IMPE

1/13/2015
MEL170: INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL & PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
Course Overview
(5 credits; 3-1-2) - 3 hours lecture, 1 hour tutorial and 2 hours practices per week
UNIT 1: Thermodynamics.
(Thermodynamic laws, internal energy, entropy and enthalpy, properties of
steam, use of steam tables etc) there will be numericals.
UNIT 2: Boilers.
UNIT 3 and 4: Engines, Turbines and water pumps.
UNIT 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10: Manufacturing processes
(plant layout, Engineering materials & their properties, Casting, Foundry, metal
cutting, Welding etc)
Books
Engineering Thermodynamics by P.K. Nag
Elements of Mechanical Engineering by R. K. Rajput
Rajput (Publisher: Laxmi Publications (P) LTD. (Units 2, 3
and 4).
Basics of Mechanical Engineering by Dr. D. S. Kumar,
Publisher S.K. Kataria and sons (Units 1, 3 and 4)
Workshop Technology, Vol. 1, Manufacturing Processes by
B. S. Raghuwanshi, Publisher Dhanpat Rai & Co. (Units 5 to
10)
Workshop Technology (manufacturing Process)
by S. K. Garg (Units 5 to 10)
LAB WORK:
Five experiments from Mechanical course contents (Units 1, 2, 3 and 4) and
five from Production course contents (Units 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10).
Marks distribution
(Total Marks = 200)
Today we will cover
Theory (lecture) 130 Marks

60 Marks for
Major Exam
Full Syllabus
What is thermodynamics.
65 Marks
- 20 for Minor 1
- 20 for Minor 2
- 20 (Class Assessment)
- 10 for online quiz
Types of systems (open, closed, isolated).
Lab. (practical) 70 Marks

28 marks
Lab. report, Lab.
behavior etc
14 marks
Midterm
viva
System and surrounding.
28 marks
Final practical Test
Laws of thermodynamics.
Some of the definitions of thermodynamics:
Some of the definitions of thermodynamics:
The science that deals with the interaction between energy and
material systems
The science that deals with the interaction between energy and
material properties.
The science concerned with the relations between heat and

mechanical energy or work, and the conversion of one into the other.
The science concerned with the relations between heat and work,
and the conversion of one into the other.
Is the study of energy conversion between heat and mechanical

work, and properties of a system.
It Is the study of energy conversion between heat and mechanical

work, and properties of a system.
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System and surroundings
System and surroundings
System
System
Surrounding
Universe
Surrounding
System + Surroundings = Universe
Thermodynamic Systems
System is a definite quantity of matter bounded by some closed surface
(boundary) which is unchanged to the flow of matter. Thermodynamic system
is defined as any prescribed and identifiable collection of matter upon which
attention is focused for investigation. Everything else other than system i.e.,
the space and matter external to a system is known as surroundings.
Thermodynamic Systems There are three classes of Thermodynamic Systems:
Thermodynamic Systems There are three classes of Thermodynamic Systems:

a) Open System
Matter (mass)
interchange
- (Yes)
Energy Interchange
(Yes)
System
Surrounding
b) Close System
Matter (mass)
interchange
(No)
Energy Interchange
(Yes)
c) Isolated System
Matter (mass)
interchange
- (No)
Energy Interchange
(No)
Some examples of open, closed and isolated system
Some examples of open, closed and isolated system

Open system examples: moving car ( due to mass transfer
because of exhaust gas), moving bike (because of
exhaust gas), human body (due to mass transfer
because breathing and heat loss because of
temperature difference with environment), cup of
coffee (heat lost because of high temperature of coffee,
mass loss because of vapor)
Closed system examples: light bulb [energy transfer
because of work (electric work) input and heat output],
tube light, hot iron rode, AA battery (electric energy
output but no mass transfer).
Isolated system examples: ideal thermos, piece of paper,
block of wood.
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1) Zeroth law
Laws of Thermodynamics
2) 1st law
B A C
st
If two systems are each equal in 2) 1 law: Energy can never be
temperature to a third, then they are created or destroyed or in other
equal in temperature to each other. words:
Energy
Energy
(This equality of temperature is also
System
Added
Removed
called Thermal equilibrium)
B A C
3) 2nd law.
In the following Slides
4) 3rd law.
We will discuss later
1st Law: Some more definitions

Heat and work are mutually convertible but since energy
can neither be created nor destroyed, the total energy
associated with an energy conversion remains constant.
Laws of Thermodynamics
1) Zeroth law
If [T (A) = T (B) and

Energy added to system = Increase
T (A) = T (C)]
in energy of the system + Energy
Then T (B) = T (C)
removed from the system.
3) 2nd law.
In the following Slides
4) 3rd law.
We will discuss later
Examples of Systems where heat is

converted to work
Diesel Engine
Power plant
Joules Experiment (For a Cycle) [Q = W = mC(T2-T1)]

C= 4.186 J/(g0C)
Examples of devices where High Grade

Energy (Work) is converted to heat
Automobile Engines
Energy change
in this system =
0
PMM 1
Energy change
in this system =
0
Converse of PMM 1
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Ist law also implies that there can no machine which
would continuously supply mechanical work without some
form of energy disappearing simultaneously. Such a
fictitious machine is called a perpetual motion machine of
first kind (PMM 1). A PMM 1 is impossible.
Energy change
in this system =
0
The Reverse of above is also

true, i.e., there can be no
machine
which
would
continuously consume work
without energy change in
system
2nd
PPM 1
Thermal Energy Reservoirs: Any reservoir

which is having large amount of heat capacity
in such a way that if some amount of heat will
be given or Taken, to or from reservoir ,its
temperature will be unaffected.
1) Sink 2) Source
Energy change
in this system =
0
Reverse of PMM 1
Law of thermodynamics
Examples illustrating 1st and second law (1)
This law has two parts (1. Clausius statement and 2.

Kelvin-Plank statement). The first considers transfer of
heat between two thermal reservoirs while the second
considers the transformation of heat into work.
Clausius Statement It is impossible to design a device
which is operating on a cycle and transferring heat from
a body at lower temperature to a body at a higher
temperature, unaided by any external energy. In other
words, heat of, itself, cannot flow from a colder to a
hotter body.
Kelvin-Plank Statement It is impossible to construct an
engine, which while operating in a cycle and converting
all of the heat interacting with single reservoir to
equivalent work output.
Clausius Statement leads to Kelvin-Planks

Statement, and vice-versa
Examples illustrating 1st and second law (1)
Examples illustrating second law (2)
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Examples illustrating second law (2)

Examples illustrating
1st and second law (3)
What is Temperature ?
Examples illustrating
1st and second law (3)
NOT
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Properties
Property = A property of a system is any observable
characteristics of the system. The properties we shall deal
with are measurable in terms of numbers and units of
measurements (eg. Pressure, density, temperature etc)
Properties
Intensive
Intensive properties
Extensive
Extensive properties
When all the properties of a system have definite values, the

system is said to exist at a definite state.
Important Properties we are

concerned about
Pressure - Force per unit time.

Temperature
Volume
Specific volume (volume per unit mass).
Density (mass per unit volume).
Entropy - > S
Enthalpy - > (H = U + PV)
Internal Energy - U
State
Intensive
Intensive properties are
independent of the mass in
the system, e.g., pressure,
temperature, etc.
Extensive
Extensive properties are
related to mass e.g.,
volume, energy, etc.

Intensive and Extensive Properties

Extensive Properties
-------V = Volume (m3)
M = mass (kg)
S = entropy (J/K)
Intensive Properties
P = Pressure (pa, atm, bar etc)
T = Temperature (K or oC or F)
v = Specific volume (m3)/kg
d = density (kg/m3)
s = specific entropy (J per
Kelvin per kg)
H = enthalpy (joules)
h = specific enthalpy (j/kg)
U = Internal Energy (joules) u = specific internal energy
(j/kg)
State
State is the condition of the system at an instance of time as

described or measured by the properties.
Or in other words each unique condition of a system is called
a state. At a particular state, all properties have fixed values.
State 1
(a) Initial state before heating
Change in
property =
State 2
(b) Final state after heating
dt
t 2 t1 It means that t to be property, dt is an exact differential.
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Thermodynamics Equilibrium
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium if properties of the

system are same at all points and do not change with time.
Thermodynamics Equilibrium

Thermodynamic Equilibrium

Location
(a) State 1 Location
(b)
Location
(b)
P1,T1,1,s1.1 Properties
(time = t )
Properties are same at all the points/locations
Location
(c)
Location
(a)
(time = t )
State 2
(time = t2)
P2,T2,2,s2.Properties
Location
(c)
Location
(c)
Location
(a)
Location
(b)
P1 at Location (a) = P1 at Location (b) = P1 at Location (c)

T1 at Location (a) = T1 at Location (b) = T1 at Location (c)
1 at Location (a) = 1 at Location (b) = 1 at Location (c)
s1 at Location (a) = s1 at Location (b) = s1 at Location (c)
Etc
Location
(b)
State 2
(time = t2)
P2 at Location (a) = P2 at Location (b) = P2 at Location (c)

T2 at Location (a) = T2 at Location (b) = T2 at Location (c)
2 at Location (a) = 2 at Location (b) = 2 at Location (c)
s2 at Location (a) = s2 at Location (b) = s2 at Location (c)
Etc
Location
(c)
Properties do not change with time
Thermodynamic Equilibrium: Existence of thermodynamics equilibrium

implies existence of following three equilibriums.
P1 at Location (a) = P2 at Location (a)

P1 at Location (b) = P2 at Location (b)
P1 at Location (c) = P2 at Location (c)
T1 at Location (a) = T2 at Location (a)

T1 at Location (b) = T2 at Location (b)
T1 at Location (c) = T2 at Location (c) etc .
Properties do not change with time
Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A system is said to be in thermodynamic

equilibrium if properties of the system are same at all points and do not change with
time. Existence of thermodynamics equilibrium implies existence of following three
equilibriums.
Thermal Equilibrium:
Location
(b)
[Temperature does not change with time and locations]

Location
(b)
(time = t )
Location
(c)
Location
(a)
State 2 Location
(b)
(time = t2)
Location
(c)
(time = t )
Location
(c)
Mechanical Equilibrium:
[Pressure does not change with time and locations]
Location
(a)
State 2 Location
(b)
(time = t2)
Location
(c)
Chemical Equilibrium: If chemical concentration of the system

is same at all the points of the system and does not change with time.
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Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A system is said to be in thermodynamic

equilibrium if properties of the system are same at all points and do not change with
time. Existence of thermodynamics equilibrium implies existence of following three
equilibriums.
Thermal Equilibrium:
Quasi-Equilibrium Process
[Temperature does not change with time and locations]

Location
Temperature of the system is same at all the
points/locations
(b)
(time = t )
T1 at Location (a) = T1 at Location (b)

T2 at Location (a) = T2 at Location (b)
Location
(c)
T1 at Location (a) = T2 at Location (a)

T1 at Location (b) = T2 at Location (b)
Location
(a)
Mechanical Equilibrium:
[Pressure does not change with time and locations]
State 2 Location
(b)
(time = t2)
Location
(c)
Temperature does not change with time
Pressure of the system is same at all the

points/locations
P1 at Location (a) = P1 at Location (b)
P2 at Location (a) = P2 at Location (b))
Pressure does not change with time

P1 at Location (a) = P2 at Location (a)
P1 at Location (b) = P2 at Location (b)
Chemical Equilibrium: If chemical concentration of the system

is same at all the points of the system and does not change with time.
Path, State and Cycle
Quasi-Equilibrium Process
A process during which the system only deviates
from equilibrium by an infinitesimal amount.

(a)
(a)
(b)
Pressure (Pa)
system have definite values, the

system is said to exist at a definite
Path: The succession of states
passed through during a change of
state is called the path
Cycle: A thermodynamic cycle is
defined as a series of state changes
such that the final state is identical
with the initial state.
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Volume
(b)
Pressure (Pa)
State : When all the properties of a

state. (a, b, c, d, e and f are
examples of states)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Volume
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(a)

state. (a, b, c, d, e and f are
examples of states)
(a)
State : When all the properties

Pressure (Pa)
(d)
(e)
(c)
(f)
Volume
Pressure (Pa)
(d)
(c)
(f)
(b)
(a)
Volume
(d)
(b)
(f)
(a)
(b)
(e)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(a)
Volume
Constant Temperature
(isothermal) (c to e)
Constant Pressure
(isobaric) (c to e)
Volume
T (degree C)
T (degree C)
(c)
When the path is completely specified, the change of state is called a

process i.e. the system is then said to have gone through a process. Process is a
path of the successive equilibrium states through which the system passes when it
changes its position from one state to another. Its is many used to define the general
characteristics of a path
Pressure (Pa)
(b)
Process
Constant Volume
(isochoric)
Constant Temperature
(isothermal) (c to e)
(e)
(c)
Volume

Pressure (Pa)
(e)
(c)
Volume
Process
Volume
(d)
(d)
T (degree C)
Pressure (Pa)
(b)
is defined as a series of state

changes such that the final state
is identical with the initial state.
(f)
(f)
(a)
(e)
(f)
Cycle: A thermodynamic cycle
(c)
Volume
is called a process i.e. the system is then said to have gone through a
process. Process is a path of the successive equilibrium states through
which the system passes when it changes its position from one state to
another. It is mainly used to define the general characteristics of a path
(b)
of a system have definite values,

the system is said to exist at a
definite state. (a, b, c, d, e and f
are examples of states)
passed through during a change
of state is called the path
(e)
(f)
Process When the path is completely specified, the change of state
State : When all the properties
(d)
(e)
is defined as a series of state

changes such that the final state
is identical with the initial state.
(a)
Constant Pressure
(isobaric) (c to e)
(d)
(c)
Cycle: A thermodynamic cycle
(a)
(b)
of a system have definite values,

the system is said to exist at a
definite state. (a, b, c, d, e and f
are examples of states)
passed through during a change
of state is called the path
Pressure (Pa)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(f)
(e)
(b)
(a)
Volume
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Process


Isentropic (constant
entropy) process
Isenthalpic (constant
enthalpy) process
T (degree C)
Temperature
Isenthalpic (constant
enthalpy) process
T (degree C)
Temperature
Isentropic (constant
entropy) process
Process
Some more examples of processes
Adiabatic process is when heat transfer to and from the

system is zero.

system is zero.
Reversible and Irreversible processes.

system is zero.

system is zero.

Is one in which both the
system and the
surroundings can return to
their original state

system and the surroundings
cannot return to their original
state

system and the
Assume all surfaces to be
frictionless and assume that air is
not causing any resistance.

state
Eg.
Assume that friction is
present
Cyclic process
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Types of Energies

system is zero.
Energy: Simple definition is capacity for

producing an effect

system and the
Assume all surfaces to be
frictionless and assume that air is
not causing any resistance.

state
Eg.
Work
Heat
Internal energy
Potential Energy
Enthalpy
etc
For the purpose of

Thermodynamics we will
only consider these energies
Assume that friction is

present
Cyclic process is one in which the end states are identical i.e., the system
after undergoing a series of processes returns to its original condition.
Energies we are considering
Energies we are considering

Work (W)- is energy in
transition whose sole
effect external to the
system can be reduced
to rise of weight.
Heat (Q) Energy transfer
because of temperature
difference
Translational
Internal Energy (U) Energy
Motion
associated with random
motion of molecules and
Intramolecular potential
how they interact.
Enthalpy (H)
H = U + pV [a combination
that occurs frequently]
Work
Heat
Internal Energy
Rotational
Motion
Vibrational
Motion
Intermolecular potential
W & Q are energy in transition, their transfer takes through boundaries and path functions
U, H, P.E, K.E are energies of the system and they are contained in the system.
Sign conventions for change of U, W, H, Q

W:
Q:
(a) Battery
(b) Battery with motor
H or U.
Flow of current from a battery as work. We will consider electrical

energy as work
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1/13/2015
Sign conventions for change of U, W, H, Q
Work Done in a Quasistatic Process
W: done by the system is considered positive

work and work done on the system is considered
negative.
Q : Heat added to the system is considered
positive. Heat removed from system is considered
negative.
If change in U or H of a system is positive then U
or H are said to have increased. If this change is
negative then U or H are said to have decreased.
W & Q are energy in transition, their transfer takes through boundaries and path
functions. Since they are path functions and do not have exact differential, they
are not properties.
U, H, P.E, K.E are energies of the system and they are contained in the
system.
Work Done in a Quasistatic Process
(a) Gas executing a quasistatic process
Work Done in Contact Pressure

(Isobaric) Quasistatic Process
Work Done in Contact Volume

(Isochoric) Quasistatic Process
(b) P-V diagram
Work done in a quasistatic process

W = p Adl
= p dv
2
pdv = Area Under the curve

1
If we change path, area will change so the work, therefore work is a path function
Work Done in Constant Pressure

(Isobaric) Quasistatic Process
Work Done in Constant Volume

(Isochoric) Quasistatic Process
Work Done in Constant Temperature (Isothermal) Quasistatic

Process
For an isothermal process,

pv = C = p1v1 where C is a constant
2
W12
pdv
1
2
W 12 =
p dv
1
p1v1
= p (v2 v1)
W 12 =
p dv
1
dv
v
=0
W12
p1v1 ln
p1v1
dv
v
p1v1 ln
v2
v1
v2
v1
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1/13/2015
Work Done in
Polytropic Quasistatic
Process
For an polytropicprocess,
n
pv = C = p1v1 where C is a constant

2
W12
pdv
1
1
2
p1v1
n
1
dv
vn
p1 v1
v2
1 n
p 2 v2
v2
p1v1
dv
vn
p1v1
n 1
First law of Thermodynamics for a Closed System Executing

a Cycle
v1
n 1
n 1
v2
n 1
v1
n 1
p1v1 v1
n 1
(b) P-V diagram for a cycle
1 n
p2 v2 p1v1
1 n
p1 v1 p2 v2
W12
n 1
First law of Thermodynamics for a Closed System Executing

a Cycle
First law of Thermodynamics for a Closed System Executing a process

a2
b1
a2
Q
1a
a2
c1
a2
b1
2b
2c
c1
2c
2b
b1
W
2c
c1
( Q
P-V diagram for two cycles
1a
c1
2b
Q - W is denoted by dE
E is called stored energy
Q - W = dE
or Q = dE + W
Q12 = E2-E1 + W12
W)
2c
2
Q
1
Internal Energy and Stored Energy
c1
2c
b1
2b
1a
1a
2b
P-V diagram for a cycle
b1
is independent of path
W followed. It only depends

on initial and final state,
hence is a property.
Constant Pressure Process
E is called stored energy, total energy or called as

only energy.
Energy is a property derived from first law of
thermodynamics when applied to a closed system
executing a process.
E represents total energy i.e. sum of microscopic
energy and macroscopic energy, which a system possess
at a given state.
Macroscopic types include Kinetic and potential energy.
Microscopic energy includes Chemical energy, nuclear
energy , vibrational energy and electronic energy of
molecules. This microscopic energy is called internal energy.
E = U + ( mv2)+ (mgz) = Q - W
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At 00 C, enthalpy is taken
to be zero.
In an open system
H = U + pV
pV is called the flow
work. Flow work is due to
pressure and moves the
fluid in or out of a control
volume.
Constant Pressure Process
H =U+pV
h = u + pv
dH = dU + pdV + Vdp
Q = dU + pdV
dH
= Q + V dp
In throttling process,
enthalpy remains constant.
If p is constant
dH = Q
First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to an open

system or to a Steady Flow Process
First Law
for
an
Open
System
In a constant pressure
process from state 1 to
state 2, change in enthalpy
is equal to heat supplied.
First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to an open

system or to a Flow Process
. .
E1 + m1 p1v1 + Q = E2 + m2 p2v2 + WCV + EC.V

.E = Stored /t
.
energy entering the control volume = m1 (u1 + ve12/2 + gz1)
.1
.
E2 = Stored energy leaving the control volume = m2 (u2 + ve22/2 + gz2)
m1 (u1 + ve12/2 + gz1) + m1 p1v1 + Q

.
.
.
= m2 (u2 + ve22/2 + gz2) + m2 p2v2 + W + EC.V /t
First Law
for
an
Open
System
CV
m1 (u1 + p1v1 + ve12/2 + gz1) + Q

.
.
= m2 (u2 + p2v2 + ve22/2 + gz2) + W + EC.V /t
1: Mass Balance
2: Energy Balance
. . E /t = 0
C.V
.m(h + v 2/2 + gz ) + Q. = m(h
. + v 2/2 + gz ) + W. + E /t
1
e1
1
2
e2
2
C.V
. .
.
2
2
For steady state
.
.EE
.
. .
= Stored energy entering the control volume = m1 (u1 + ve12/2 + gz1)

2
2 = Stored energy leaving the control volume = m2 (u2 + ve2 /2 + gz2)
1
CV
m1 = m 2 = m
Q = m {(h2 + ve2 /2 + gz2) - (h1 + ve1 /2 + gz1) } + WCV
W = Entry Displacement Work + Exit Displacement Work + WCV
Application of First Law of Thermodynamics applied to a control

volume or Applications of Steady Flow Equation.
Steam Turbine
. .
. .
.
0 = m (h
Heat Engine
Q = m {(h2 + ve22/2 + gz2) - (h1 + ve12/2 + gz1) } + W
Q = m {(h2 + ve22/2 + gz2) - (h1 + ve12/2 + gz1) } + W

2
Air Compressor
- h1) + W
Pump
. .
Heat Pump
W = Wout = m (h1 h2)

Steam Boiler
Win
.
= m (h2 h1)
Win
.
= m (h2 h1)
Qin
.
= m (h2 h1)
Refrigerator
. (h h )
Q = Qout = m
1
2
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Heat Engine
Heat Engine
Heat Pump
Refrigerator
Heat Engine
W
Q1
Q1
Q2
Q1
Q2
Q1
Heat Pump
C.O.P
W
C.O.P
Q1
W
C.O.P
Refrigerator
C.O.P
Heat Pump
C.O.P
= Q1 Q2
Q1
Q1 Q2
Refrigerator
C.O.P
C.O.P
Q2 , so
Q1
Heat Pump
Q2
W
C.O.P
C.O.P
C.O.P
Q2
= Q 1 Q2
Q1
Q1 Q2
Refrigerator
Q2
Q1
Q1
W
C.O.PHP
Q2
W
Q2
Q1
Q2
C.O.PHP 1
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Perpetual Motion Machine of Second

Kind, PMMSK
Perpetual Motion Machine of Second

Kind, PMMSK
A system which operates in a cycle and converts
all heat into work and exchanges heat with a
single reservoir is called perpetual motion
machine of second kind, PMMSK.
Q=W
Can not exist as

it is violation of
Kelvin-Plancks
statement.
16

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1/13/2015

MEL170: INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL & PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

Today we will cover

Theory (lecture) 130 Marks

Types of systems (open, closed, isolated).

Lab. (practical) 70 Marks

System and surrounding.

Some of the definitions of thermodynamics:

Some of the definitions of thermodynamics:

The science concerned with the relations between heat and

Is the study of energy conversion between heat and mechanical

It Is the study of energy conversion between heat and mechanical

System and surroundings

System and surroundings

Thermodynamic Systems There are three classes of Thermodynamic Systems:

Thermodynamic Systems There are three classes of Thermodynamic Systems:

Some examples of open, closed and isolated system

Some examples of open, closed and isolated system

1st Law: Some more definitions

If [T (A) = T (B) and

Examples of Systems where heat is

Joules Experiment (For a Cycle) [Q = W = mC(T2-T1)]

Examples of devices where High Grade

1st Law: Some more definitions

1st Law: Some more definitions

The Reverse of above is also

Thermal Energy Reservoirs: Any reservoir

Examples illustrating 1st and second law (1)

This law has two parts (1. Clausius statement and 2.

Clausius Statement leads to Kelvin-Planks

Examples illustrating 1st and second law (1)

Examples illustrating second law (2)

Examples illustrating second law (2)

When all the properties of a system have definite values, the

Important Properties we are

Pressure - Force per unit time.

When all the properties of a system have definite values, the

Intensive and Extensive Properties

State is the condition of the system at an instance of time as

(a) Initial state before heating

(b) Final state after heating

t 2 t1 It means that t to be property, dt is an exact differential.

A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium if properties of the

A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium if properties of the

A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium if properties of the

Properties are same at all the points/locations

Properties are same at all the points/locations

Properties are same at all the points/locations

P1 at Location (a) = P1 at Location (b) = P1 at Location (c)

P2 at Location (a) = P2 at Location (b) = P2 at Location (c)

Properties are same at all the points/locations

Properties do not change with time

Thermodynamic Equilibrium: Existence of thermodynamics equilibrium

P1 at Location (a) = P2 at Location (a)

T1 at Location (a) = T2 at Location (a)

Properties do not change with time

Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A system is said to be in thermodynamic

[Temperature does not change with time and locations]

Chemical Equilibrium: If chemical concentration of the system

Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A system is said to be in thermodynamic

[Temperature does not change with time and locations]

T1 at Location (a) = T1 at Location (b)

T1 at Location (a) = T2 at Location (a)

Temperature does not change with time