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INTRODUCTION
(1)
(2)
(3)
Definition : -The
self,
spontaneous,
disintegration (i.e. decay) of unstable
radioactive nucleis is known as radioactivity
& the nucleils exhibiting this phenomenon
are known as radioactive nuclelis.
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
92U
238
(Parent)
90Th
234
+ 24
(Daughter)
90Th
234
91Pa234
(Parent)
(Daughter)
+
(Antinentrino)
-1
(11)
(12)
234
*90Th234
+ -ray
90Th
(higher
(lower energy nuclei)
energy nuclei)
(lower stability)
(higher stability)
excited nuclei and normal nuclei are known
as radioactive isomers.
(-)ve
plate
-ray
(+)ve plate
or
Radioactive Source
56
e t N = N0 e t ....... (1)
N0 =
then
(4)
or when
From
dN
N
dt
dN
or
= N
dt
is called decay constant.
If Ni = No of active nuclei at time t i.
Nf = No of active nuclei left at time t f.
=
(7)
(3)
Nf
Ni
dN
N =
n n NN
tf
dt
n 2
0 . 693
N
1
=
.
N0
( 2) t / T
(8)
ti
t
t t if
N = N0 e t
T1/2 =
Rate of decay =
(2)
N0
2
N0
= N0 e T1/ 2
2
t = T 1/2 then N =
N0/2
N0/4
Nf
n N
i
Nf
Ni
If
&
= [tf ti]
= e
tf = t
ti = 0
t f t i
&
Nf = N
Ni = N 0
57
t dN
N0
N
(vii) Fraction of active nuclei left = N
0
(probability of survival)
(viii) Fraction of decayed nuclei
N0 N
N
= 1 N = N
0
0
(Probability of decay)
(ix) When decay process is too slow
then N = N0 [et]
N = N0 [1 t]
N = [ N0] t + N0
On comparingy = m x + c
N
(v) n N = t
0
N
The magnitude of inverse of slope of n N & t
0
curve is known as mean life.
(vi) In N = N0 e t
If
t =
then N = N0 e1
=
N0
e
N0
= 2 . 718 = 0.3676 N0
N0
1
Therefore if = t =
then N =
0.37 N0
0.37 N0
(i) =
= N0 N = N 0
N0
e
1
= N0 1 0.63 N0
e
dt
N
dN
(ii)
N
dt
then
N =
N0
= 0.3676
e
N0 0.37 N0
Decay constant is equal to inverage of that
time in which no. of active nuclei left becomes
1
either
times or approx 37% original
e
nuclei.
(iv) N = N0t
can be written in the form of mass as below
m = m 0et
58
m
m0 =
2t / T
3. ACTIVITY (A or R)
(1)
(2)
dN
= N
dt
A N
(3)
Original activity
A0 = N0
A
N
1
e t =
=
=
A0
N0
( 2) t / T
5.
FUNDAMENTAL
PARTICLES
&
THEIR
ANTIPARTICLES
(4)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Units of Activity
1 disintegration / sec = 1 becquerd (Bq)
1 curie = 3.7 1010 dps
1 Ruther ford = 106 dps
(5)
(6)
Mass
(in comparision Average life
Symbol Antiparticle
to mass of
(in second)
electron)
e-1
p+
n
( )
e+1
p
n
0
1
1836
1839
Stable
Stable
Stable
1010
Stable
+
0
( 0)
274
264
2.6 108
0.9 1016
6. CHARACTERISTICS
OF
RADIOACTIVE
RADIATIONS
6.1 Characteristics of - decay
(1)
- particle are two times ionised Helium
atoms.
(2)
- particle carry 2- proton and 2 neutrons.
4
(3)
2He (Nucleus) = -particle
(4)
In general - decay is given by
ZX
(5)
(6)
(7)
decay
Z-2Y
A-4
+ 2He4 + (Energy),
(-particle)
atomic number decreases by 2 & mass no.
decreases by 4.
Mass of - particle = (2p + 2n)
= 6.68 10 -27 kg
Charge of - particle = + 2e
= 2 1.6 10-19 coulomb, (+) Ve.
In - particle emission an element goes two
column backward in periodic table.
Energy in - particle emission
= (Mx My M 2 He 4 ) C2
Energy in - particle emission varies from
4.5 MeV to 11 MeV. Through calculation
- Particle has to crop potential barrier of
21 MeV for their emission. Hence -particle
emission can not be explained on the basis
of classical theory.
60
Zx
particle
particle
A
Zx
(5)
(6)
(7)
A
Z+1Y
+ -1e0 + Q
A
0
Z-1Y + +1e + Q
where Q = Energy
In - particle , atomic no. increase by one
and in +emission, atomic no. decreases by
one.
Mass number does not changes in
-emission.
Emission of particle can be explained by
conversion of nuetron in proton & vice versea
in the nucleus.
1
1
0
+
1p 0n + 1e ( )
or 0n1 1p1 + -1e0 ( -)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Z+1YA + -1e0 + + Q
Existance of nutrino is practically explained
by Rein's Collin.
Energy spectrum of -emission is
continuous.
ZX
(13)
(14)
(No. of -particle)
n0
n
0.15 MeV
1.17 MeV
(End point energy)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
27Co
60
28Ni
60
28Ni (exicited
60(exicited
state)
state) + -1e0
60
28N
(ground state)
+ Q (gama rays)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
7. RADIOACTIVE SERIES
There are mainly four radio active series. Three
are natural and one is artificial.
(1)
(2)
232
Irregular
, decay
82Pb
208
(stable element)
237
(3)
(4)
238
Irregular
, decay
82Pb
206
(stable)
Irregular
, decay
82Pb
207
NA
NB
=
TA
TB = ..............
Irregular
83Bi209 (stable)
, decay
62
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
63
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1
Sol.
N0
1
1
1
= N0 ,
=
2
4
4
2
1
2
Ex.4
n
N
1
N =
0
2
Ex. 2
Sol.
Sol.
T log(N0 / N)
log 2
1
N = N0
2
1
N = N0
2
1
2
N0
4
n = 2
1
=
2
n = 4
Sol.
Mass left =
Ex.6
Here, N = 25 % of N0 =
n
n
N
1
1
1
N =
=
16 2
0
2
16
1600 log
4 1600 log 2
1 =
t =
,
log 2
log 2
t = 6400 years
The half-life of radium is 1600 years. After
how many years 25% of radium block
remains undecayed?
(A) 3200 years
(B) 4800 years
(C) 7200 years
(D) 9600 years
Suppose the initial quantity of radium is N 0.
Then the quantity left after n half-lives will be
1
=
2
n = 4
Ex. 3
1
1
=
16
2
Sol.
Sol.
Original mass
0 .1
=
32
32
= .003125 mg
The half life of a radioactive material is 12.7 hr.
What fraction of the original active material
would become inactive in 63.5 hr ?
(A) 1/32
(B) 1/23
(C) 31/32
(D) 23/32
t = 63.5 Hr, T = 12.7 Hr.
64
N
1
1
1
N0 = 2 t / T = 2( 63.5 / 12.7) = 25
8 =
T = 2sec
N
1
N =
32
0
N =
Inactive fraction
N
1
31
= 1 N = 1
=
32
32
0
Ex.7
Sol.
R
1
Given, R =
, t = 7.5 h
32
0
R
1
R0 = 2
1
1
=
32
2
7 .5 / T
Sol.
Ex.9
1
=
2
7 .5 / T
Sol.
t =
n =
7 .5
= 1.5 hours
5
t/T
N = 106/ 2 = 106/1.41
N = 7.9 105
The count rate of a radio active source at
t = 0 was 1600 count/s and at t = 8 sec, it
was 100 counts/s. The count rate (in counts)
at t = 6 sec will be(A) 150
(B) 200
(C) 300
(D) 400
N0
1600
T log
T log16
100 =
N 8 =
log 2
log 2
log 2
T log
1600
26 / 2
N = 200 counts/s
10 / 20
1
N = 106
2
t/T
1
is given by N = N0
2
N0
t/T
1
2
5 = 7.5/T T =
Ex.8
log 2
T log2 4
8 = 4T log 2
log 2
3240
= 2
1620
1
N = 1
2
Sol.
1620 520
N0
Time of decay t = 2.303 log10
N
t = 394 2.303 log104
t = 394 2.303 0.602
t = 546 years
65
Sol.
a
b
172
4
Po dc
206
82
Pb ef Half
of
4,
2,
2,
2,
life
of
N0
= 2t/T, 8 = 2t/T 23 = 2t/T
N
3 = t/T T = t/3 = 420/3 = 140 days
Reaction will be,
A1
A2
A3
A4
71A2
Sol.
210
84
Po 42
206
82
Pb 00
t/T
N
1
1
=
N0 = 2
64
1
2
1
=
2
1
1
=
64
2
t/2
t/T
t = 6T = 12 hr.
A0
= 2t/T
A
66