AIM:

To determine the overall conductivity of the double pipe countercurrent heat exchanger.
THEORY:
A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids,
between a solid surface and a fluid, or between a solid particulate and a fluid, at different
temperatures and in thermal contact. In most heat exchangers, heat transfer between fluids takes
place through a separating wall or into and out of a wall in a transient manner. The simplest heat
exchanger one for which the hot and cold fluid moving the same or opposite direction in a
concentric tube or double pipe construction.
FORMULA USED:
RELEVANCE: In heat exchanger, there are usually no external heat and work interaction.
Typical applications involve heating or cooling of a fluid stream of concern and evaporation or
condensation of single or multi component fluid stream. In other applications the objective may
be to recover or reject heat, or sterilize, pasteurize, fractionate, distill, concentrate, crystallize or
control a process fluid.
PROCEDURE:
1. First we put hot water in the inlet tank of known temperature and then fix and keep the
flow rate constant.
2. We then fully open the bypass and then start the motor.
3. Throughout the experiment we keep the temperature constant by adding either hot or cold
water as per the increase or decrease in temperature.
4. We insulate the inlet tank completely so that heat would not be dissipated through the
wall to the surroundings.
5. We keep the air velocity constant for a particular set of values.
6. We then note down the temperature at different points, which are inlet air and water and
outlet air and water temperatures.
7. We then wait for the steady state to be attained and then note down the readings.

OBSERVATION:

Table: 5.1
Time
4:00pm
4:10pm
4:20pm
4:30pm

T1
16
17.5
17.1
17.2

T2
22.4
22.9
22.7
22.7

T3
26.4
26.6
26.5
26.5

T4
28.4
28.9
28.7
28.7

T5
29.5
29.9
29.6
29.6

T6
31.5
31.8
31.4
31.5

T7
18.8
19.8
19.5
19.5

T8
43.1
42.6
42.6
42.6

T9
28.6
28.9
28.9
28.9

T2
26.7
26.6
27.0

T3
32.4
32.6
33.0

T4
34.2
34.6
35.0

T5
34
34.3
34.8

T6
35.4
35.9
36.5

T7
20.5
20.3
20.4

T8
42.6
42.6
42.6

T9
36.4
37.4
34.1

T2
17.2
17.2
17.1
17.0

T3
18.4
17.8
17.7
17.6

T4
19.3
18.7
18.5
18.5

T5
20.0
19.6
19.4
19.4

T6
21.2
20.8
20.5
20.5

T7
16.6
17.4
17.3
17.4

T8
42.6
42.6
42.6
42.6

T9
17.5
16.9
16.8
16.8

Table: 5.2
Time
4:50pm
5:00pm
5:10pm

T1
16.8
16.4
16.5

Table: 5.3
Time
4:00pm
4:10pm
4:20pm
4:30pm

T1
15.6
17.0
17.0
16.9

CALCULATION:
Specification
Inner pipe Inner diameter d1: 25 mm
Outer diameter d2: 31.3 mm
Outer pipe inner diameter: 32 mm
Pipe material: copper
Conductivity of the copper: 52 Watt/m K
Table: 5.4
Time
4:00pm
4:10pm
4:20pm
4:30pm

Table: 5.5

T1
16
17.5
17.1
17.2

T2
22.4
22.9
22.7
22.7

T3
26.4
26.6
26.5
26.5

T4
28.4
28.9
28.7
28.7

T5
29.5
29.9
29.6
29.6

T6
31.5
31.8
31.4
31.5

T7
18.8
19.8
19.5
19.5

T8
43.1
42.6
42.6
42.6

T9
28.6
28.9
28.9
28.9

Time
4:50pm
5:00pm
5:10pm

T1
16.8
16.4
16.5

T2
26.7
26.6
27.0

T3
32.4
32.6
33.0

T4
34.2
34.6
35.0

T5
34
34.3
34.8

T6
35.4
35.9
36.5

T7
20.5
20.3
20.4

T8
42.6
42.6
42.6

T9
36.4
37.4
34.1

T1
15.6
17.0
17.0
16.9

T2
17.2
17.2
17.1
17.0

T3
18.4
17.8
17.7
17.6

T4
19.3
18.7
18.5
18.5

T5
20.0
19.6
19.4
19.4

T6
21.2
20.8
20.5
20.5

T7
16.6
17.4
17.3
17.4

T8
42.6
42.6
42.6
42.6

T9
17.5
16.9
16.8
16.8

Table: 5.6
Time
4:00pm
4:10pm
4:20pm
4:30pm

CALCULATION TABLE:
Table: 5.7
Air

Air

Air

Mean

Water

Water

Water

Mean

Film

velocit

inlet

outlet

air

flow

inlet

outlet

water

Temp

Temp

Temp

Temp

rate

Temp

Temp

Temp

(0C)

(m/sec)

(0C)

(0C)

(0C)

(ml/sec)

(0C)

(0C)

(0C)

Obs.

5.2

17.2

19.5

18.35

1.06

42.6

28.9

35.75

27.05

no.1
Obs.

5.2

16.5

20.4

18.45

2.89

42.6

34.1

38.35

28.40

5.2

16.9

17.4

17.15

0.179

42.6

16.8

29.70

23.43

no.2
Obs.
no.3

Table: 5.8
Air

Water

Overall
heat
transfer
coeff.
W/m2K

Film

Kinematic

Temp

viscosity

( C)

Re

Nu

(m /sec)

hair

Mean

Mass

Absolute

(theo.)

water

flow

viscosity

(th.)

Temp

rate

W/m2

(0C)

103

(m2/sec)

785.310-6

44.3

4.36

1527

27.950

W/m K

Re

Nu

hwater

27.05

15.89010

-6

8181.25

28.7

30.224

35.75

(Kg/s)
1.058

28.40

15.78810-6

8234.10

28.9

30.244

38.35

2.880

677.710-6

214

4.36

1569

27.912

23.43

15.07810-6

8621.33

29.9

30.537

29.70

0.178

808.610-6

11.1

4.36

1537

28.154

DISCUSSION:
The sources of error may be
1. The water head may not be constant.
2. The insulation on the water head may not be too effective and can result in loss of heat.
3. When the temperature of the head decreases we add warm water to increase it, but due to
imperfect mixing the temperature may not be uniform throughout the volume.
4. Error may arise due to air velocity fluctuation.
5. Human error may contribute to final result error.
6. Fluctuations in the environmental temperature may result in erratic results.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION:
1. Used in space heating and air conditioning.
2. Used as a recuperator that heats air used in combustion process by extracting energy from
products of combustion. It can be used to increase the efficiency of a gas turbine by
increasing the temperature of air entering the combustor.
3. Hot water for an industrial washing operation is produced by recovering heat from the
flue gases of a furnace using heat exchangers.
4. Used in power production.
5. Chemical processing industries.
CONCLUSION:
The aim of the experiment is to find the overall conductivity of the double pipe heat
exchanger. We put hot water which is in an insulated container and the heat transfer takes
place from the hot water to the cold air in a counter current arrangement. The results help us
in the design of heat exchanger.