noise.
The temperature and humidity are controlled by suitable air conditioning equipment and
refrigerant system. The air movement is maintained at the desirable velocity using
appropriate distribution systems and grills. The purity of air is another factor, which plays
dominant role on human comfort.
The temperature., relative humidity and distribution of a within the conditioned space. It
has been found from expt., that there can be various combination of temperature. relative
humidity and air movement that can give the feeling of comfort for the occupants with a fixed
air moments. If the temperature. is raised, a decrease in relative humidity, is required.
Conversely with a higher relative humidity a lower temperature. is required for comfort. The
various combinations of these three parameter temperature., relative humidity and air
moment are known as comfort zone. It can be seen that inside conditions of 24 20c and 50
60% relative humidity and air moment of 4.5 to 7.5 max / min will be comfortable for
summer cooling and for winter heating, 20 10c and 35 40% relative humidity will be
satisfactory.
WINDOW ROOM AIR CONDITIONER: Room Air conditioner is the simplest for the air conditioning system assembled inside a
casing and is suitable for installation on windows or openings in the wall.
The unit consisting of refrigerator system, air circulation system [centrifugal blower for
the evaporator and propeller fan for the air cooled condenser both the blower and fan being
driven by a common electrical motor J. control system and ventilation and exhaust system.

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The refrigerant system working on the vapour compression cycle consist of the
hermetically seated, compressor, air cooled condenser, capillary tube as the expansion valve
and a refrigerant filter.
The operation of compressor is controlled by a thermostat whose bulb exposed to the
air in the return air passage of the unit. This temperature. will be measure of the room
temperature. A winding thermostat is embedded in the motor winding of the hermetically
sealed compressor to switch off compressor when the winding temperature. is above a safe
value.
The evaporator fan 1 draws the air from the room through the air filter and cooling
will off the refrigeration system and delivers the cool and dehumidified air back to the room.
This cold air mixes with the room air and lower the room temperature. and humidity level in
the conditioned room to maintain comfortable conditions. Fresh air is admitted through a
damper and mixed with the return air before sending through the air filtered and the cooling
coil. The filter placed in front of cooling coil besides filtering the room air, fresh air mixture
also helps to keep the cooling coil surface and fins clean to obtain max. heat transfer between
the coil and air. Since the return air fresh air mixture is cooled below its dew pt. While
passing over the cooling coil. Dehumidification is also achieved. No separate arrangement is
there to control the relative humidity in the conditioned space.
The supply air grill on the front panel has adjustable lowers for controlling the
direction of flow of the coal air into room. Motorized deflectors are also fitted in the recent
models which change the direction of air flow continuously to provide uniform distribution.

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STUDENTS SHOULD UNDERSTAND FOLLOWING POINTS:


1)

Difference between Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning.

2)

Relative Terms In Connection with Refrigeration Cycles.

3)

Application of Refrigeration.

4)

Main components of House-Hold Refrigerators & its Working.

5)

Main components of Window Air-Conditioner & its Working.

ASSIGNMENTS:
1) With a Sketch Describe Working of Vapour-Compression Systems.
2) What is the Purpose of Using Air-Conditioners?
3) Name the Main Components &Describe their Functions of Window A. C. System.

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