Green 2008

Wind Design Considerations for
Steel Joists and Joist Girders
Perry S. Green, PhD, Technical Director

Steel Joist Institute TEE Center, Myrtle Beach, SC
SEAoT State Conference November 6-8, 2008 Houston TX
SEAoT - 1
Introduction
Commercial manufacture of open web
steel joists began in 1923
The Steel Joist Institute was formed in
1928
The use of steel joists has continued to
grow year after year for both floors and
roofs.
Millions of steel joists and Joist Girders
are put in service each year.
SEAoT - 2
General Nature of Wind Loads

Typical Steel Joist and Joist Girder Buildings
Windstorms
Building type commercial, industrial
Building shape low rise, rectangular
Roofing systems
SEAoT - 3
Windstorm Damage to Roof in Texas

05 March 2004
SEAoT - 4
Windstorm Damage to Roof in Texas

05 March 2004
SEAoT - 5
Hurricane Charley Category 4 Storm

Across Florida 13-14 August 2004
SEAoT - 6
Hurricane Charley Category 4 Storm

Across Florida 13-14 August 2004
SEAoT - 7
Population Trends in HurricaneProne Regions of the U.S.

Southeast and Gulf of Mexico: Most rapid
coastal growth in recent decades and will
continue to grow.
Southeast: 8 million (1960) 23 million
projected (2015)
Gulf of Mexico: 8 million (1960) 22 million
projected (2015)
SEAoT - 8
Top 10 Deadliest Hurricanes to

Strike the US: 1851-2005
Footnotes:
*Could be as high as 12,000.
**Could be as high as 3,000.
***Midpoint of 1,000 2,000 range.
****AP total as of Dec. 11, 2005.
*****Midpoint of 1,100-1,400 range.
Sources: NOAA; Insurance
Information Institute.
2,500
*
(1
90
0)
al
va
st
on
(1
92
8)
**
*
ke
ch
ob
ee
FL
/L
.O
Is
la
nd
s
SE
SC
/G
Se
a
na
(S
LA
,M
S)
*
(1
89
3)
**
**
*
*
**
(1
89
3)
**
1,500
1,323
1,250
K
at
ri
he
ni
er
e
(1
88
1)
LA
-C
A
/S
C
(1
93
5)
8,000
Hurricane Katrina
was the deadliest
hurricane to strike
the US since 1928
700
408
K
ey
s
FL
sl
an
d
-L
as
tI
LA
LA
,T
X
(1
90
9)
Is
le
A
ud
re
ySW
ra
nd
e
-G
LA
400
390
(1
95
7)
372
(1
85
6)
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
SEAoT - 9
Roof Design to Resist Uplift Loads

Codes and Standards
2005 SJI Standard Specifications and Code of
Standard Practice
Provisions from 2006 International Building Code
Provisions from ASCE/SEI 7-05
Design of Joist Bearing Seats

Design Example - Placement of Joist Bridging
Summary and Conclusions
SEAoT - 10
Standards and Codes

2005 SJI Standard Specifications and
Code of Standard Practice
Provisions from 2006 International Building
Code
SEAoT - 11
Roof Design to Resist Uplift Loads

The nominal loads and load combinations shall be
as stipulated by the applicable code under which
the structure is designed, and as shown by the
Specifying Professional in the contract documents.
In the absence of a specified building code such as
the International Building Code (IBC 2006), the
ASCE/SEI 7-05 (ASCE 2005) Minimum Design
Loads for Buildings and Other Structures shall be
used as the basis for the loads and load
combinations.
SEAoT - 12
42nd Edition SJI Catalog 2005

K-Series Standard Specifications
K-Series Load Tables
KCS Joists
LH- and DLH-Series Standard
Specifications
LH- and DLH-Series Load Tables
Joist Girders Standard
Specifications
Joist Girder Weight Tables
SEAoT - 13
2005 SJI Standard Specification for

Open Web Steel Joists, K-Series
5.11 UPLIFT
Where uplift forces due to wind are a design requirement, these
forces must be indicated on the contract drawings in terms of
NET uplift in pounds per square foot (Pascals). The contract
documents shall indicate if the net uplift is based upon LRFD or
ASD. When these forces are specified, they must be considered
in the design of joists and/or bridging. A single line of bottom
chord bridging must be provided near the first bottom chord
panel points whenever uplift due to wind forces is a design
consideration.*
SEAoT - 14

Longspan Steel Joists, LH-Series
Deep Longspan Steel Joists, DLH-Series
104.12 UPLIFT
consideration.*
SEAoT - 15

Joist Girders
1004.9 UPLIFT
drawings must indicate if the net uplift is based on ASD or
LRFD.
When these forces are specified, they must be
considered in the design of Joist Girders and/or bracing. If the
ends of the bottom chord are not strutted, bracing must be
provided near the first bottom chord panel points whenever
uplift due to wind forces is a design consideration.*
SEAoT - 16
2005 SJI Code of Standard Practice

1.4 DESIGN
In the absence of ordinances or specifications to the contrary,
all designs prepared by the specifying professional shall be in
accordance with the Steel Joist Institute Standard Specifications
Load Tables & Weight Tables of latest adoption.
SEAoT - 17

6.1 PLANS FURNISHED BY BUYER
(a) Loads
The Steel Joist Institute does not presume to establish the
loading requirements for which structures are designed.
The Steel Joist Institute Load Tables are based on uniform
loading conditions and are valid for use in selecting joist sizes
for gravity loads that can be expressed in terms of "pounds per
linear foot" (kiloNewtons per Meter) of joist. The Steel Joist
Institute Joist Girder Weight Tables are based on uniformly
spaced panel point loading conditions and are valid for use in
selecting Joist Girder sizes for gravity conditions that can be
expressed in kips (kiloNewtons) per panel point on the Joist
Girder.
SEAoT - 18

(a) Loads (contd)
The specifying professional shall provide the nominal loads and
load combinations as stipulated by the applicable code under
which the structure is designed and shall provide the design
basis (ASD or LRFD).
The specifying professional shall calculate and provide the
magnitude and location of ALL JOIST and JOIST GIRDER
LOADS. This includes all special loads (drift loads, mechanical
units, net uplift, axial loads, moments, structural bracing loads,
or other applied loads) which are to be incorporated into the
joist or Joist Girder design. For Joist Girders, reactions from
supported members shall be clearly denoted as point loads on
the Joist Girder.
When necessary to clearly convey the
information, a Load Diagram or Load Schedule shall be
provided.
SEAoT - 19

(a) Loads (contd)
The specifying professional shall give due consideration to the
following loads and load effects:
1. Ponded rain water.
2. Accumulation of snow in the vicinity of obstructions such
as penthouses, signs, parapets, adjacent buildings, etc.
3. Wind.
4. Type and magnitude of end moments and/or axial forces
at the joist and Joist Girder end supports shall be shown
on the structural drawings. For moment resisting joists or
Joist Girders framing near the end of a column, due
consideration shall be given to extend the column length
to allow a plate type connection between the top of the
joist or Joist Girder top chord and the column.
SEAoT - 20
Standards and Codes

2005 SJI Standard Specifications and Code
of Standard Practice
Provisions from 2006 International
Building Code
SEAoT - 21
2006 International Building Code

SECTION 2206 STEEL JOISTS
2206.1 General
2206.2 Design
The registered design professional shall indicate on
the construction documents the steel joist and/or steel
joist girder designations from the specifications listed
in Section 2206.1 and shall indicate the requirements
for joist and joist girder design, layout, end supports,
anchorage, non-SJI standard bridging, bridging
termination connections and bearing connection
design to resist uplift and lateral loads.
2206.3 Calculations
2206.4 Steel joist drawings
2206.5 Certification
SEAoT - 22

SECTION 1605 LOAD COMBINATIONS
1605.2 Load combinations using strength
design or load and resistance factor design
1605.2.1 Basic load combinations
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (f1L or 0.8W)
1.2D + 1.6W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
0.9D + 1.6W
0.9D + 1.0E
NOTE: F and/or H loads have been left out
of the above equations
SEAoT - 23

SECTION 1605 LOAD COMBINATIONS
1605.3 Load combinations using allowable
stress design
1605.3.1 Basic load combinations
D + (W or 0.7E)
D +0.75 (W or 0.7E) + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
0.6D + W
0.6D + 0.7E
NOTE: F and/or H loads have been left out of
the above equations
SEAoT - 24
Standards and Codes

2005 SJI Standard Specifications and Code
of Standard Practice
Provisions from 2006 International Building
Code
SEAoT - 25
ASCE 7-05 Specified Wind Loads

Basic parameters
Wind speed, importance, exposure
Significance / importance of exposure
category
Exposure C is default, while charts are
based on B
The difference is often 30 to 40 percent
SEAoT - 26
ASCE 7-05 Basic Wind Speed Map
SEAoT - 27
It all looks simple when the building structure

appears to be a simple rectangle made up of
large monolithic elements as described in
Figure 6-3.
The reality is when the building shape is more

complex comprised of numerous elements then
it is not as easy to determine the loadings on
joists in corners and Joist Girders that pass
through both edge and corner zones.
SEAoT - 28
SEAoT - 29
SEAoT - 30

What Constitutes Net Uplift?
For ASD,
the uplift load combination is 0.6D + W
For LRFD,
the uplift load combination is 0.9D + 1.6W
The EOR may need to differentiate between
minimum and maximum dead load.
(Note: 0.6D is NOT an allowance for collateral loads)
SEAoT - 31

What constitutes Net Uplift?
()
()
DL + WL = 0.6Fy A g
1.65 (DL + WL ) = Fy A g
1.65 DL + 1.65 WL = Fy A g
Amplified DL resistance by 1.65 for uplift is not
desirable!
So,
()
()
DL + 1.65 WL = Fy A g
0.6 DL + WL = 0.6 Fy A g
SEAoT - 32
Maximum Dead Load (for gravity loading)

Minimum Dead Load (for wind uplift)
Collateral Load (also for wind uplift)
Collateral loads represent a category of dead
loads which are not part of the building structure
but are required for the buildings function.
These include: Mechanical equipment, piping,
electrical equipment, conduit, sprinkler piping
fire proofing, ceilings, etc.
SEAoT - 33
Wind Loads: Net Uplift Zone Diagram

8'
24 psf
80'
15 psf
11 psf
8'
120'
96 plf
60 plf
1460 lbs
1228 lbs
SEAoT - 34
Properly Applying Wind Loads to

What are the qualifications to use the simplified
method?
Is there an advantage to Method 2 even if
simplified Method 1 is allowed?
How often does or does not a typical joist lowrise building qualify for the simplified method?
Net pressure vs. net uplift
pnet = K zt Ipnet 30
SEAoT - 35

The chart on the following slide is a
typical components and cladding roof
wind pressures chart provided on the
contract documents.
Roof pressure needs to be converted to
NET uplift, or more correctly the result of
the appropriate load combination for wind
forces acting upward.
SEAoT - 36

ROOF SURFACES
EFFECTIVE
WIND AREA
POSITIVE PRESSURES
(PSF)
NEGATIVE PRESSURES
(PSF)
ZONE
10 SF
5.3
5.3
5.3
-13.0
-21.8
-32.8
20 SF
5.0
5.0
5.0
-12.7
-19.5
-27.2
50 SF
4.5
4.5
4.5
-12.2
-16.4
-19.7
100 SF
4.2
4.2
4.2
-11.9
-14.1
-14.1
SEAoT - 37

Per ASCE definition of Effective Width, take
span times an effective width that is not less
than one third the span.
Note: This is specifically referenced for the ASCE
Method 2 charts, but it should also apply to ASCE
Method 1 (simplified).
SEAoT - 38

So for steel joists, a simple rule is that for all
joist spans of 18 foot or greater, use the 100
square foot values, i.e. 18 x 6 = 106 > 100 ft.2
So if a project does not have any spans less
than 18 feet, there is no need for a detailed
chart with values by square foot.
The light weight of joists under 18 foot spans
often allows for a conservative uplift value to
be used rather than a detailed interpolation for
the exact square footage.
SEAoT - 39

For spans of at least 13 feet (13*13/3 = 56.33 ft.2),
just use the 50 square foot value, or if no values
are listed for 50 sq. ft., use the average of 10 and
100 sq. ft. values.
For joist spans less than 13 feet, the 10 sq. ft.
value could conservatively be used.
SEAoT - 40

Clarifications and Interpretations:
ASCE simplified method described in Section
6.4.2.2 provides a formula for net design wind
pressure. This is NOT the same as SJI
section 5.11 NET uplift.
ASCE net is the sum of internal and external
pressures.
SJI net, is the final resultant pressure, less
appropriate dead load result of the load
combination
SEAoT - 41

Steel joists are considered components and

cladding (C&C).
Joist Girders are considered Main Wind Force
Resisting System (MWFRS).
Most often, separate MWFRS pressure values
are not provided for the Joist Girders, and the
joist supplier applies the end reaction (net)
uplift forces from the component and cladding
joists to the girders.
Is this conservative?
SEAoT - 42

Other considerations
Overhangs have significant uplift
TCXs automatically have same capacity as
downward gravity.
But uplift on overhangs can easily exceed gravity,
particularly in coastal areas or hurricane prone
regions.
Kickers that carry horizontal wind forces need
to have both components defined.
SEAoT - 43
Properly Applying Lateral Loads to

The first consideration relative to the design of the

structure is to determine if rigid frame action is
required.
For single story structures the optimum framing
system generally consists of braced frames in both
directions, and the use of a roof diaphragm system
to transfer wind and seismic loads to the vertical
bracing elements.
The specifying professional must specify the
necessary loading and stiffness data to the joist
manufacturer.
SEAoT - 44

The specifying professional must indicate the type

of joist to column connections so that the joist
manufacturer can provide the joists with the
geometry that meets the design intent.
The joist manufacturer must design the joists in

conformance with the SJI Specifications and other
contract requirements specified by the specifying
professional.
SEAoT - 45

Specification of Required Forces and Moments
Minimum thickness of bottom chord (weld
requirements).
Chord splices must conform to the requirements of
the 2005 AISC Seismic Provisions, Section 7.3a.
Use IBC Load Combinations
SEAoT - 46

All top chord axial loads and end moments are transmitted
directly into the columns via the tie plates. No horizontal
forces are transferred through the girder seats.
M
F
e
F
SEAoT - 47
Design of Bearing Seats to Resist

Uplift Loads
Research
2005 SJI Standard Specifications
Recommended Design Procedure
SEAoT - 48
Typical Roof Framing using K-Series

Open Web Steel Joists
SEAoT - 49
End Bearing Seat Connections
SEAoT - 50
Profile of SJI Standard K-Series

Open Web Steel Joists
SEAoT - 51
Components of Uplift Resistance for

Test Program
Anchorage
Weld
Strength
Ductility
Seat Angle
Strength
Ductility
SEAoT - 52
Joist Seat Test Program Parameters

Vary seat angle size (leg and thickness)
S1 L 1 x 1 x 7/64
S2 L 1-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 1/8
S3 L 2 x 2 x 3/16
S4 L 2 x 2 x 1/4
Vary seat length
4, 6, 8 nominal
Vary anchorage weld length
1, 3, 5 nominal
Specimen Nomenclature SAS-SL-FWS-WL
SEAoT - 53
Typical Test Specimen Configuration
TOP CHORD
ANGLES
PULL PLATE
JOIST SEAT
ANGLES
JOIST SEAT
WELD
BUTT WELD
PROVIDED
BETWEEN ANGLES
3/4" BASEPLATE
9/
16"
DIA. HOLE
FOR A325N BOLT
( 4 PLACES)
FILLET WELDS PROVIDED
BETWEEN TOP CHORD TOE AND
SEAT ANGLE AND SEAT ANGLE
TOE AND TOP CHORD
SEAoT - 54
Experimental Test Setup
INSTRUMENTATION
TEST SPECIMEN
REACTION PLATE
SEAoT - 55
End View During and After Test

Test Specimen S3-4-1/8-3
0.30 in. Vertical Displacement

at 6.5 kips Applied Load
Failure Mechanism
SEAoT - 56
Typical Load-Deformation Behavior

8.0
7.0
Load (kips)
6.0
Avg P1 & P2
5.0
Avg P4 & P7
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Displacement (in.)
SEAoT - 57
Profile and End View After Test

Yield Line
Perimeter
SEAoT - 58
Yield Line Patterns

Short and Long Anchorage Welds
Anchorage
Weld (typ.)
Yield Line
Formation (typ.)
Anchorage
Weld (typ.)
Yield Line
Formation (typ.)
SEAoT - 59
Yield Line Analysis Model for

Prediction of Uplift Capacity
Pu/2
Yield Line
a
Pu/2
Ls
Lw
a
Plastic Hinge
a
SEAoT - 60
Yield Line Analysis Using Virtual Work

We = (Pu / 2)
We
Pu
= External Work
= Predicted ultimate uplift load
= Distance which the load moves thru
Wi
Mp
= Internal Work
= Plastic moment capacity of plate,
per unit length = Fy Z
= Angle through which YL rotates
= Length of yield line, the lesser of
Lw + a and Ls
Wi = Mp (Lyl)
Lyl
SEAoT - 61
Yield Line Analysis Using Virtual Work

Wi + We = 0
(Pu / 2) - Mp (Lyl) = 0
But since tan = for small angles, = / a
Solving for Pu gives:
Pu = 2 Mp Lyl / a
Assumption of a = 2.3 t provides reasonably
good prediction of ultimate uplift strength of
joist bearing seat
SEAoT - 62
Research Programs Recommendations

The flexural resistance of K-Series joist
bearing seats can be predicted using a
yield line approach.
The yield line model is based on
principles of basic mechanics, not on
empirical curve fitting.
A 5/32 fillet weld is adequate to
develop the flexural strength of the yield
line.
SEAoT - 63

5.6 END ANCHORAGE
(b) Steel
Ends of K-Series Joists resting on steel supports shall be
attached thereto with a minimum of two 1/8 inch (3 millmeters)
fillet welds 1 inch (25 millmeters) long, or with two 1/2 inch (13
millimeters) ASTM A307 bolts, or the equivalent. When KSeries Joists are used to provide lateral stability to the
supporting member, the final connection shall be made by
welding or as designated by the specifying professional.
(c) Uplift
Where uplift forces are a design consideration, roof joists
shall be anchored to resist such forces (Refer to Section 5.11
Uplift).
SEAoT - 64

104.7 END ANCHORAGE
(b) Steel
Ends of LH- and DLH-Series Joists resting on steel supports
shall be attached thereto with a minimum of two 1/4 inch (6
millmeters) fillet welds 2 inches (51 millmeters) long, or with two
3/4 inch (19 millimeters) ASTM A307 bolts, or the equivalent.
When LH/DLH-Series Joists are used to provide lateral stability
to the supporting member, the final connection shall be made by
welding or as designated by the specifying professional.
(c) Uplift
Where uplift forces are a design consideration, roof joists shall
be anchored to resist such forces (Refer to Section 104.12
Uplift).
SEAoT - 65

Joist Girders
1004.6 END ANCHORAGE
(b) Steel
Ends of Joist Girders resting on steel supports shall be
attached thereto with a minimum of two 1/4 inch (6 millmeters)
fillet welds 2 inches (51 millmeters) long, or with two 3/4 inch
(19 millimeters) ASTM A307 bolts, or the equivalent. In steel
frames, bearing seats for Joist Girders shall be fabricated to
allow for field bolting.
(c) Uplift
Where uplift forces are a design consideration, roof Joist
Girders shall be anchored to resist such forces (Refer to
Section 1004.9 Uplift).
SEAoT - 66
ASD Design Procedure

Pn = 2 Mp Lyl / a
Where:
Pn = Nominal uplift capacity
Mp = Plastic moment capacity of plate per
unit length
= Fy Z
Z = t2 / 4
Lyl = Length of yield line
a = 2.3 t
= 1.67 (AISC-ASD safety factor for
bending)
Pn/ = Allowable uplift strength
SEAoT - 67
LRFD Design Procedure

Pn = 2 Mp Lyl / a
Where:
Pn = Nominal uplift capacity
Mp = Plastic moment capacity of plate per
unit length
= Fy Z
Z = t2 / 4
Lyl = Length of yield line
a = 2.3 t
= 0.90 (AISC-LRFD resistance factor for
bending)
Pn = Design uplift strength
SEAoT - 68
Recommended Bearing Seat Design

to Resist Uplift Loads
Length
Ls (in.)
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
Thickness
t (in.)
0.125
0.125
0.125
0.125
0.125
0.125
0.125
Fy
(ksi)
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
0.156
0.156
0.156
0.156
0.156
0.156
0.156
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
Mp
(in.-k/in.)
0.195
0.195
0.195
0.195
0.195
0.195
0.195
a
(in.)
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
0.288
LYL
(in.)
1.903
2.403
2.903
3.403
3.903
4.903
5.903
Pn /
(kips)
1.55
1.96
2.36
2.77
3.18
3.99
4.80
Pweld
(kips)
3.71
5.57
7.42
9.28
11.14
14.85
18.56
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
0.304
0.304
0.304
0.304
0.304
0.304
0.304
0.359
0.359
0.359
0.359
0.359
0.359
0.359
2.127
2.627
3.127
3.627
4.127
5.127
6.127
2.16
2.67
3.18
3.68
4.06
5.21
6.09
4.63
6.95
9.27
11.58
13.90
18.53
23.16
LW
(in.)
SEAoT - 69

Length
Ls (in.)
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
8
Thickness
t (in.)
0.188
0.188
0.188
0.188
0.188
0.188
0.188
0.188
Fy
(ksi)
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
8
0.250
0.250
0.250
0.250
0.250
0.250
0.250
0.250
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
Mp
(in.-k/in.)
0.442
0.442
0.442
0.442
0.442
0.442
0.442
0.442
a
(in.)
0.432
0.432
0.432
0.432
0.432
0.432
0.432
0.432
LYL
(in.)
2.358
2.858
3.358
3.858
4.358
5.358
6.358
7.358
Pn /
(kips)
2.89
3.50
4.11
4.72
4.89
6.56
7.34
9.00
Pweld
(kips)
5.58
8.37
11.17
13.96
16.75
22.33
27.91
33.50
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
4
5
6
0.781
0.781
0.781
0.781
0.781
0.781
0.781
0.781
0.575
0.575
0.575
0.575
0.575
0.575
0.575
0.575
2.806
3.306
3.806
4.306
4.806
5.806
6.806
7.806
4.57
5.38
6.19
6.51
6.51
9.45
9.76
12.70
7.42
11.14
14.85
18.56
22.27
29.70
37.12
44.54
LW
(in.)
SEAoT - 70

The Pweld strength given in the preceeding tables
does not account for the transverse loading of
the weld due to uplift and thus could be
multiplied by 1.5.
Where a joist seat has been detailed for a bolted
connection, and for any reason the bolt is not
utilized, the empty slot in the bearing seat leg
severely diminishes uplift capacity. In such a
condition, if a weld and no bolt is to be used on a
slotted bearing seat, then the weld should be
applied within the empty slot.
SEAoT - 71
ASD and LRFD Design Example

Seat Angles L 1-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 1/8
Ls = 4
Lw =
2-1/2
Fy = 50 ksi
Allowable and Design Uplift Strengths

Z
= 0.125 2 / 4
=
0.00391 in.3 / in.
a
= 2.3 (0.125)
=
0.28750 in.
Lyl = 2.50 + (0.2875)
=
3.403 in. < Ls
Mp = 50 (0.00391)
=
0.1953 in.-kip / in.
Pn = 2 (0.1953)(3.403) / 0.2875 =
4.62 kips
Pn/ = 4.62 / 1.67
=
2.77 kips
Pn = 0.9 (4.62)
=
4.16 kips
SEAoT - 72

5.11 UPLIFT
consideration.*
SEAoT - 73

104.12 UPLIFT
consideration.*
SEAoT - 74

Joist Girders
1004.9 UPLIFT
drawings must indicate if the net uplift is based on ASD or
LRFD.
When these forces are specified, they must be
considered in the design of Joist Girders and/or bracing. If the
ends of the bottom chord are not strutted, bracing must be
provided near the first bottom chord panel points whenever
uplift due to wind forces is a design consideration.*
SEAoT - 75
Design Example
Building Location:
Near Orlando, FL in open terrain minimum slope / ft.
Topography: Homogenous
Exposure: Category C (Sections 6.5.6.2 and 6.5.6.3)
Building Framing and Layout:
Flat roof system consisting of steel joists, Joist Girders,
and structural roof deck. CMU walls on all four sides with
debris-resistant windows and door infill. Building has a
parapet height of less than 3-0 and is considered a
closed building.
Building Classification: Building Category II
Importance Factor = 1.0 (Table 6-1)
SEAoT - 76
Design Example
Dimensions:
Length, l = 121-4
Width, w = 80-0
Height, h = 20-0 above the ground
Roof slope is less than or equal to 5 degrees
Roof live load deflection is based on L/240
Design Roof Loads:
Dead Load, D
= 15.0 psf
Roof Live Load, Lr = 20.0 psf
Total Load
= 35.0 psf
SEAoT - 77
ASCE 7-05 Basic Wind Speed Map
ORLANDO
SEAoT - 78
Design Example
Basic wind speed, from Figure 6-1b for Orlando,
Florida area V = 110 mph.
Design approach is based on the Simplified Procedure
(Method 1) for both Components and Cladding and Main
Wind Force System since the following conditions exist:
Simple diaphragm building (Section C6.2).
Building shape is basis and has a symmetrical
cross section in both directions and a flat roof.
There is no expansion joints in the building.
Its a low-rise building with a mean roof height, h
less than 60 ft. and does not exceed the least
horizontal dimension (Section 6.2).
SEAoT - 79
Design Example
Since the building has debris-resistant glazing and
has no dominant opening in any wall it can be
classified as a closed building. (Section 6.5.9.3).
Building has a regular shape.
Rigid building, where height/width,
w = 20 ft./80 ft. = 0.25 < 4 (Section C6.2).
The building is not subjected to the topographic
effects of Section 6.5.7
No torsional effects meets Note 5 of Figure 6-10.
SEAoT - 80
Steel Joist and Joist Girder Layout
SEAoT - 81
Wind Zone Definitions
SEAoT - 82
Steel Joist Design

20K6 Rod Web @ 40-0
Considering no uplift 2-0
3-0
18 @ 2-0
17 @ 2-0
2-0
3-0
Bottom Chord = 2 angles 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.137, A = 0.784 in.2

End Web = 5/8 in. dia. round bar , A = 0.307 in.2
SEAoT - 83
Steel Joist Design

20K6 Rod Web @ 40-0
With (net) uplift 108 plf
8-0
84 plf
32-0
Bottom Chord = 2 angles 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.155, A = 0.882 in.2

End Web = 7/8 in. dia. round bar , A = 0.601 in.2
SEAoT - 84
Steel Joist Design

Design Data
End Web, left end l = 37.49 in.
KL 0.8 (37.49)
=
= 137.1
r
0.21875
2E
Fcr = 0.877Fe = 0.877
= 13.35 ksi
2
(137.1)
Fcr
= 8.02 ksi Reduce to 90% for eccentricity at bearing seat
0.9 (8.02) = 7.21 ksi >
3.55
Pc
=
= 5.90 ksi OK
A 0.601
SEAoT - 85
Steel Joist Design

Design Data
Bottom Chord, Pc = 10.62 kips
l b = 96 in.
4 rows (40)(12)/(4+1) = 96 in.
lb
= 111.3
ry y
controls
l
24
=
= 81.4
rz 0.295
Fcr = 20.26 ksi
Fcr
10.62
= 12.16 ksi >
= 12.04 ksi OK
0.882
SEAoT - 86
Placement of Bridging to Resist

Uplift Loads
20K6 Bridging Configuration: Option 1
5 @ 8-0
Uplift Bridging
Erection Stability Bridging
A Common Alternative (not for this case)

4 Rows Equally Spaced
4 Rows Equally Spaced Between Uplift Bridging

SEAoT - 87

Uplift Loads
2 @ 8-9
7-0
3 @ 7-6
7-6
5-0
7-6
7-0
Design Data
Bottom Chord, 2 angles 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.137, A = 0.784 in.2
Pc = 10.62 kips
SEAoT - 88

Uplift Loads
At midspan of the joist:
lb
= 69.9
ry y
Fcr = 30.84 ksi
l
24
=
= 81.4
rz 0.295
controls
Fcr
10.62
= 18.47 ksi >
= 13.55 ksi
0.784
For compression, 7-6 space controls; Pc = 10.54 kips
lb
= 104.85
ry y
Fcr
10.54
= 13.43 ksi >
= 13.44 ksi OK
0.784
SEAoT - 89

Uplift Loads
With revised bridging locations at the TC, check spacing
l b = 8'9" = 105 in.

105
lb
=
= 110 < 145
ry y 0.956
OK
51'
= 10.2' > 8'9" OK
4 +1
Note: The 51 ft. is the maximum spacing for
four rows of bridging and a No. 6 chord
from TABLE 5.4-1.
SEAoT - 90

Uplift Loads
9.8 ft.
3 @ 6.8 ft.
9.8 ft.
5 Equal Spaces Between First BC Panel Points

5 @ 6.8 ft.
End TC space = 9.8 ft.
lb
= 123 < 145
ry y
9.8' < 10.2'
OK
OK
SEAoT - 91
Joist Girder Bracing Placement

40G8N7K Middle Girder @ 40-0
Designed based on 2.62k/PP Uplift Loading
(vs. approximately 3.4k/PP Uplift Loading from
components and cladding joist reactions)
No uplift design, i.e. net uplift load = 0
1 knee brace @ midspan to limit L/ryy < 240
With 2.62k/PP uplift load, same Bottom Chord angles 3 x 3 x 1/4,
but now knee brace @ 15 ft. and 25 ft. required.
With 3.4k/PP uplift load, same Bottom Chord angles 3 x 3 x 1/4, but
now 3 knee braces @ 10 ft., 20 ft., and 30 ft. required.
SEAoT - 92
Summary and Conclusions

Wind forces can have a significant impact on the
design and use of steel joists and Joist Girders
The SJI Standard Specifications pertaining to wind
and uplift have been reviewed; the wind load
requirements from ASCE 7-05 have been discussed;
and the appropriate 2006 IBC load combinations
containing Wind have been presented.
Particular attention needs to be paid to:
Code specified and calculated wind forces
Seat anchorage welds
Joist bridging and Joist Girder bracing placement
SEAoT - 93
New Resource Soon Available
SJI Technical Digest No. 6

Structural Design of Steel Joist Roofs
SEAoT - 94
Any Questions?
SJI Website: http://www.steeljoist.org

SEAoT - 95

Green 2008

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