STUDY GUIDE

Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels (chp.5)

Functions of the Cardiovascular system
- Blood pressure
- Transport blood
- Exchange nutrients & waste
- Regulate blood flow
The types of blood vessels, their structure and functions
- Arteries
o Carry blood away from heart
o Have 3 layers (thin inner epithelium, thick smooth muscle, outer
connective
- Arterioles
o Small arteries that regulate blood pressure
- Capillaries
o Between arterioles & venules
o One layer of epithelial tissue
o Form beds where exchange with cells occur
o Have a large surface area combined
- Veins
o Carry blood toward heart
Those with flow against gravity have valves
o Have 3 layers
- Venules
o Small veins that receive blood from capillaries
The anatomy of the heart (internal and external) Look at diagrams
- Large muscular organ made of myocardium
- Surrounded by a sac called pericardium
- Two sides are separated by a septum
- 4 chambers: 2 atria & 2 ventricles
- 2 valves: semilunar & atrioventricular (lub dup)
Components of blood pressure (diastolic vs. systolic)
- During Systole the atria contract > ventricles contract
- During Diastole the chambers relax
The passage of blood through the heart and the various cardiovascular pathways
(systemic, pulmonary etc.)
- Path 1
o Heart > Arteries > Arterioles > Capillaries > Venules > Veins > <3
- Path 2
o Inf & Sup vena cava > Right atrium > Right ventricle > Pulmonary

arteries > Lungs > Pulmonary veins > Left atrium > Left ventricle > Aorta
> Rest of body
The cardiac cycle and how its controlled
- Internally
o SA node > Atria contract > AV node > AV bundle > Purkinje fibers >
Ventricles cont
Cardiovascular disorders
Cardiovascular System: Blood (chp.6)
Functions of blood
- Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, co2, waste
- Defend against pathogens
- Regulate body temp, water-salt balance, pH
Composition of blood
- Is a fluid connective tissue
- Formed: RBC, WBC, platelets
- Plasma: 91% water, 9% salt ions & organic molcs
o Albumins pressure & transport
o Globulins transport
o Fibrinogen blood clots
Functions of all blood components and associated disorders
- RBC
o Carry oxygen
o Lack nucleus, are bio-concave
Diseases
Anemia too few RBCs or hemoglobin
Sickle cell RBCs are sickle shaped & rupture
Hemolytic of Newborn incompatible blood types lead to
rupturing of cells in baby before & after birth
- WBC
o Fight infection > immune system
o Have nucleus
o Found in blood & tissue
o Granular
Eosinophil
Small percentage, bi lobed nucleus, function in parasitic
infection & allergies
Basophil
U shaped nucleus, release histamine & allergic reactions
Neutrophil
50-70%, multi lobed nucleus, engulf pathogens
o Agranular
Lymphocyte

 25-35%, develop into B & T cells

Monocyte
Uncommon, horseshoe nucleus, develop into macrophages
which use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens
o Diseases
SCID stem cells lack enzyme that allows them to fight
Leukemia WBCs proliferate without control
Mono EBV infects lymphocytes
Platelets
o Made from fragments of large cells
o Blood clotting
o Diseases
Thrombocytopenia too low platelets
Thromboembolism clot forms, breaks off, plugs another vessel
Hemophilia genetic deficiency so people are unable to properly
clot

Blood Typing and Transfusions

- A Antigen is a foreign substance that stimulates immune response
- A Antibody is a protein that binds to antigens
- A Blood transfusion is the transfer of blood from one individual to another
o A type A person has A antigens and anti-B antibodies
o Thus, a antibodies can clump with transferred blood & cause rejection
- The Rh factor determines if someone is positive or negative
o Antibodies develop when person is exposed to Rh factor from another
persons blood (usually a fetus)
o Is important during pregnancy (- mom, + baby)
The Lymphatic system (chp.7)
The primary and secondary lymphatic organs and their functions
- Primary
o Red Bone Marrow RBC production, decreases as we age, some WBCs
mature here
o Thymus gland largest in children (shrinks as we age), holds lymphocytes
until & after they age
- Secondary
o Lymph nodes found along B & T cells and macrophages, common in
neck, armpit, groin
o Spleen upper left region of abdominal cavity, white pulp = lymphocytes,
red pulp filters blood
o Lymphatic nodules (tonsils) & Peyers patches
First, second and third line defenses and how they work
- First
o Barriers: physical

Skin & mucous membranes

o Chemical
Secretions in the oil glands, lysozyme, acidic pH, resident bacteria
& normal flora
Second
o Inflammatory response
Redness, heat, swelling, pain
Histamine is released and causes capillaries to become more
permeable
o Protective proteins
Complement: plasma proteins used in inflammatory response
Attracts phagocytes to pathogens & forms a membrane that
makes holes in viruses & bacteria
Interferons
Proteins produced to warn other cells
Third
o Activates when other defenses fail
o Helps protect against cancer
o Relies on lymphocytes
o Antibody mediated immunity by B & T cells

Immunity: active and passive

- Active
o Body makes antibodies against a antigen (vaccines or natural infection)
o Long lasting
- Passive
o Individual is given prepared antibodies
o Short lasting
o Can happen naturally (mother to fetus) or injection
Disorders and defects associated with the immune system
- Autoimmune Diseases
o Cytotoxic t cells attack the bodys own cells
o MS, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis
- Immunodeficiency Disease
o Immune system is compromised and unable to defend itself
o AIDS, SCID
Digestive System and Nutrition (chp. 8)
Components of the digestive system and their function(s)
- Ingestion, digestion, movement, absorption, elimination
Anatomy of the wall of the digestive system
- Mucosa innermost layer that produces mucus & enzymes
- Submucosa 2nd layer of loose connective tissue that contains blood & lymphatic

vessels and nerves

Muscularis 3rd layer made od smooth muscle
Serosa Outer lining

The food pathway

- Mouth > pharynx > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine >
rectum > anus
The major digestive enzymes, their function and site of action (table 8.1)
Accessory organs and their functions in digestion
- Pancreas
o Fish shaped behind the organ
o Secretes enzymes into small intestine
o Secretes insulin
- Liver
o Large organ under diaphragm
o Filters blood from GI tract
o Removes iron & vitamins from blood and stores them
o Stores glucose & glycocen
o Makes plasma proteins & bile
- Gallbladder
o Stores bile
o Breaks down hemoglobin
Disorders of the digestive system and the specific organs affected