Unit 1: Tutorial Series

Module 1: Fundamentals in Chemistry

Forces of Attractions
1. Define the following terms (provide equations where appropriate):
a) First ionization energy
d) Bond length
b) Electron affinity
e) Molar bond energy
c) Lattice Energy
f) Coordinate (dative) bond
g)
2. Draw dot-cross diagrams for the following compounds and identify the bonding present in
each:
a) Na2O
e) BF3NH3
b) Cl2
f) AlCl3
c) CH4
g) NH3
d) MgO
h) NH3AlCl3
i)
3. Predict the type of bond formed between the following atoms and explain your reasoning:
a) Cs and Cl
f) Al and F
b) N and Al
g) Cu and Zn
c) Cl and Cl
h) Mg and N
d) Al and Al
i) C and O
e) Al and Cl
j) C and H
k)
4. Predict which of the following pairs of substances is likely to have the higher melting point,
giving reasons for your choice:
a) Na and Mg
f) Ne and Ar
b) Na and K
g) F2 and Cl2
c) NaCl and NaBr
h) NH3 and PH3
d) NaCl and MgO
i) NaCl and HCl
e) C and Si
j) SiO2 and CO2
k)
5. The first electron affinities of the elements Na to Cl in period 3 are given below:
a) Element
b) N
c) M
d) A
e) S
f) P
g)
h)
g
S
C
i) First Electron
Affinity

j) -

k) +
l) m)
n)
o)
6
7
q) What is the general trend in the electron affinities from Na to Cl?
r) Explain the general trend noticed in part (a).
s) Why is the first electron affinity of Mg more positive than one might expect from the
general trend in the values above?
t) Why is the first electron affinity of silicon more exothermic than that of phosphorus?

p)
-

6. At room temperature, both sodium metal and sodium chloride are crystalline solids
which contain ions.

S o d iu m m e ta l

d)

7.

8.

b)
c)

S o d iu m c h lo rid e

a) On the diagrams below for sodium metal and sodium chloride below, mark the charge
for each ion.
b)
c) i)
Explain how the ions are held together in solid sodium metal.
ii)Explain how the ions are held together in solid sodium chloride.
e) The melting point of sodium chloride is much higher than that of sodium metal. What
can be deduced from this information?
f) Compare the electrical conductivity of solid sodium metal with that of solid sodium
chloride. Explain your answer.
g)
a) Describe the bonding in a metal.
b) State and explain the trend in the melting points of the Period 3 metals Na, Mg and
Al.
a)
Describe the various forces responsible for keeping particles together in elements and
compounds and their effects on physical properties, making use of the data below.
a)
a) Substance
b) For
c) Molar mass, Mr
d) m. p
m
(g/mol)
(0C)
d)
ula
e)
e) Neon
f) Ne
g) 20
h) -248
f)
i) Argon
j) Ar
k) 40
l) -189
g)
m) Water
n) H2O
o) 18
p) 0
h)
q) Sodium
r) NaF
s) 42
t) 993
Fluoride
u) Diamond
v) C
w) 12
x) 3550

9. The boiling points and solubilities in water of the three gases ammonia (NH3),
hydrogen chloride (HCl) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are given in the table below:
a)
b) Gas

c) Mr

d) b.p. (0C)

e) Solubility in water (mol dm-3)

NH3

g) 17

h) -33

i) 18

k) 36.5

l) -85

m) 23

f)

j) HCl

CO2
o) 44
p) -78
q) 0.033
r)
s) Describe both the intramolecular and the intermolecular bonding in each of the above
compounds, relating the bonding to the boiling point where appropriate.
t) Draw a dot-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in the CO2 molecule.
u) Each of these gases is soluble in water because it interacts with the solvent. Suggest
reasons for the much higher solubilities of ammonia and hydrogen chloride,
compared to that of carbon dioxide.
n)

v)